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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SHEANUT CAKE (Vitellaria paradoxa) ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF CROSSBRED (LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRE X DESI) PIGS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2012-11) SUDEESH, D; SURESH, J (Major); SREEDHAR, S; RAMANA, J.VABSTRACT : In a completely randomized design, the effect of replacing DORB with sheanut cake at 0 (T-1), 50 (T-2), 75 (T-3) and 100% (T-4) in growers (15-35 kg body weight) and finishers (35-70 kg body weight) on the growth performance , nutrient utilization, serum metabolite profile and carcass characteristics were studied using 24 crossbred (LWY x Desi) pigs. During grower phase the number of days taken (56, 71.6, 91.8 and 92), average daily gain (362, 282, 224 and 219) and feed/kg gain (3.31, 4.11, 4.85 and 5.04) decreased significantly (P<0.01) as the level of inclusion of SNC increased in T-1 to T-4 fed rations, respectively. The digestibility of DM and nitrogen retention expressed as g/d, as % of intake or as % of absorbed decreased (P<0.01) as the level of inclusion of SNC in the rations increased. The cost of the ration/kg weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) lower in T-1 (Rs. 55.22) than in T-2 (65.75), T-3 (76.28) or T-4 (76.82) fed pigs. During the finisher phase also increase in number of days taken to reach target weight, decrease in ADG (g), and increased in feed/kg gain was observed and the values were 93, 95, 105 and 156 (number of days), 395, 384, 334 and 223 (ADG) and 3.60, 4.99, 6.15 and 7.25 (feed/kg gain) in pigs fed T-1 to T-4, respectively and the differences among the treatments were significant. The digestibility of DM, OM and CP decreased while the N retention expressed as g/d, % of intake or % of absorbed was also decreased (P<0.01) in pigs fed diets containing sheanut cake (T-2 to T-4) than those fed T-1. The cost of feed/kg gain (Rs.) was 60.07, 77.41, 92.35 and 103.94 in pigs fed T-1 to T-4, respectively. For the overall growth study, a similar trend of increase in number of days taken to target weight (149,167, 197 and 248), decrease in ADG (379.6, 331.1, 282.5 and 220.4) and increase in feed/kg gain (3.50,4.67,5.67 and 6.45) was observed in pigs fed T-1 to T-4, respectively. The cost of feed/kg gain (Rs.) was significantly (P<0.01) increased from 57.81 (T-1) to 73.15 (T-2), 86.47 (T-3) and 94.11 (T-4).ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS IN CERTAIN PARTS OF ANDHRA PRADESH(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2011) SARITHA, G; SHOBHAMANI, B (Major); SREEDEVI, B; SREENIVASULU, DAbstract: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute highly contagious and rapidly spreading transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats. The disease is associated with high morbidity and mortality in susceptible animals. It causes severe losses to small ruminant production. Hence a modest attempt has been made to study PPR in Andhra Pradesh with respect to epidemiological status, sero-prevalence, antigen detection and evaluation of efficacy of PPR live attenuated vaccine. The sero-prevalence of PPR was studied by screening 803 sera samples from sheep (398) and goats (405) belonging to 5 different districts of Andhra Pradesh during the period from December 2010 to April 2011. The overall sero-prevalence of PPR in sheep and goat of the present study was 67.87 per cent. Among the districts sero-prevalence ranged from 49.25 to 89.07 per cent. Species wise sero-prevalence of PPR in sheep and goats was 65.32 and 70.37 per cent, respectively. The sero-prevalence was higher (80.65%) in 13-45 months old followed by 4-12 months (67.83%) old sheep and goat. Out of 195 clinical samples (nasal swabs and tissues) tested, the PPR antigen was detected in 66 samples with an overall prevalence of 33.84 per cent. The antigen prevalence (tissues and swabs) was relatively higher (34.52%) in goats than in sheep (33.33%). In the present study 47 flocks (94%) were found positive for PPR antibodies out of 50 flocks (sheep and goats) screened, whereas both the antigen and antibody were detected in 29 flocks (69.04%) out of 42 flocks tested. However in 3 flocks neither antigen nor antibody was detected. Reference vaccine virus as well as clinical samples, including nasal swab and liver tissue showed amplification of approximately 351 bp which is specific to PPRV. However no amplification was observed in the nasal swab collected from apparently healthy sheep. Antibody response to PPR live-attenuated vaccine was studied at Livestock Research station, Palamaner. Results showed that mean PI values in all age groups (G-I, G-II and G-III) gradually increased until 90 days (maximum period of observation) of post immunization, indicating initiation of antibody response to vaccine in field condition. Further studies are required to determine the duration of immunity of PPR live attenuated vaccine.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT STUDIES ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BULK MILK COOLING UNITS IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF ANDHRA PRADESH(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-12) POORNACHANDRA RAO, K.N; SURESH, J (Major); SARJAN RAO, K; VEERABRAHMAIAH, KABSTRACT : The study had a focus on the impacts of establishment of bulk milk cooling units both on quality of milk as well as socio-economic impact on the milk producer community in Chittoor and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh. The research was conducted by adopting ex-post-facto design. Of the 56 units functioning in the Chittoor district, 9 units were randomly selected while only BMC functioning in Prakasam district was selected purposively. The list of milk producers supplying milk to the BMC unions was prepared and a uniform sample of 15 farmers comprising 10 female respondents and 5 male respondents were randomly selected. The ultimate sample for the study stood at 10 BMC’s and 150 respondents. The required information was collected by personal interview by the researcher with the respondents through a structured schedule. The data were subjected to statistical analysis employing means, standard deviation, percentages, Chi-2 test of significance, multiple regression analysis and correlation coefficients. To study the effectiveness of bulk milk coolers quantitative methods were employed to measure the standard plate count (SPC) and coliform count (CC) before and after cooling the milk in bulk milk coolers along with fat and SNF percentages. The study regarding the effectiveness of bulk milk coolers on the quality of milk revealed that there was substantial reduction in SPC and coliform count after cooling. The percentage reduction of SPC and CC was approximately 36% and 43%, respectively. However the quality of milk by grade remained fair as per BIS even after cooling with BMC units. There was a significant difference (P<0.01) with regard to SPC and CC before and after subjecting the milk through BMC’s both in terms of maximum and minimum counts. The annual milk collection through BMC units ranged from a minimum of 5,21,000 litres to a maximum of 16,91,000 litres. The mean quantity of milk collected through all BMC units was 10,35,000 litres. The BMC’s have approximately took away 17% of share of milk procurement from different channels like head loads, private dairies etc. This indirectly will strengthen the fact that quality milk of low bacterial load to the extent of 17% is now being supplied to the consumers compared to the earlier situation. X2 analysis indicated that the relation between milk yield with some of the socio-economic parameters like education, size of the farm, total household income and quality of concentrate feed offered to the animal were found to be significant (P<0.05). The multiple regression analysis carried out to study the influence of selected independent variables and dairy income due to establishment of BMC units revealed that in respect of pooled sample, the most powerful factors to influence the dairy income were caste, hand holdings, size of the farm, education level, household income and dairy farming experience. The coefficient of multiple determination was 0.67 duly indicating that 67% of the variation in dairy income was explained by the independent variables included in the function. The correlation coefficients between dairy income due to establishment of BMC units and selected socio-economic parameters pertaining to pooled sample revealed that size of the dairy herd had highest association with dairy income, very closely followed by farming experience and land holding. Household income and level of education also exhibited positive correlations with dairy income. The impact of BMC units as perceived by the respondents revealed that tie-up for bank loans has been an easy affair and this item obtained first rank. There has been a substantial increase in dairy income brought in due to BMC’s and it was offered second rank. Another important impact was fairer payment for the milk supplied which was ranked three. Spoilage of milk was averted to a great extent (rank IV). BMC’s enabled the farmers to demand for higher milk price which was ranked fifth. Increase in milk quality was yet another benefit of BMC. Other interesting impacts include society development, increased milk production improvement in health of the animals, increase in milk production, increase in herd size and improved extension contacts. Some important constraints faced by the beneficiaries were brought to the lime light and few of them required to be addressed immediately by the authorities. Irregular power supply which may pose a threat of spoilage of milk was the prime