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ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF “FRIESWAL” CATTLE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-03) SHUBHA LAKSHMI, B; Ramesh Gupta, B(MAJOR); Gnana Prakash, M; Sudhakar, KABSTRACT : Data on various grades of Holstein Friesian × Sahiwal cattle maintained at Military Dairy Farm, Bowenpally, Secunderabad, over a period of 19 years (1988 – 2006) were analyzed for studying their mean performance and for the estimation of genetic parameters of various production and reproduction traits of the FS genetic grade cows. The genetic grades studied, included Sahiwal cows with Holstein Friesian inheritance of 3/8 (35.9375% to 39.0625%), 7/16 (40.625% to 46.875%), 5/8 (53.125% to 68.75%), 3/4 (71.875% to 78.125%), 7/8 (81.25% to 87.50%), 15/16 (90.625% to 93.75%) and FS (about 55% to 75%). The overall least-squares means of body weights at birth, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and 27 months of age were 26.08, 36.74, 51.04, 67.06, 83.02, 98.73, 113.35, 130.10, 141.21, 153.23, 164.25, 175.87, 188.21, 221.82, 253.85, 292.09, 316.06 and 336.28 kg, respectively. Genetic grades significantly affected the body weights at birth, 1, 2, 3, 21, 24 and 27 months of age, whereas period of birth significantly affected (P<0.01) the body weights at all the ages studied. Season of birth significantly affected the body weights at 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12 and 21 months of age only. The overall least-squares means for total lactation milk yield, 300-day lactation milk yield, lactation length, peak yield, milk yield per day of lactation and milk yield per day of calving interval were 2864.32 kg, 2593.84 kg, 329.03 days, 13.30 kg, 8.69 kg and 6.40 kg, respectively. Genetic grades, period of calving and parity significantly affected all the production traits studied. Season of calving significantly affected (P<0.01) all the production traits studied except for the lactation length. The overall least-squares means of age at first service, age at first calving, service period, number of inseminations per conception, gestation period, dry period, calving interval and breeding efficiency were 640.24 days, 983.14 days, 183.28 days, 2.34, 275.93 days, 127.85 days, 450.42 days and 73.45%, respectively. Genetic grades significantly affected (P<0.01) age at first service, service period, number of inseminations per conception and calving interval, while period of calving significantly affected (P<0.01) age at first service, age at first calving, service period, dry period, calving interval and breeding efficiency. Season of calving had significant influence on service period, gestation period, dry period and calving interval. Significant effect (P<0.01) of parity was observed on service period, number of inseminations per conception, dry period and calving interval while sex of calf significantly affected number of inseminations per conception and gestation period only. The genetic analysis of adjusted data of FS grade cows revealed that the heritabilities of body weights ranged from 0.08 + 0.08 at birth to 0.99 + 0.32 at 18 months of age. Genetic correlations among the body weights at various ages ranged from -0.14 ± 0.12 (between birth weight and 6 months weight) to 0.97 ± 0.01 (between body weights at 12 months and 15 months of age). The phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.09 (between birth weight and 12 months weight) to 0.88 (between body weights at 12 and 15 months of age). The estimates of heritability for total lactation milk yield, 300-day lactation milk yield, lactation length, peak yield, milk yield per day of lactation, milk yield per day of calving interval, age at first calving, service period, gestation period, dry period, calving interval and breeding efficiency were 0.20, 0.18, 0.06, 0.16, 0.27, 0.17, 0.60, 0.03, 0.05, 0.02, 0.07 and 0.06, respectively. Total lactation milk yield was found to be genetically positively correlated with all the other traits studied except with gestation period, while 300-day lactation milk yield and lactation length were positively correlated with all the other traits studied. Peak yield and age at first calving were positively correlated with all the other traits except with gestation period and dry period. Service period was also positively correlated with all the other traits except with gestation period while gestation period was negatively correlated with all the traits except with lactation length and calving interval. The phenotypic correlations were positive among majority of the traits studied. The estimates of repeatability for total lactation milk yield, 300-day lactation milk yield, lactation length, peak yield, service period, gestation period, dry period and calving interval were 0.13, 0.56, 0.50, 0.12, 0.04, 0.07, 0.03 and 0.07, respectively. The Most Probable Producing Ability (MPPA) of the cows was computed based on total lactation milk yield and 300-day lactation milk yield. The results of the present study revealed that Frieswal cows of G3 genetic grade (5/8) outperformed the other grades in their overall performance. The genetic variation existing in the body weights, production and reproduction traits offered good scope for further genetic improvement through selection of the sires.