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2020 - 20217
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End date: 2021 × Start date: 2020 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.F.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Lemon and Garlic peel extracts on the quality and shelf life of Litopenaeus vannamei during frozen storage
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-02) JAYADEEPTHI, P; DHANAPAL, K (MAJOR); SRAVANI, K; NEERAJA, T
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Salinity and Ammonia on the Growth and Haematology of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-12) MOHANA SWAPNA, NARRA; Ramana, T.V. (MAJOR); Balasubramanian, A; Neeraja, T
    The present study was carried out to study the effect of salinity and ammonia (TAN - Total Ammonia Nitrogen) on the growth and haematology of Catla catla juveniles. Before start of study, lethal studies were conducted to determine the treatment level of Salinity and TAN. These studies revealed that 100 percent survival could be obtained in the salinity of 10 ppt and 20 ppm TAN. Accordingly, the study was designed to conduct in two phases for a period of 30 days each at different salinities [control (0 ppt), 3 ppt, 6 ppt and 9 ppt] and TAN levels [control (0 ppm), 10 ppm, 15 ppm and 20 ppm] in triplicates stocking with 10 fishes in each tank. Water quality parameters of the experimental tanks were estimated every day; while growth and haematological parameters were estimated on weekly basis. In salinity experiment, all growth parameters like length-weight, Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) were in decreasing trend from 0 Author : MOHANA SWAPNA NARRA Title of the thesis : “Effect of Salinity and Ammonia on the Growth and Haematology of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822)” Submitted for the Award of degree : Master of Fisheries Science in Fisheries Resource Management Faculty : Faculty of Fisheries Science Department : Department of Fisheries Resource Management Major advisor : Dr. T. V. RAMANA University : Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati Year of Submission : 2020 ppt to 9 ppt. However, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) values were found high at 0 ppt followed by 3 ppt, 6 ppt and 9 ppt. Similarly decreasing trend in haematological parameters viz., Total Erythrocyte count (TEC), Haemoglobin (Hb), Haematocrit (Ht) and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) was found from 0 ppt to 9 ppt though Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) showed an increasing trend. The maximum value of Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) was recorded at 3 ppt followed by 0 ppt, 6 ppt and 9 ppt. The alterations in growth parameters were attributed to the stress and reduced feed intake by fishes which were caused due to the hypertonic environment. The changes in the composition of blood were caused due to immunological activity, lymphopoiesis, reduction in erythrocyte counts and haemoglobin percentages. In second phase of ammonia study, growth factors like length and weight, SGR, PER were decreased with increase of TAN levels despite the FCR increased with TAN. These changes might be due to the low feed intake and utilization of high energy to overcome unfavourable conditions. In haematological parameters TEC, Hb, Ht and MCHC were low in 20 ppm compared to other two treatments 15 ppm, 10 ppm as well as control but TLC increased in 20 ppm which indicates the fish was in high stress level. MCV values were altered with peak at 10 ppm followed by 0 ppm, 20 ppm and 15 ppm and these alterations were due to the reduction in the Hb and Ht values.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF AEROMONAS SPECIES ISOLATED FROM CULTURED FRESHWATER FISHES
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-12) SRUTHI, PERLA; Neeraja, T (MAJOR); Haribabu, P; Balasubramanian, A
    Pathogenic Aeromonas species are causing significantly high mortalities and economic losses among the cultured freshwater fish in India and Andhra Pradesh. The aim of the present study was to identify the Aeromonas species isolated from cultured freshwater fishes majorly exhibiting bacterial haemorrhagic septicaemia, abdominal dropsy, tail rot and fin rot in two districts viz., West Godavari and SPSR Nellore districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. The diseased fish species collected from farms were Catla catla (catla), Labeo rohita (rohu), Piaractus brachypomus (pacu) and Pangasius hypophthalmus (pangas). Further, the resistance of the isolated Aeromonas spp. to the currently