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ThesisItem Open Access HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION OF CERTAIN TUMOR MARKERS OF CANINE MAMMARY TUMORS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-10) SUDHA RANI CHOWDARY, CH.; RAMA DEVI, V (MAJOR); SATHEESH, K; RAVI KUMAR, P; SUDHAKAR, KThe present study was undertaken to know the occurrence of canine mammary tumors (CMTs), to classify and study their gross and microscopic lesions, evaluate different tumor markers by IHC and to determine the variations of p53 gene in CMTs. In the present study, the animals with mammary tumors ranged from 1.5 to 14 years of age with highest occurrence in 9-10 years age group and noticed only in female dogs. Highest occurrence of canine mammary tumors was recorded in non-descript dogs followed by Spitz and German Shepherd breeds. The occurrence was highest in intact bitches when compared to spayed dogs. Out of 72 cases, 47 cases had a single mammary gland affected whereas 25 cases had tumors in multiple glands. The highest occurrence was recorded in the inguinal (50.49%), followed by caudal abdominal (33.98 %) glands. Majority of the cases showed TNM stage III tumors (59.42%), followed by stage II (21.74%), stage IV (8.7%), stage V (7.25%) and stage I tumors (2.90%). Overall, the cytological diagnosis had 75% correlation to histopathological diagnosis. The cytologic diagnosis correlated with the histologic diagnosis for benign and malignant tumors in 60 and 79.59% of cases respectively. Grossly, the size of the tumors ranged from 2 to 19 cm in greatest diameter with different shapes and consistencies. Sixty three cases (87.5%) had malignant tumors and 9 cases (12.5%) showed benign tumors. Histologically, they were classified into 20 major subtypes and among them, solid carcinoma had the highest frequency (20.6%), followed by complex carcinoma (15.9%), intraductal papillary carcinoma (14.3%). In the present study, metastasis of CMTs to lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and visceral organs was recorded in 13 cases (18.1%). Maximum number of carcinomas were of grade II (46.7%) followed by grade III (40%) and grade I category (13.3%). The mean AgNOR number per cell ranged from 1.1 to 6.7 and was higher (4.58) in malignant tumors than in benign tumors (1.4). Of the 72 CMTs subjected to immunostaining of different tumor markers, 38.9% of tumors showed Ki-67 expression, 37.5% and 25% of CMTs showed ERα and PR expression respectively, whereas 89.1%, 25% and 16.7 % of the cases showed VEGF, survivin and p53 expression respectively. Of the 20 CMTs subjected to molecular studies, three mutations in exon 4 were detected in two tumor tissues which included two missense mutations in a complex carcinoma and a silent mutation in a carcinosarcoma. However, concordance of p53 phenotype and p53 genotype was found only in one case which had a silent mutation. On Kaplan - Meier analysis, early TNM stage, positive expression of ERα and PR, negative expression of p53 and survivin were found to be associated with longer overall survival. However, only TNM stage and PR expression were found to be independent prognostic factors on multivariate analysis. In the present study, various factors such as tumor stage, histological grade and features, expression of different tumor markers and p53 gene variations along with epidemiological data were evaluated in CMTs. It was revealed that the factors like TNM stage and PR expression have significant prognostic value and can influence the clinical outcome of canine mammary tumors.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON RENAL DISEASE IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-12) CHAITANYA, YALAVARTHI; LAKSHMI RANI, N (MAJOR); VAIKUNTA RAO, V; RAVI KUMAR, P; SREENU, MAKKENADuring the study period of two years, the occurrence of renal diseases in dogs accounted up to 3.40 per cent in. Among the affected dogs, 18.24 per cent suffered with acute kidney injury, whereas 81.76 per cent were of chronic kidney disease. Kidney diseases were more prevalent in male dogs, aged above 8 years and the occurrence was more in Pomeranian (30.82%). In the affected dogs, the clinical presentation varied from asymptomatic to typical clinical signs. Detailed haemato- biochemical examination and imaging studies performed in 128 dogs revealed that, 25 dogs were affected with AKI and 103 dogs had CKD. The dogs with CKD were further categorized into four stages based on SDMA values as stage I, II, III and IV. The SDMA values in the affected dogs ranged from 14 to 152 μg/dL. Sub staging of CKD dogs was done based on UPC and Blood pressure. Significant difference (P0.05) was noticed in mean values of PI and RI in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease stage I and II with the healthy control while the same in chronic