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF WOUND HEALING PROPERTIES OF NANOSILVER AND BOSWELLIA OVALIFOLIOLATA MEDIATED NANOSILVER IN WISTAR RATS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2012-10) APARNA REDDY, N; ESWARA PRASAD, P (Major); PADMAJA, K; ADILAXMAMMA, KABSTRACT : An experimental study was conducted to evaluate and compare the wound healing properties of citrate coated silver nanoparticles and B.ovalifoliolata mediated silver nanoparticles in wistar rats in three wound models. The nanoparticles were synthesized and the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometer, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), DLS (Dynamic light scaterring) Technique and FT-IR analysis and were also evaluated for antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic effects. A total of 90 rats (both sexes) were divided into five groups, each group containing 18 rats and the wound healing activity was evaluated in three different wound models viz., excision, incision and dead space model. Group 1 was treated with normal saline, group 2 with Povidone iodine (1% solution), group 3 with Citrate coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (170 μg per dressing), group 4 received B.ovalifoliolata bark ethanolic extract (50 mg per dressing) and group 5 received B.ovalifoliolata mediated silver nanoparticles (BENS) (85 μg per dressing). The respective concentrations of the drug were prepared as dressings and applied topically. In excision wound model, percentage wound contraction and the periods of epithelialization were recorded. Blood was collected from orbital sinus in EDTA coated tubes and plasma was separated for estimation of Vitamin C, TBARS and protein. Granulation tissue from excision model was processed for histopathological examination. In incision wound model, the wound breaking strength was measured on 10th day. In dead space wound model, the granulation tissue collected on Day 10 was used for the estimation of hydroxyproline, hexosamine, total protein, TBARS, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid. UV Visible absorption spectrum showed a maximum absorption between 350-450 nm and around 450 nm for AgNPs and BENS respectively. SEM images showed that AgNPs showed an agglomerated morphology (size 374-718 nm) while, B.ovalifoliolata mediated silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape (size 192.8-346.1 nm). The results of FT-IR analysis indicated the involvement of hydroxyl, carboxyl and amine groups in the synthesis of B.ovalifoliolata mediated silver nanoparticles. The size of the particles as measured by DLS technique was 78.8 and 273.5 nm respectively. The in vitro studies showed that BENS possess highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus as evidenced by highest zone of inhibition (17.67 mm) and lowest MIC value (1.77μg/ml). BENS was practically nontoxic at 85 ppm while AgNPs were toxic from 10 ppm onwards. In excision wound model, BENS showed significantly (p<0.05) higher percentage of wound contraction and shortest period of epithelialization compared to control group indicating better wound healing property. The TBARS level was significantly (p<0.05) lower and the levels of vitamin C and protein were elevated in both BE and BENS groups. Histopathological examination of BENS group showed mild cellular infiltration with angiogenesis and more fibroblast proliferation when compared to control. In the incision wound model, BE and BENS groups showed significantly (p<0.05) higher wound breaking strength compared to other groups. In dead space wound model, there was a significant increase in hydroxyproline and hexosamine content with increased catalase and SOD activity and decreased lipid peroxide levels in the granulation tissue of BENS group compared to other treatment groups. Thus in conclusion B.ovalifoliolata mediated silver nanoparticles showed better wound healing properties compared to citrate coated silver nanoparticles and ethanolic extract of B.ovalifoliolata.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF Caesalpinia sappan EXTRACTS ON PRESERVATION OF MEAT(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2011-12) VENKATASAIKUMAR, T; ESWARA PRASAD, P (Major); PADMAJA, K; JAGADEESH BABU, AABSTRACT : An experiment was conducted to study the effect of C.sappan extracts on preservation of meat. This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of C.sappan extracts ( aqueous, methanolic), methanolic extract of C.sappan along with antibiotic (chlortetracycline) as natural food preservative in chicken, pork and mutton The results were compared with conventional methods like acetic acid and chlorinated water treatment on meat preservation. The experiment was carried out in two phases. In phase I, aqueous and methanolic extracts of C.sappan, methanolic extract of C.sappan along with antibiotic (chlortetracycline), acetic acid and chlorinated water at different dilutions were prepared and were evaluated to find MIC using agar diffusion assay. The results obtained in the phase I revealed