available antimicrobial therapeutics was determined. In the present study, 15 species of Aeromonas were isolated viz., Aeromonas allosacharrophila (n=3), A. aquariorum (n=2), A. caviae (n=1), A. enchelia (n=1), A. jandaei (n=3), A. media (n=2), A. molluscorum (n=3), A. piscicola (n=1), A. popoffii (n=3), A. sobria (n=3), A. schubertii (n=6), A. tecta (n=9), A. trota (n=3), A. veronii biovar sobria (n=5) and A. veronii biovar veronii (n=13). The Aeromonas species isolated on RS medium and GSPA medium were identified and characterized by conventional biochemical tests. The study on prevalence of Aeromonas spp. was carried out for a period of 7 months from September 2019 to March 2020 in the above two districts revealed that the highest prevalence was recorded in A. veronii bv. veronii. Significantly higher prevalence (P 0.05) with the latter species. Further, prevalence of Aeromonas spp. were significantly different (p <0.05) with respect to fish species and geographic location. In vitro antibiotic resistance study revealed that all the isolates of 15 Aeromonas spp. were highly resistant to ampicillin, amoxyclav and oxytetracycline. Further, all the Aeromonas spp. were found multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR). The MAR index of more than 0.2 was observed in all the isolates of Aeromonas spp. except A. piscicola. It indicates that these Aeromonas spp. might have originated from high risk sources of contamination. Haemolytic activity assay revealed that A. veronii bv. sobria (60%), A. aquariorum (50%), A. jandaei (33.3%), A. sobria (33.3%) and A. tecta (22.22%) were found to be β-haemolytic. However, majority of the Aeromonas spp. isolates were found α- haemolytic.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SURVEILLANCE ON BACTERIAL DISEASES OF CULTURED INDIAN MAJOR CARPS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-06) SRIVIDYA, R; Neeraja, T(MAJOR); Haribabu, P; Dhanapal, K
    Bacterial fish diseases were considered to be the main cause of high mortalities and economic losses among the cultured freshwater fish in Andhra Pradesh. The aim of the present study was to identify the bacterial strains isolated from farm raised Indian major carps majorly exhibiting bacterial haemorrhagic septicaemia, abdominal dropsy, tail rot and fin rot in two districts viz., SPSR Nellore and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. Further, the susceptibility of the isolated bacterial strains to the currently available antimicrobial therapeutics was determined. In the present study, the pathogenic bacteria isolated were species of Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriacea family. 7 species of Aeromonas viz., Aeromonas hydrophila, A. tecta, A. caviea, A. sobria, A. veronii A. schubertii and A. encheleia; 4 species of Pseudomonas viz., Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas stutzeri, P. diminuta and P. fluoroscenes; 5 species of Enterobacteriacea family viz., Citrobacter freundi, Serratia rubidaea, S. fonticola, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp pneumniae and Enterobacteriacea group were identified and characterized by conventional biochemical tests. The prevalence study carried out for a period of one year from July 2018 to June 2019 in the above two districts revealed the dominance of aeromoniasis caused by Aeromonas spp. Significantly higher prevalence (P 0.05) with that of aeromoniasis. Further, prevalence of bacterial diseases did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) with respect to fish species, geographic location and seasonality. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity study revealed that gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, amikacin and trimethoprim were found to be more effective against Aeromonas sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Enterobacteriaceae family. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) study showed that all the species of Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae family were MAR. Among Aeromonas sp., A. tecta and A. caviea were 100% MAR, however 80% of A. sobria, A. veronii and A. schubertii showed MAR and 50% of A. hydrophila strains only showed MAR. The MAR index of more than 0.2 was observed in all the bacterial strains of Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae family indicated that these bacterial strains might have originated from high risk sources of contamination. Haemolytic activity assay revealed that A. veronii (80%), A. schubertii, (60%), A. sobria (40%) and A. tecta (33.3%) were found to be β-haemolytic.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Salinity and pH on the Growth and Haematology of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-12) SRINIVASULU SRAVANI, RAMADASU; Balasubramanian, A (MAJOR); Suguna, T; Anupama, R.R