kidney disease stage III and IV varied significantly (P0.05) was noticed in mean values of LA/Ao and M mode echocardiographic findings in dogs with acute kidney injury which varied significantly (P<0.05) in chronic kidney disease. Therapy was initiated in dogs with kidney diseases by using herbal antioxidant, diuretic, phosphate binders, antibiotics, diuretic, ACE inhibitors, nutritional therapy, haematinics, fluid therapy along with specific treatment and were monitored for a period of 3 months. The survival percentage of dogs with acute kidney injury (Group I) was 84.00% per cent (21/25). The survival percentage was 100.00 per cent in Group IIa (17/17) and IIb (15/15) i.e., chronic kidney disease stage I and stage II, where as it was 80.00 per cent (20/25) in CKD stage III (Group IIc) and 56.00 per cent (26/46) in chronic kidney disease stage IV (Group IId). Significant difference (p<0.05) was recorded in the SDMA/creatinine ratio(9.20±0.18 in survivors vs 12.07 ± 0.42 in non survivors, BUN ( 82.53±1.84 mg/dL vs 148.62±12.82mg/dL), product of calcium and phosphorus(58.22±2.02 vs 89.32±1.92), sodium to potassium ratio (39.42±1.02 vs 48.93±1.32) , UPC (1.92±0.22 vs 3.86±0.52 ) and resistive index (0.62±0.56 vs 0.74±0.24) between survivors and non survivorsThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING TANNIFEROUS HERBAGE ON GROWTH AND HELMINTHS CONTROL IN NELLORE SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-11) SIREESHA, KORLAKUNTA; VENKATA SESHAIAH, CH(MAJOR); SUDHAKAR, K; SRINIVAS KUMAR, D; VINOO, RThe present research was carried out to find out the effect of feeding tanniferous leaf meal mixture (TLMM) incorporated total mixed rations (TMR) on growth, BCS, blood haematological and biochemical profiles, faecal egg count of helminths and cost per kg live weight gain in Nellore lambs and ewes. Among the ten locally available herbages, Ficus benghalensis, Leucaena leucocephala and Psidium guajava were selected for the experiment based on their CP and CT content. A total of 30 Nellore brown lambs of approximately 3-4 months age with a mean live weight of 12.10 ± 0.31 kg and 30 ewes of uniform age 3 to 3.5 years and body weight (25.03±1.52 Kg), tested positive for parasitic infestation were selected and randomly divided into five groups of 6 animals each in a completely randomized design. The control groups i.e. positive control ( C) and negative control (NC) were fed with total mixed ration (TMR) without TLMM and the treatment groups were fed with TMR in which part of the roughage portion was replaced with TLMM to get the CT content of the ration at 2% (T1), 3%(T2) and 4%(T3) levels for a period of 120 days. Only NC group of lambs and ewes received deworming as per the schedule. Care was taken that all the experimental rations were isonitrogenous. The mean body weights (kg) of lambs at the end of the experiment were significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment groups compared to control groups and the body weights of lambs in T2 group were significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to other groups. The body weights (kg) of T1, T2 and T3 groups were found to be 21%, 23% and 18% higher than the control group. The average daily gain (ADG) in treatment groups of lambs were found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to C and NC groups and the difference between C and NC groups was also significantly (P<0.05) different. Among the treatment groups, T2 group recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher mean ADG compared to T3 group, while the difference was not significant between T1 and T2 and T1 and T3. The average feed intake (g/day) in lambs was significantly (P<0.05) low in control group compared to other groups, while the difference was not significant among other groups. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) (kg DMI/kg gain) was significantly (P<0.05) low in T2 group compared to C and NC groups, while the difference was comparable among treatment groups. No significant difference was observed in mean BCS values among treatment and control groups of lambs and ewes. The mean Hb (g/dl) levels were significantly (P<0.05) low in C group compared to other groups and significantly (P<0.05) high in T2, NC groups, while the difference was not significant (P<0.05) between T1 and T3 groups in lambs and ewes. The mean PCV (%) values were significantly (P<0.05) low in C group compared to other groups, while the difference was not significant among other groups in both lambs and ewes. Total protein, albumin, globulin (g/dl) levels and A:G ratio were significantly (P<0.05) lower in control group compared to treatment groups in lambs and ewes. Mean glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, Ca, P and Cu (mg/dl) levels in experimental lambs and ewes under different treatments did not differ significantly (P<0.05). The mean serum urea (mg/dl) levels in all the treatment groups of lambs and ewes were found to be significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to both control groups. No significant (P<0.05) difference was observed among different treatment groups with respect to SGOT and SGPT (IU/L) in lambs and ewes. The FEC (eggs per gram) in treatment groups was found to be decreasing with the progression of the experiment till the end of the experiment in both lambs and ewes. In lambs and ewes, the FEC was significantly (P<0.05) high in C group and were low in T2 group, while the difference was not significant among T1, T3 and NC groups in lambs and ewes. At the end of the experiment, the FEC reduced by 66.67%, 85.85% and 71.63% in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively in lambs and 68.20%, 86.0% and 69.90% in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively in ewes compared to FEC recorded at the beginning of the experiment. The cost of feeding (₹) per kg weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T2 group and significantly (P<0.05) higher in C group compared to other groups, while the difference was not significant between NC, T1 and T2 groups. The feeding cost (₹) per kg live weight gain was 38, 25, and 23% less in T2, T1 and T3 groups compared to the control. The results from the present study concluded that feeding of diets containing 3% CT from locally available TLMM (Ficus benghalensis, Leucaena leucocephala and Psidium guajava at 40:40:20 ratio) was proven to be better in terms of growth performance, parasitic control and cost of feeding in lambs and parasitic control in ewes. The results of the study further reveled that feeding of CT even at 4% level in the diets of sheep does not cause any effect on health of the animal.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT HORMONAL INDUCTION PROTOCOLS ON ESTRUS RESPONSE, CONCEPTION RATE AND HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE IN ANOESTROUS GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-10) CHANDRA PRASAD, BORRA; VENKATA NAIDU, G(MAJOR); SRINIVAS, MANDA; Raghunath, M; Aswani Kumar, KTreatment of sub-estrus and true anoestrous high yielding lactating graded Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using estrus and ovulation hormonal protocols, Double PGF2α, Presynch-Ovsynch, Ovsynch and CIDR Ovsynch their influence on fertility in farm and field during breeding and low breeding season was studied. The estrus response following hormonal treatment was 91.30, 85.71, 91.66 and 92.85 per cent in DPG, POVS, OVS and COVS in farm where as in field it was 85.66, 80.43, 80.95, and 86.84, respectively. The onset of estrus (hrs) following hormonal treatment was 52.0, 50.31, 51.31 and 48.20 in DPG, POVS, OVS and COVS, respectively in farm and 50.12, 51.63, 53.52 and 50.31 in DPG, POVS, OVS and COVS, respectively in field. Peak estrus synchrony with incidence of estrus (63.63 to 81.81%) between 48 to 72 hours following the treatment in all the groups was observed both under farm and field conditions. Pre ovulatory follicle (POF) diameter (mm) observed at the time of AI in DPG, POVS, OVS, COVS and control group buffaloes were 12.86, 14.15, 13.16, 11.58, 11.15 and 11.45, 12.47, 11.75, 10.11, 10.15 in pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes, respectively under farm conditions and 12.44, 14.21, 13.05, 11.32 and 11.65; 11.22, 11.31, 10.92, 9.49 and 9.35 in pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes, respectively under field conditions. Ovulatory response (%) observed on day 10 post AI in DPG, POVS, OVS, COVS and control group buffaloes were 56.21, 78.57, 75.00, 64.28 and 56.25, respectively in farm, while the same in field was 50.00, 65.21, 61.90, 47.36 and 37.77, respectively. The mean diameter (mm) of the corpus luteum (CL) was recorded on day 10 post AI in order to study the relationship of CL with pregnancy status in treated and control buffaloes. The conception rate in relation to CL diameter (mm) was highest in POVS (17.15 Vs 64.28%) followed with OVS (16.16 Vs 58.33%), COVS (15.97 Vs 50.00%), DPG (15.95 Vs 50.00%) and control (14.65 Vs 43.75%) groups, respectively in farm, while the conception rate with that of CL diameter (mm) in field was highest in POVS (16.65 Vs 54.34%) followed with DPG (15.55 Vs 46.50%), OVS (15.05 Vs 50.00%), COVS (14.75 Vs 36.84%) and control (14.15 Vs 28.88%) groups, respectively. The per cent conception rate at induced/observed estrus were 39.13, 42.85, 41.66, 28.57 and 25.00 in DPG, POVS, OVS, COVS and control group, respectively in farm conditions, while per cent second service conception rate was 8.69, 14.28, 16.66 , 14.28 and 12.50, respectively, whereas per cent third service conception rate was 2.1, 7.14, 00.00, 7.14 and 6.25, respectively. The per cent conception rate