that the aqueous extract of C. sappan did not exhibit any inhibitory effect on pathogenic organisms tested and hence it was not used for further study. However methanolic extract C.sappan, methanolic extract of C.sappan along with antibiotic (chlortetracycline), acetic acid and chlorinated water have exhibited high inhibitory action on pathogenic bacteria at dilutions of 1:5, 1:5, 4% and 300ppm respectively. In second phase, a control and four treatment groups namely - methanolic extract of C. sappan plus antibiotic (T1), methanolic extract of C. sappan (T2), acetic acid (T3) and chlorinated water (T4) were formed to study their effect on preservation of different species of meat. Raw chicken, pork and mutton samples were obtained from local retail meat market, each sample was treated with methanolic extract of C. sappan plus antibiotic (T1), methanolic extract of C. sappan (T2), acetic acid (T3) and chlorinated water (T4) and effect of the treatments were evaluated using different parameters. There was no significant difference found between T1 and T2 for the parameters such as pH, TBARS, free fatty acid, peroxide, yeast and mould count, colour and flavour. For the parameters such as total platecount psychrophiles, coliforms, MRSA, Salmonella counts all treatments differed significantly(P<0.05). The effect in reduction of microbial load in meat samples was highest in T1 followed by T2, T3 and T4. The mean values of parameters (pH, TBARS, free fatty acid, peroxide, yeast and mould count, total platecount, psychrophiles, coliforms, MRSA, Salmonella counts) increased significantly from 0 to 8th day irrespective of type of treatment. The values for color and flavour decreased significantly as the period of storage increased. The results of the experiment concludes that methanolic extract of C. sappan and methanolic extract of C. sappan with antibiotic significantly exhibited beneficial effects on meat preservation as compared to other conventional treatments and these effects were almost similar on different species of meat samples. The results also indicated that pH, TBARS, free fatty acid, peroxide value and microbial count increased along with period of storage irrespective of treatment.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR DETECTION AND CONTROL OF SALMONELLA IN ANIMAL FEEDS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-10) SRAVANTHI, MANNEM; ESWARA PRASAD, P (Major); SUDHAKARA REDDY, K; SREENIVASULU, D; ADILAXMAMMA, KABSTRACT : Feed and feed ingredients serve as a carrier for a range of bacteria, which can adversely affect the performance of animal. One such important contaminant of feeds is Salmonella species. Traditional cultural methods used for identification of Salmonella involves use of pre-enrichment, selective enrichment broths (Selenite cystine broth or Rappaport Vassiliadis broth), selective enrichment media (BGA, MCA, XLD etc.) and confirmation of isolates by biochemical tests. Among 109 feed samples tested, seven (6.42%) positive Salmonella isolates were obtained. The incidence of Salmonella contamination in animal feed samples was screened as 10.81% in Kadapa where as 4.4% in Chittoor district. The traditional cultural methods used for Salmonella isolation were time consuming. Among the several alternate analysis strategies, Polymerase Chain Reaction has been found to be a highly specific molecular diagnostic tool. PCR technique was standardized targeting fimA gene of Salmonella. A 29 cycle PCR reaction with an annealing temperature of 58°C and MgCl2 concentration of 3 mM were found optimum for amplification of 85 bp product of fimA gene. To overcome the production losses due to the presence of bacteria in feed samples, suitable control methods have to be followed. Three different control methods viz., formaldehyde treatment, UV treatment and sun drying were adopted. Formaldehyde at two concentrations (0.5% and 1%) and UV light at a wavelength range of 250-260 nm for 10 minutes were used for treatments. Feed samples were kept for sun drying for a period of 6 days. After treatments, feed samples were again processed for Salmonella isolation and total plate counts. All the three treatment methods were effective in completely decreasing the Salmonella levels in feed samples. For reducing total bacterial counts formaldehyde treatment found to be the most effective method, followed by UV treatment and sun drying. ABST was carried out to determine the drugs, effective for the therapy of Salmonella. The drugs, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone were found to be effective for all isolates of Salmonella. The results of the experiment conclude that PCR technique with fimA gene is found to be effective in detecting Salmonella from feed samples at a shorter time and 1% formaldehyde treatment is highly effective in reducing the total counts of bacteria. Results of ABST conducted indicated ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone are highly effective against Salmonella as compared to the other antibiotics.