    The present study was carried out to investigate the growth and haematology of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus exposing to various salinities of 0 (Control), 4, 9 and 14 ppt and pH of 6, 7.5 (Control), 9 and 9.5. The experiment was carried out in two components i.e., salinity and pH for a period of 30 days each and 10 Nos. of randomly selected fish were stocked in every experimental tank. The physico-chemical parameters were estimated everyday; whereas, growth and haematological parameters were estimated weekly. In first component, effect of different levels of salinity (0 (C), 4, 9 and 14 ppt) on survival, growth and haematology were studied. The results indicated that P. hypophthalmus could tolerate salinities up to 14 ppt with 100% survival rate throughout the experimental period. However, the growth in terms of length and weight, Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) decreased with increase in salinity from 0 ppt to 14 ppt owing to utilization of high energy Author : RAMADASU SRINIVASULU SRAVANI Title of the thesis : “Effect of Salinity and pH on the Growth and Haematology of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878)” Submitted for the Award of degree : Master of Fisheries Science in Fisheries Resource Management Faculty : Faculty of Fisheries Science Department : Department of Fisheries Resource Management Major advisor : Dr. A.BALASUBRAMANIAN University : Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati Year of Submission : 2020 which directly affects the growth of fish in unfavourable environments. In contrary, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) raised with increase in salinity and low feed intake was noticed in 14 ppt. Similarly, haematological parameters viz.,Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Haemoglobin (Hb) and Haematocrit (Ht) were low in 14 ppt when compared with other salinities of 9 ppt and 4 ppt but Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) was found high in 14 ppt which indicated that the experimental fish were in high stress condition. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) were also varied with changes in the Hb and Ht. After observing the significant (p < 0.05) elevation in haematological parameters of the fish studied in higher salinities, it is concluded that the salinity of 9 ppt is optimum for good growth in P. hypophthalmus. Prior to the actual experiment on effect of pH, lethal studies (LC50) were conducted which resulted in 100% survival of the juveniles up to pH of 9.5. Therefore, the pH levels of 6, 9 and 9.5 were opted with pH 7.5 as control. The experimental results showed decreasing trend in length and weight, SGR and PER from pH 6 to 9.5 compared with control (7.5). However, FCR values were found peak at pH 9.5 followed by 9 and 6 when compared with control. The alterations in growth parameters were due to low feed intake, loss of energy and stress. The mean values of haematological parameters like TEC, Hb, Ht and MCHC showed decreasing trend from pH 6 to 9.5 when compared to control. But TLC values were found maximum at pH 9.5 followed by 9, 6 and 7.5 (C), whereas, the MCV values were found high at pH 9 and least at pH 9.5. Changes in haematological parameters significantly (p<0.05) varied between different pH. The changes in the haematological parameters were due to immunological response, failure of the erythropoeisis and haemopoietic potential.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRUDED SNACKS INCORPORATED WITH SHRIMP SHELL POWDER AND THEIR QUALITY EVALUATION DURING THE STORAGE
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517502, ANDHRA PRADESH (INDIA), 2020-12) MANIKANDAN, V; Sravani, K (MAJOR); Dhanapal, K; Ravindra Kumar Reddy, D