at induced/observed estrus were 32.16, 32.60, 33.33, 23.68 and 15.55 in DPG, POVS, OVS, COVS and control group, respectively in field conditions, while per cent second service conception rate was 11.18, 15.21, 11.90, 10.52 and 8.88 respectively, whereas per cent third service conception rate was 3.14, 6.52, 4.76, 2.63 and 4.44, respectively. In the present study no significant difference was observed in serum total cholesterol concentration, mean hemoglobin (gm/dl) level and Mean PCV (%) between days of the treatment with DPG, POVS, OVS, COVS and control groups protocols in farm and field and during seasons also. The mean levels of serum progesterone recorded on different days of treatment day -10, 0, 11, day of A.I and day 21 post AI in postpartum sub estrus buffaloes during breeding and high breeding seasons in farm and field. The difference between BCS groups in farm and field were significant in POVS and OVS treated groups. Higher conception rate was recorded in buffaloes belonging to L2 group (parity) treated with POVS in both farm and field condition. In farm, higher conception rate was recorded in postpartum sub-estrus buffaloes belonging to L2 group treated with DPG during breeding and low breeding season, whereas in field higher conception rate was recorded in L2 group during breeding and L3 group during low breeding season. In the present study the conception rate varied between T1, T2, and T3 (service period) groups. Maximum conception rate was recorded in postpartum true anoestrous buffaloes subjected to OVS protocol in T2 group both at farm and field condition. While in COVS group maximum conception rate was recorded in T2 group both at farm and field condition. Maximum conception rate was observed in T2 and T3 group at farm and T2 in field level in control group. In the present study cost per pregnancy was recorded as Rs-/ 660, 1719, 1346 and 3271 in farm and 710, 2033, 1570 and 3271 in field treated with DPG, POVS, OVS and COVS respectively. It is concluded that estrus and fertility response in postpartum lactating anThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BRUCELLOSIS AND TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-09) SANTOSH SAJJAN; SRINIVASA RAO, T (MAJOR); MADHAVAPRASAD, C.B.; RAMANI PUSHPA, R.N.; ASWANI KUMAR, KBrucellosis and tuberculosis are neglected zoonoses having worldwide public health concern. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the prevalence of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle and buffaloes, detect and identify the species by PCR, understand the genetic diversity among the detected species, investigate the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens and evaluate the risk factors associated with the occurrence of these diseases. A total of 1070 samples comprising of 330 blood samples, 185 milk samples, 310 nasal swabs and 245 vaginal swabs from 300 cattle and 30 buffaloes which were reared along with cows were collected and examined for detection of brucellosis and mycobacteriosis in different production systems viz., intensive (110), semi-intensive (110) and extensive system (110). The overall prevalence of brucellosis and mycobacteriosis was 6.06% (20/330) and 3.33% (11/330), respectively among the animals studied. The prevalence of both the diseases was higher in farms with intensive production system and larger herd size. Sexually active (2-10 years) and xii aged animals (5-10 years) were at risk of infection for brucellosis and tuberculosis, respectively. Exotic breeds of cattle were more susceptible to mycobacteriosis compared to indigenous breeds. Rose bengal plate test (BPT) and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) tests revealed almost perfect agreement (К=0.92) with each other. While, SIT and IFN-γ ELISA tests revealed substantial agreement (К=0.50) with each other. The species of Brucella recognized by Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR in cattle were found to be B. melitensis (4) and B. abortus (5) out of 09 samples confirmed by PCR. Further, all the Mycobacterium spp. detected by PCR were differentiated as non tuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) by commercial qPCR kit. Brucella species displayed genetic homogeneity by both PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Repetitive Element Palindromic (REP)-PCR techniques. Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) index for B.abortus and B. melitensis isolates were found to be in the range of 0.66 to 0.83 and 0.5 to 0.91, respectively. Majority of the isolates showed the presence of multiple genes responsible for resistance to rifampicin (rpoB-M4, M5, M6 and +354rB/-720rB gene) fluoroquinalones (gyrA and gyrB). While only one isolate showed the presence of single gene (tetB) responsible for resistance to tetracyclines and one isolate showed presence of single gene {Aac(3)-Ia} responsible for resistance to aminoglycosides. None of the isolates showed presence of catB gene responsible for resistance to chloramphenicol even though all the isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol phenotypically. There was significant association with the individual level (age, sex and breed) and herd level risk factors (production system, herd size, cleanliness and lack of screening of animals) with the occurrence of brucellosis and mycobacteriosis in cattle and buffaloes as evidenced by Odd’s ratio.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF POSITIVE PROFILE END THREADED TITANIUM INTRAMEDULLARY PINS WITH AND WITHOUT APPLICATION OF BIOMATERIALS FOR MANAGEMENT OF LONG BONE FRACTURES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-08) RAVI KUMAR, PALLI; Devi Prasad, V (MAJOR); Sreenu, Makkena; Venkata Naidu, G; Raju, N K BThe present study was conducted on long bone fractures in dogs to test the suitability of positive profile end threaded pins made up of stainless steel and titanium and to evaluate the effect of biomaterials in the augmentation of fracture healing. Detailed history and signalment were recorded at the time of presentation and physical examination was carried out to locate the fracture. The cases were randomly categorized into four groups of six dogs based on preoperative radiographic evaluation. The fractures were stabilized with self-tapping positive profile end threaded intramedullary pins made up of stainless-steel in group-I, titanium in groups-II, III and IV. The fracture gap was left as such in groups-I and II, filled with osseograft and osseomold in group-III and with osseograft and autogenous cancellous graft in group-IV. Hematological and biochemical parameters were recorded and compared between the groups. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was carried out on the 7th, 15th, 30th, 60th and 90th postoperative days and the 25 findings were compared between the groups. The amount of callus formed during the process of fracture healing was felt comparatively less in group-IV than that in other groups. The earliest radiographic healing was noticed in group-IV followed by groups-III, II and I in the same order. There was no significant difference in the values of fracture healing scores among different groups during various periodic intervals. Group-IV dogs showed a better clinical outcome followed by groups-III, II and I in the same order. Migration of the implant was noticed in three cases on the 60th postoperative day by which time, bridging callus covering the fracture gap was noticed in them. Osteomyelitis was noticed in one case which later resolved by administration of antibiotics.ThesisItem Open Access A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON STATUS AND PERFORMANCE OF ONGOLE CATTLE IN THE BREEDING TRACT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-07) DHARMA RAO, M.V.; Jagadeeswara Rao, S; Venkata Seshaiah, CH; Srinivas Kumar, D; Vinoo, RThe aim of this study was to find out the present status of Ongole cattle, its production and reproduction performance, existing management practices and constraints perceived by the Ongole cattle farmers and to quantify the association of morphometric characters with production and reproduction traits in Ongole cattle. The trend in the total bovine population of Andhra Pradesh indicated that the indigenous cattle population was decreased (47.2 per cent), while crossbred population increased to 239 per cent and buffalo population marginally decreased during the period of 1997 to 2017. The total Ongole breed population was 1,85,104 numbers in the state of Andhra Pradesh and the breed tract of six districts had about 1,06,597 numbers, which accounts for 57.0 per cent in total Ongole cattle population of the state. The overall least squares mean for total lactation milk yield, milk yield per day of lactation and milk yield per day of calving interval, peak yield, days to reach peak yield and lactation length, was 716.03 ± 7.81 kg, 2.98± 0.02 kg, 1.55± 0.04 kg, 4.25 ± 0.15 kg, 65.68 ± 0.89 days and 241.34 ± 2.01 days, respectively. The production traits were significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the location of the location of the farm, period of calving and lactation order. The least square mean of age at first calving, dry period, service period and calving interval was 1586.94 ± 9.14, 275.69 ± 5.06, 226.44 ± 4.31 and 511.08 ± 6.00 days, respectively. All the reproduction traits under study were significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the farm, period and order of lactation. 