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON AMELIORATING EFFECT OF CAESALPINIA SAPPAN L IN LEAD INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RATS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-09) HEMALATHA, K; ESWARA PRASAD, P (Major); PADMAJA, K; ADILAXMAMMA, K; SREENIVASULU, DABSTRACT : An experiment was conducted to study the ameliorating effect of Caesalpinia sappan in lead toxicity using a total of 24 male wistar rats which were randomly divided into four groups consisting of six animals in each group. Group I was maintained on basal diet as control and group II on lead acetate @ 90 mg/kg orally along with basal diet as toxic control group. Group III was maintained on methanolic extract of Caesalpinia sappan stem bark @ 100 mg/kg along with the basal diet and group IV on lead acetate @ 90 mg/ kg and methanolic extract of Caesalpinia sappan @ 100mg/ kg along with the basal diet for 28 days. The serum biomarkers were estimated for assessing the damage caused to liver, kidney and heart due to lead toxicity. Parameters like total protein, ALT, troponins, AST, creatinine and BUN values were measured on Day 14 and Day 28 from freshly collected blood samples. Tissue samples were collected and preserved at -20ᵒC for analysis of tissue antioxidant profile (TBARS, glutathione, GST, SOD, catalase, membrane ATPases, Vitamin E and C) and lead content. Blood samples were collected and haematological parameters (RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV) were estimated at the end of 28th day of experiment. The results indicated that lead toxic group (group II) showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in serum total proteins and significant (p<0.05) increase in ALT, troponins, AST, creatinine and BUN values revealing that lead has induced damage to the liver, kidney and heart tissues. Significant decrease in total RBC count, haemoglobin and PCV were observed in group II which showed the evidence of damaging effect of haemopoietic system due to lead toxicity. The mean values of TBARS were significantly increased in lead control group where as the levels of glutathione, GST, SOD, total membrane ATPases and Vitamin E were significantly decreased in group II indicating lead induced oxidative damage to the tissues. Significant increase in the levels of lead was observed in liver and kidney in group II. Treatment with methanolic extract of Caesalpinia sappan stem bark (group IV) resulted in improvement in above parameters as compared to lead toxic group (group II). Lead quantity of the liver was reduced slightly in group IV compared to group II but could not bring the levels to normal. Thus, it is concluded that lead induces biological damage to liver, kidney and heart tissues and further caused oxidative stress and Caesalpinia sappan offered amelioration which is attributed to its antioxidant activity but it could not able to reduce the lead content of the tissues completely.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EXPRESSION OF INSULIN LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 3 (IGFBP 3) GENE IN CULTURED AND IN VIVO DEVELOPED PREANTRAL FOLLICLES IN SHEEP(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-10) SIVA SAGAR REDDY, K; RAO, V.H (Major); SIVA KUMAR, A.V.N; PADMAJA, KABSTRACT: Expression of Growth Differentiation Factor 9 (GDF 9) and Insulin like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 (IGFBP 3) genes was studied in oocytes and granulosa cells isolated from various in vivo and in vitro follicular development stages in sheep. In the present study, the expression of both the genes was highest in the primordial follicles. The expression of GDF 9 in in vivo and in vitro oocytes decreased as the development progressed except in large antral follicles (OA2). Among the granulosa cells, the expression of GDF 9 in in vivo stages decreased continuously. In the in vitro granulosa cell stages, the expression of GDF 9 increased except PFs’ cultured for 6 days (G6). The expression of IGFBP 3 in in vivo and in vitro oocytes increased as the development progressed except in antral follicles (OA1). Among the granulosa cells, the expression of IGFBP 3 in in vivo and in vitro stages increased as the development progressed except PFs’ cultured for 6 days (G6). When the oocytes from large antral follicles (OA2) and 6 day cultured PFs’ (O6) were matured in vitro for 24h, the expression of both the genes decreased. When the granulosa cells from large antral follicles (GA2) and 6 day cultured PFs’ (G6) were matured in vitro for 24h, the expression of both the genes increased. The expression of both the genes increased significantly in the oocytes and granulosa cells from in vitro cultured PFs’ than their corresponding in vivo stagesThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY AND SAFETY PROFILE OF ALCOHOLIC STEM-BARK EXTRACT OF Boswellia ovalifoliolata IN RATS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2009-10) SAKUNTHALA DEVI, P.R; ADILAXMAMMA, K (Major); SRINIVASA RAO, G; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT : Experimental studies were conducted on the ameliorating effect of alcoholic stem-bark extract of Boswellia ovalifoliolata in acute and chronic models of inflammation and the pharmacological actions were compared to those of diclofenac in rats. The safety of B. ovalifoliolata was also