concern. Setting up of a generator as a back-up facility was the suggestion. Under-utilization of coolers to the fullest capacity of either 3,000 or 5,000 litres especially during lean months resulted in increased overhead charges. It was suggested that more number of milk producers be inducted into the BMC union and others are encouraged to divert their milk supply from head loads and private dairies to BMC’s. Further, the farmers are expecting more training programmes on production technologies, better extension services, organization of animal health camps and loan melas etc. to help them to produce more milk per unit animal.ThesisItem Open Access HISTOPATHOLOGICAL, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON ENDOMETRIAL BIOPSIES IN INFERTILE BUFFALOES(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-01) SAMATHA, V; SRILATHA, Ch (Major); ANJANEYULU, Y; SURESH KUMAR, R.VABSTRACT : Buffaloes play an important role in dairy developmental programmes of our country. In spite of tremendous advances in veterinary medicine, during the past 50 years, the infertility in bovines remained as almost important economic factor. Poor reproductive efficiency is one of the major problems faced by buffalo breeders. Among various pathological conditions of female reproductive tract, inflammation and unfavourable uterine environment is the most important etiological factor for infertility in bovines. Endometrial biopsy examination is the most reliable diagnostic tool for veterinarians to identify the nature of infertility and so aid in reproductive herd health programme. It can be used to identify histopathological changes of endometrium and thus serve as a basis for prognostic evaluation of infertile animals. Diagnosis of sub clinical cases is possible only by histopathological examination of uterine biopsy samples. The isolation of microorganisms along with histopathological studies of endometrial biopsy permits more accurate assessment of reproductive prognosis and rational treatment of reproductive breeding of animals. For the present study, one hundred and ten endometrial biopsies samples were collected from infertile buffaloes after thorough rectal examination and in absence of palpable uterine abnormalities. Biopsies were collected aseptically by Albuchins uterine biopsy catheter after induction of epidural anaesthesia under sterile conditions. Uterine aspirate was collected aseptically and carefully by sterile uterine catheter for cytological examination. Histopathological, cytological, bacteriological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies were carried out on uterine biopsies. Histopathologically, the lesions observed were acute, subacute, chronic, chronic suppurative and chronic catarrhal changes in 14.54%, 34.54%, 46.37%, 1.82% and 2.73% biopsies respectively. Acute endometritis cases revealed severe congestion of endometrial blood vessels, stromal edema, degenerative changes in luminal epithelium, focal areas of denudation of epithelial lining and infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells and few lymphocytes. Endometrial cytological smears in acute endometritis cases revealed more number of neutrophils. Moderate infiltration in sub epithelial zone of stratum compactum, moderate periglandular fibrosis, hypertrophy of blood vessels, cystic dilation of endometrial glands in addition to stromal edema and glandular edema were noticed in sub acute endometritis. Lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear cells were observed in addition to epithelial cells in endometrial cytology of sub acute endometritis cases. Diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages in stratum compactum and stratum spongiosum, thick fibro cellular endometrial stroma and gland site masses with severe periglandular fibrosis were observed in chronic endometritis cases. Severe proliferation of fibroblasts, glandular sclerosis and hyalinization of blood vessels were also noticed in chronic endometritis. Few chronic endometritis cases revealed cystic dilatation of endometrial glands and glandular hyperplasia in other non affected glands. Endometrial cytology of chronic endometritis cases revealed lymphocytes, few plasma cells in addition to epithelial cells and mucin strands. Chronic suppurative endometritis cases revealed periglandular fibrosis and infiltration of more polymorphonuclear cells in stratum compactum and stratum spongiosum. More number of degenerating polymorphonuclear cells in addition to colonies of cocco-bacilli bacteria were observed in endometrial cytological smears of chronic suppurative endometritis. Chronic catarrhal endometritis cases revealed catarrhal changes in luminal epithelium and thick connective tissue stroma in endometrium. Bacteriological examination of endometrial biopsy samples yielded majorily Salmonella (32.5%) followed by E.coli (23.75%), Staphylococcus (28.75%), Pseudomonas (8.75%), Klebsiella (2.5%), Pasteurella (2.5%) and Streptococci (1.25%). Immunohistochemical studies of chronic endometritis biopsies revealed more number of CD3 positive cells (pan T lymphocytes) in stratum compactum. Six chronic endometritis biopsies revealed CD138 positive cells (plasma cells) in endometrial stroma. Scanning electron microscopic examination of uterine biopsies collected from normal endometrium revealed surface epithelial cells with few ciliated and non ciliated cells. Loss of cilia and microvilli of surface epithelium was observed in acute endometritis cases .Sub acute endometritis cases revealed rod shaped bacteria adhering to surface epithelial cells and damaged epithelial cells with loss of microvilli. Destruction of surface epithelium and glandular structure leaving hole like spaces and fibrosis with thin long reticulin fibers were noticed in chronic endometritis cases.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE IN VILLAGE CHICKEN IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF ANDHRA PRADESH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THERMOSTABLE VACCINE STRAINS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2009-12) VIJAYA SAILAJA, A; SREEDEVI, B (Major); SHOBHAMANI, B; SREELATHA, ChABSTRACT : Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the devastating poultry diseases which cause great economic loss to the rural poultry production. In the present study, the prevalence of the Newcastle disease antibodies in the rural poultry flocks was estimated by employing a single serum dilution Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. A total of 383 serum samples were collected from village chicken from different districts of Andhra Pradesh from both vaccinated and unvaccinated birds. The overall prevalence of ND in village flocks was found to be 77.81%. Out of 169 serum samples collected from vaccinated birds 91.72% were found to have antibody titres above protective levels. In the unvaccinated flocks, out of 214 samples 66.82% were found to have protective titres. Age wise analysis of the data showed maximum prevalence of the ND antibody levels in the 12-18 months age group. Sex wise analysis of the data revealed that there was no significant difference in the prevalence of ND in males and females. The present study indicated a higher prevalence of ND in the rural poultry flocks of Andhra Pradesh. The circulating strains of ND in the village chicken act as source of infection to the commercial poultry flocks. Vaccination is the only strategy for the control of the Newcastle disease in the poultry flocks. However, the presently available ND vaccines though they are effective in eliciting good immune response, they require maintenance of a cold chain from the point of production until they are delivered in the field which is very difficult under the village conditions. Hence, in the present study an attempt was made to develop thermostable mutants from the lentogenic ND vaccine strains. Lasota and F strains were cultured in the embryonated eggs and they were subjected to different heat treatments for thermostabilisation. Two different procedures were adopted for thermostabilisation, one is stepwise exposure to different temperatures for defined periods of time and the other is direct exposure to 56°C for different time intervals. In the stepwise procedure the Lasota and F strains were kept at 25°C, 37°C and finally at 56°C. Lasota strain could survive for 120 min after 11 successive cycles of heating whereas F strain could survive for 105 min after 11 successive cycles of heating at 56°C. Direct exposure of the strains to 56°C also yielded better results. The Lasota strain could withstand for 135 min after 19 successive heat treatments and F strain could withstand for 90 min after 16 successive thermal cycles. The mutants were found to have better thermostability than the parent viruses and they did not revert back to original even after back passages in the embryonated eggs. The stability of these mutant strains was checked by incubating the infectious allantoic fluids at 37°C for 35 days with and without addition of the stabilizers. The thermoresistant mutants were found to be more stable and addition of stabilizers improved the keeping quality of the strains. Further, these thermoresistant mutant strains were administered to experimental chicken to evaluate their immunogenicity. A control group of birds vaccinated with the parent strains were also maintained. The results of the experiment revealed that the heat treated mutants were also equally immunogenic as they produced similar Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) titres as that of the parent vaccine strains. The infected allantoic fluids were titrated and checked for sterility. In the present study an attempt was made to develop thermostable mutants from the conventional lentogenic ND vaccine