    The shrimp processing industries generate millions of tonnes of by-product annually, which result in a loss of edible portion and presents a considerable waste disposal problem. An attempt was made to develop nutrient rich extruded product from underutilized shrimp shell powder (Litopenaeus vannamei) with mixture of cereal flours using twin screw extruder. Ready to eat snack was developed by incorporating shrimp shell powder (5%, 10%, and 15%) in rice, corn and sorghum powders along with prepared spice mixture. Extrusion cooking formulation consisting of shrimp shell powder and cereals mixture were extruded at moisture content of 7 % screw speed 350 rpm, sectional barrel temperature of 60oC and 120oC and 2 mm diameter of die. Extruded product was fried in edible oil with prepared spice mixture and packed in aluminium laminated pouches and stored for a period of 120 days at ambient temperature. The prepared product was analysed for nutritional, physical, biochemical, microbiological and organoleptic characteristics. Highest moisture content was found in SSP 15% enriched extruded snack (6.31±0.16%) and lowest in control snack (4.6±0.16 %). Highest Protein content was found in SSP 15% enriched extruded snack (13.07±0.27%) and was lowest in control extruded snack (8.73±0.07%). Highest fat content was found in SSP 10% enriched extruded snack (25.65±0.22%) lowest in control snack (24.04±0.10%). Highest ash content and fibre content was found in SSP 15% enriched extruded snack 4.58±0.21%, 3.98±0.43% and lowest in control snack 1.38±0.14 %, 3.64±0.16 The carbohydrates content and energy value decreased from 57.61±0.57%, 481.72±0.04 % in control extruded snack to 47.94±1.03%, 461.12±0.06 % in 15% shrimp shell powder enriched snack. With increase in shrimp shell powder quantity bulk density (BD), water absorption index (WAI), pH, peroxide value (PV), water activity(aw), calcium, phosphorous and total plate count (TPC) values were increased and expansion ratio (ER), porosity (PO) and water solubility index (WSI) were decreased. As storage period increased from 0 to 120 days moisture, fat, ash, fibre, bulk density, pH, peroxide value, free fatty acid, water activity and TPC of extruded snack was increased and protein, carbohydrate, energy, expansion ratio, porosity, water solubility index, water absorption index, calcium content, phosphorous content and sensory quality of extruded snack was decreased. From the results it was observed that shrimp shell powder incorporated at 5% in the extruded snack is recommended for human consumption. It was also observed that even after 120 days of storage the product had higher protein, fibre and also had good quantities of calcium and phosphorus in the extruded snack.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE EXTENSION OF PANGASISUS HYPOPHTHALMUS FILLET USING ALOE VERA AND POTATO PEEL EXTRACTS DURING CHILLED STORAGE
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-09) BHARATHLAL NAIK, K. B.; Dhanapal, K (MAJOR); Sravani, K; Sudhakar, O
    The present study was aimed to investigate properties of Aloe vera gel and potato peel and application aqueous extracts at different concentrations to extend the shelf life of Pangasius fillets during chilled storage. The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of aqueous Aloe vera gel and potato peel extract were evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenging activity, Ferric reducing antioxidant power, and Antimicrobial activity by well diffusion method. Aloe vera gel and potato peel extract showed DPPH scavenging activity of 76.38% and 76.92% respectively at 500ppm, Ferric reducing activity exhibited highest reducing power of 1.25% and 1.51% respectively at 500 μg /mL. Aloe vera gel and potato peel extract was potentially active against gram+ve bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and it showed smaller zones of inhibition against gram-ve bacteria Escherichia coli. In order to evaluate the shelf life of Pangasius fillets, the fillets were treated at 5%,10%,15% concentrations of Aqueous extracts of Aloe vera gel, potato peel and mixed extract (1:1 Aloe vera gel and potato peel) and analysed periodically for every 2 days interval up to 21days during chilled condition with a control. The changes in proximate composition, physico chemical parameters, microbial analysis and sensory evaluation were investigated to determine the shelf life of Pangasius fillet during chilled storage. From the result it was observed that TVB-N, FFA, PV, TPC and Psychrophiles were gradually increased where as the pH initially decreased upto 6th day and then increased till the end of storage period. On correlating results of physico chemical, microbial and sensory scores it was observed that control Pangasius fillets had shelf life of 18 days during chilled storage. Among the treatments it was observed that the order of acceptance on 21st day at concentrations 5%, 10% and 15% was in the order of mixed concentration > Aloe vera > potato peel respectively. From the sensory it was observed that Pangasius fillets treated with mixed concentration at different concentration was more preferred than Aloe vera and potato peel. From these results it was concluded that the extracts of Aloe vera gel, potato peel and in combinations can be used to extend shelf life of Pangasius fillets.