studied in a sub-acute toxicity model in rats using 3 different dose levels viz., 100, 500 and 1000 mg/Kg body weight. Carrageenan-induced inflammation was evaluated in four groups comprising of six rats in each. Group 1 was given normal saline, groups 2, 3 and 4 were respectively given carrageenan + 0.3 % CMC p.o, carrageenan + 18 diclofenac (10 mg/Kg p.o) and carrageenan + alcoholic extract of B. ovalifoliolata (100 mg/Kg p.o). The carrageenan significantly increased hind paw edema in group 2 which was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in groups 3 and 4 (64 and 70 % respectively). The activity of ALT, AST and acid phosphatase showed significant (P<0.05) elevation following carrageenan-induced inflammation in group 2, but was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in groups 3 and 4. There was no change in total protein concentration. In Cotton pellet granuloma study, four groups comprising of six rats in each were utilized; group 1 was given normal saline, groups 2, 3 and 4 were induced cotton pellet granuloma and respectively given 0.3 % CMC p.o, diclofenac (10 mg/Kg p.o) and alcoholic extract of B. ovalifoliolata (100 mg/Kg p.o) for 10 days. The mean weight of granuloma (mg) was significantly (P<0.05) high in group 2. Groups 3 and 4 produced a significant (P<0.05) reduction (40 and 35 %, respectively) in granuloma weight. The activity of ALT, AST, acid phosphatase and GGT, and the concentration of TBARS were significantly (P<0.05) elevated, while the concentration of GSH was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in group 2 as compared to groups 1, 3 and 4. The total protein concentration did not change in any of the groups. Examination of gastric mucosa revealed neither ulceration nor haemorrhages in treatment groups. Safety profile of alcoholic stem-bark extract of B. ovalifoliolata was investigated in four groups comprising of six rats in each were utilized; group 1 was given normal saline, groups 2, 3 and 4 were respectively given alcoholic extract of B. ovalifoliolata @ 100, 500 and 1000 mg/Kg orally for 28 days. The mean activity of AST, ALT and CPK, and the concentration of serum creatinine, total protein, TBARS and GSH did not differ significantly among the groups. There were no clinical signs of abnormality nor gastric erosion and haemorrhage in any group. Weekly body weights, organ weights and haematological parameters did not vary significantly amongst the groups. Histological abnormalities of toxicological significance were not detected on microscopy in 100 mg and 500 mg/Kg b.wt treated groups. However mild histopathological alterations were observed in higher dose group. The per cent stabilization (42.11 and 40.15) exhibited by diclofenac and alcoholic extract did not differ significantly. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the alcoholic stem-bark extract of B. ovalifoliolata has significant anti-inflammatory actions in both acute and chronic inflammation models in rats and the activity was comparable to that of diclofenac in both the models. The safety study on alcoholic stem-bark extract of B. ovalifoliolata revealed mild histopathological changes in higher dose group on sub-acute toxicity study in rats.ThesisItem Open Access MICROSATELLITE MARKER BASED ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC STRUCTURE OF MACHERLA BROWN SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2015-12) MOHAN KISHORE, MOLABANTI; Punya kumari, B (Major); Jaya laxmi, P; Suresh, JABSTRACT: Macherla Brown sheep is the native sheep distributed along the banks of river Krishna flowing through Guntur, Krishna, Prakasam and Nalgonda districts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states. The home tract is mainly from the Nagarjuna sagar dam areas of Guntur and Nalgonda. Macherla Brown is known for heat tolerance, disease resistance and thrives well in harsh climatic conditions and scarce feeding conditions. The assessment of genetic variation is important to characterize the populations for breed recognition, conservation and also to determine the level of inbreeding in the population. The present study was carried out to assess the genetic structure of Macherla Brown sheep at molecular level to understand the genetic variability and diversity of population and to recognise this high performing local variety of sheep as a breed. Twenty four ovine microsatellite markers recommended by ISAG/FAO for population diversity studies in sheep were used in the present study. Phenol-chloroform method was used for the isolation of DNA from the collected blood samples and the microsatellite markers were amplified by PCR reaction. The amplicons were identified using agarose gel electrophoresis. The genotypes were scored using regression equation of the 100 bp DNA standard. The number, size and frequency of alleles were calculated using POPGENE version 1.3.2 software. A total of 275 alleles were observed for the twenty four marker loci under investigation in the sampled Macherla Brown population. The number of alleles at each locus varied from a minimum of eight (BM6506, HSC, OarCP34) to a maximum of eighteen (MAF214) with a mean of 11.458 alleles. Allele size ranged from a minimum of 69 bp (OarCP20) to a maximum of 313 bp (MAF214), while allele frequency varied between 0.0102 (HSC, INRA63, MAF214, OarP49 and OarVH72) to 0.2551 (HSC). The number of effective alleles across twenty four microsatellite loci studied ranged from 5.8065 (HSC) to 14.1652 (OarFCB48). The mean number of effective alleles was 9.597 ± 2.454. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.0612 (BM8125) to 0.2653 (OarCP34) with a mean value of 0.110 ± 0.049 whereas, the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.8278 (HSC) to 0.9294 (OarFCB48) with a mean value of 0.889 ± 0.029. All the twenty four microsatellite loci (100 percent) were found to be highly polymorphic and the PIC values ranged from 0.8052 (HSC) to 0.9295 (OarFCB48). The mean PIC value for all the twenty four loci was found to be 0.882 ± 0.036. The Chisquare test revealed that all the twenty four loci were showing significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. The inbreeding estimates obtained in this study were all positive and ranged from 0.6915 (OarCP34) to 0.9341 (OarFCB48) with the mean FIS value of 0.876 ± 0.057 indicating the high deficiency of heterozygotes.ThesisItem Open Access REPAIR OF FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES BY ELASTIC PLATE OSTEOSYNTHESIS USING VETERINARY CUTTABLE PLATES IN YOUNG DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517 502 , A.P, 2015-10) SUDARSHAN REDDY, K; DHANA LAKSHMI, N (Major); VEENA, P; RAJU, N.K.B.ABSTRACT : Young dogs presented to the College Hospital with unstable femoral diaphyseal fractures were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and survey radiography. The breed, age and sex wise incidence, etiology and type of fracture were studied. Twelve immature young dogs with femoral diaphyseal fractures (2-5 months old, body weight ranging from 4-9 kg) were selected and stabilized with indigenously designed Veterinary Cuttable Plate (VCP) along with compatible size of cortical screws by Elastic Plate Osteosynthesis (EPO) technique. The femur was approached by cranio-lateral border of thigh for plating under general anaesthesia. Selection of plate and screws was determined by taking into consideration of the size of the bone, fracture configuration and weight of the dogs. Indigenously designed VCP (2 mm for dogs below 5 Kg and 2.7 mm for 5-9 kg body weight) used with compatible size of non self tapping cortical screws for stabilization of fractures in each animal provided good fracture stability. The technique increased overall compliance of the construct with the use of plate with 2 or 3 screws at each fracture fragment when applied over thin cortices to reduce the risk of focal failure of the screw/bone interface. No technical difficulties were observed while application of VCP by Elastic Plate Osteosynthesis technique in all cases. The outcome of fracture stabilization and healing was evaluated with postoperative lameness grading, radiography and biochemical analysis. All animals, which were diagnosed with unstable femoral diaphyseal fractures showed grade V lameness before surgical management. Postoperatively, all cases showed grade I lameness in an average of 5-7 weeks. Functional limb outcome was excellent to good. The fractures showed radiographically excellent postoperative healing of cortical union, absence of fracture lines with periosteal and bridging callus in an average 3-5 weeks and further remodelling changes with complete cortical union were observed in all cases by 7 weeks. Postoperative fracture fragment alignment was not affected except in case No.7 where healing was delayed. Statistical analysis, the mean ± SE values revealed a highly significant difference (P<0.01) in serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium. C-reactive protein values in different stages of postoperative significantly increased from 0 day to 14th day and thereafter gradually decreased in levels. No major intraoperative complications were observed. Postoperatively, delayed cortical union was observed when compared to other cases in case No.7 where wound dehiscence with distal screw pullout was observed by 5th day in which revision surgery was performed and but overall outcome was not affected. Slight bending of plate at fracture site in case No.10 was noticed which did not show any malalignment of fractured fragments. Complete removal of implant was done on an average 5-7weeks, after radiographic appearance of cortical union. Based on present study, Elastic Plate Osteosynthesis technique (EPO) using VCP (narrow, thin and cut to desired length) was better suited for the treatment of femoral diaphyseal fractures in young dogs with thin cortical bones and active growth plates. EPO technique was more advantageous than rigid plate osteosynthesis by reducing the stress shield effect on bone and hastened the bone healing by allowing micromotion at the fracture site to closely mimic biological healing as it did not interfere with functional growth plates in young dogs and also to minimize the fracture disease which was observed in intramedullary pinning. Implant used in this technique is not much expensive, making it suitable for use in Veterinary practice.