strains. These mutants were found to be highly stable and equally immunogenic in eliciting immune response to ND. As these vaccines can withstand high environmental temperatures, they can be used successfully under village conditions without 63 any need for cold chain facilities. However, a thermostable food pellet vaccine prepared from locally isolated strains of ND would be a better alternative for the control of the disease in village flocks.ThesisItem Open Access SERO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON BOVINE AND OVINE BRUCELLOSIS IN CERTAIN PARTS OF ANDHRA PRADESH(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2009-10) KANAKA SWARNA LATHA, K; SHOBHAMANI, B (Major); SREEDEVI, B; SREENIVASULU, DABSTRACT : The present investigation was taken up to ascertain the prevalence of brucellosis in bovines and ovines in various districts of Andhra Pradesh. Of the 1856 bovine and 700 ovine sera samples tested 13.36 percent and 11.00 percent respectively were positive to brucella antibodies. The influence of epidemiological factors like species, breed, sex, age, management and breeding systems were studied on the prevalence of brucellosis. Results of the study showed that cattle (14.69%) were more prone to the disease than buffaloes (11.29%). The indigenous breeds (11.91%) of cattle were more resistant compared to the crossbred cattle (16.79%). In sheep, the prevalence of brucellosis did not vary significantly (P>0.05) among Nellore (11.59%), Deccani (10.92%) and non-descript breeds (9.4%). The female animals (13.92%, 13.04%) in both bovines and ovines were comparatively more susceptible than the male animals (7.14%, 7.08%) respectively. Bovines between 3-6 years (15.53%) and ovines between 2-4 53 years (13.93%) of age were more susceptible compared to other age groups. The animals maintained under organized farming conditions showed lesser prevalence than rural areas. A higher prevalence was noticed in the artificially inseminated animals (14.11%) compared to naturally served ones (9.82%). Among the 1856 sera tested, Avidin-Biotin Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (A-B ELISA) detected higher (248) number of positives followed by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) (92) and Standard Tube Agglutination Test (SAT) (68) in bovines. However in ovines, RBPT could detect 11.00 percent and SAT 8.86 percent positivity. When the Milk Ring Test (MRT) and RBPT were compared, MRT showed a sensitivity of 52.77 percent compared to RBPT. Of the 1806 pooled milk samples collected from milk co-operative societies, 30 samples from 6 villages were found to be positive by MRT. Thus the present study revealed that brucellosis is widespread in bovine and ovine population in different districts of Andhra Pradesh. Furthermore, suitable remedial measures have been suggested for the control of this disease.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON CULTURAL PRACTICES AND CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF PERENNIAL FODDER VARIETIES SUITABLE UNDER LOW IRRIGATION INPUT CONDITIONS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517 502 ,A.P, 2008-09) JAGADAMBA, K; SURESH, J; SARJAN RAO, K; RAVI, AABSTRACT: The present investigation was attempted to study the cultural practices and yield of 21 perennial fodder varieties being cultivated in the fodder bank of Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati and to evaluate the varieties best suited for low irrigation input areas of scarce rainfall zone and to evaluate the chemical composition, cell wall constituents, protein and carbohydrate fractions to predict the energy content of the selected varieties and to evaluate the selected varieties for nutrient digestibility using four male buffalo calves by 4 x 4 Latin Square Design. Co-3, APBN-1 and Co-63 among the Napier varieties and Congo signal among the Guinea varieties required least irrigation input. Co-3, APBN-1 and Co-63 among the Napier varieties and Congo signal among the Guinea varieties recorded highest annual tonnage per acre as well as tonnage per cut per acre and also leaf area index. There was no significant difference among Co-3, APBN-1 and Co-63 but they differed significantly (P<0.01) with the remaining varieties in respect of LAI and yield per cut per acre. Congo signal among Guinea varieties and Co-63, APBN-1 and Co-3 among Napier varieties had higher (P<0.01) leaf to stem ratio. APBN-1 had the highest CP content (8.04) followed by Co-3 (6.59), Congo signal (3.66) and Co-63 (3.34). Evaluation of the four selected varieties i.e., APBN-1, Co-3, Congo signal and Co-63 in growing buffalo calves in a 4 x 4 Latin Square Design revealed that there were no significant differences in the digestibility of nutrients and plane of nutrition of buffalo calves. The TDN content of the selected varieties arrived at by in vivo digestibility trial was comparable to the TDN values predicted as per NRC (2001). Based on nutritive value and plane of nutrition, all the four varieties met the maintenance requirements of growing buffalo calves, however, APBN-1 and Co-3 were superior to Congo signal and Co-63 by virtue of their higher DCP content. Based on results of present study it was concluded that by virtue of low irrigation inputs, higher yield and better nutritive value APBN-1, Co-3 and Co-63 among Napier varieties and Congo signal among Guinea varieties may be recommended for scarce rainfall areasThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE MILKING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND QUALITY OF MILK IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF YSR KADAPA DISTRICT(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2015-09) SWATHI, YANDRAPU; Ravindra Reddy, Y (Major); Suresh Babu, D; Sreenivasa Rao, DABSTRACT : An investigation was carried out to study the socio economic conditions, milking management practices and quality of milk with 120 milk producers in rural and urban areas of YSR Kadapa district in Andhra Pradesh. Majority of respondents rearing crossbred cows (75.00%) and buffaloes (58.33%) belonged to male groups involving in dairy activities. Majority of the crossbred cow farmers (43.33%) had the education up to high school level whereas in buffalo farmers majority (41.66%) was illiterate in the entire study area. Dairying was the main occupation after agriculture for 40.00 per cent of crossbred cattle and 33.33 per cent of buffalo milk respondents. Maximum percentage of farmers belonged to medium size family (4–6 members) with nuclear family type in both crossbred cow and buffalo milk respondents. Majority belonged to landless category (43.33%) in crossbred cow farmers whereas in buffalo milk respondents, majority belonged to 2-5 acres land holding category. In the selected area of study, majority (55.00%) of crossbred cow farmers had extension contact with veterinarians as against majority of (56.67%) of buffalo farmers had extension contact with para veterinarians. In both crossbred cow and buffalo milk respondents, majority of farmers had no exposure to any type of mass media related to animal husbandry activities. Majority of crossbred cow (96.67%) and buffalo (93.33%) farmers practiced wet hand milking in the study area. None of the crossbred cow and buffalo farmers practiced machine method of milking. Maximum number of crossbred cow and buffalo respondents adopted knuckling method of milking at starting of milking operations followed by stripping at the end of milking. Minimum per cent of respondents among crossbreds (13.33%) and buffalo milk producers (11.67) adopted full hand method of milking in the study area. None of the respondents practiced dipping of teats in antiseptic solution. After milking the usual practice of straining of milk with muslin cloth was not followed by majority of milk producers while cleaning of milk utensils was done with disinfectant by majority of the crossbred and buffalo milk producers. Before milking of animals, washing of hands with water was practiced by majority of milk producers in the study area. Most of the crossbred cow (90.00%) and buffalo (75.00 %) farmers were cleaning the udder alone. Majority of the crossbred cow (70.00%) farmers and 46.67 per cent of buffalo farmers were using pucca flooring in the animal houses. More than 50.00 per cent of the farmers were cleaning the animal sheds twice daily. The quality of milk was analyzed by chemical composition of milk with Lactan 1 – 4 milk Analyzer and somatic cell counts with Delaval Somatic cell counter. The pooled averages of Fat, SNF, Protein per cent along with SCC (x103/ml) of the crossbred cow milk in the study area were 3.61 ± 0.09, 8.20 ± 0.04, 3.41 ± 0.06 and 473.65 ± 94.58.The pooled averages of Fat, SNF, Protein per cent and SCC (x103) of buffalo milk in the entire study area were 7.07 ± 0.21, 9.19 ± 0.10, 3.78 ± 0.05 and 167.68 ± 28.80, respectively. The Protein per cent of crossbred cow milk in rural areas showed a significant variation (P<0.05) with that of urban areas. In rural areas, there was a significant (P<0.05) negative correlation found between SCC and protein per cent in crossbred cow milk. In buffaloes, Fat per cent, SNF per cent and Protein per cent of urban areas varied significantly (P<0.05) with that of rural areas. Somatic cell counts did not differ significantly with parity in both crossbred cows and buffaloes but differ significantly (P>0.01) with stage of lactation in crossbred cows and buffaloes. Method of milking practices have shown a significant variation (P<0.01) on the mean SCC in both cows and buffaloes. In case of crossbred cows hygiene of milkmen, floor type and cleanliness of animal sheds significantly (P<0.05) influenced the somatic cell counts whereas in buffaloes floor type alone significantly (P<0.05) influenced the SCC.