21 The mean animal length, height, heart girth, abdominal girth, neck length and udder length, for the cows of organized farms were 139.17±0.55, 140.29±0.41, 174.83±0.88, 189.75±1.09, 47.70±0.78, and 31.81±0.57 cm whilst, for farmer cows were 141.03±0.75, 143.07±0.55, 178.59±1.20, 194.40±1.48, 28.58±0.77 and 28.58±0.77 cm, respectively. The differences were found to be significant (P<0.01) and the variation in rest of morphometric traits were found to be non-significant. The average total lactation milk yield in Ongole cows of both farm and farmers herds was 918.76±45.57 kg and was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the udder area and skin fold thickness. The mean lactation length was 239.11±11.00 days, which was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the herd, cephalic index and skin fold thickness. The peak yield was 5.78±0.23 kg and was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the herd and skin fold thickness. Cows of farmers’ herds took more number of days to reach peak yield when compared to the cows of organized herds. The mean dry period, service period and the calving interval for farm and farmer herds was 185.50±15.99, 226.51±16.42 and 475.80±16.05 days, respectively. Total lactation milk yield had a significant (P<0.01) and positive correlations with udder area, udder length and cephalic index whereas, negatively correlated with skin fold thickness. The lactation length was positively correlated with face length, cephalic index and udder area whereas, negatively correlated with skin fold thickness in Ongole cattle. Majority of respondents of Ongole cattle rearers in the breeding tract belonged to middle age group had small family with high percentage of literacy and possessed marginal to small land holdings and agriculture was the main occupation. Most of the farmers had knowledge about breeding practices, followed AI and select the bulls based on physical characters. Most of the animals were allowed for grazing and the predominant dry fodder was found to be paddy straw. Loose housing, kutcha sheds with thatched roof was the most common housing, adjacent to near to farmers’ residence. Hand milking was common and none of the farmers practiced weaning. Among the constraints perceived by Ongole cattle rearers, majority of farmers expressed feeding related problems (64.68 percent) in cattle (high cost of concentrate feeds and crop residues etc) and it was ranked first. The mean Garrett’s scores for other constraints in descending order were 59.41, 57.11, 52.66, 51.78 and 47.33 per cents for general, breeding, breed characteristics, health care and marketing problems related, respectively in the Ongole cattle breeding tract of Andhra Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIETARY MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION AT DIFFERENT SALINITIES ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI (BOONE 1931)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502, ANDHRA PRADESH (INDIA), 2020-10) PAMANNA, DASARI; RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D (MAJOR); CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, A; SUDHAKAR, O; MADHAVI, KThe present study on “Effect of dietary mineral supplementation at different salinities on growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931).” was conducted in the Wet Laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture, College of Fishery Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Muthukur for a period of 125 days (including acclimatization period of 34 days) and experiment 2 for a period of 28 days. In experiment 1, the Litopenaeus vannamei were fed with 4 different diets containing the various levels of Ca, Mg, K and Na in Diet 1(0.1% Ca, 0.01% Mg, 0.5% K and 0.5% Na), Diet 2 (0.2% Ca, 0.02% Mg, 1% K and 1% Na), Diet 3 (0.3% Ca, 0.03% Mg, 1.5% K and 1.5% Na) and Diet 4 (0.4% Ca, 0.04% Mg, 2% K and 2% Na) and control diet is without addition of extra minerals. The control and experimental diets with 35% protein using the ingredients such as fish meal, soya meal, deoiled ricebran and groundnut oil cake as major ingredients. Feeding was given at the rate 8% to 3% of shrimp body weight. The experiment was conducted in plastic tubs and maintained triplicates at 0, 5, 10 and 15 ppt salinity water. After completion of experiment, the highest average body weight gain of 18.27±0.01 g, the highest specific growth rate (SGR) 2.52±0.01, highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) 2.18±0.02 and lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) 1.31±0.010 were recorded in the treatment Diet 2 (Ca 0.2%, Mg 0.02%, K 1% and Na 1%) and the lowest average body weight gain of 16.55±0.01 g was recorded in control (C) at 15 ppt salinity. The overall highest survival of 90% was found in Diet 2 (Ca 0.2%, Mg 0.02%, K 1% and Na 1%) and Diet 3 (Ca 0.3%, Mg 0.03%, K 1.5% and Na 1.5%) was recorded. There was a significant difference in weight gain, SGR, FCR and PER in L. vannamei fed with various levels of minerals incorporated diets compared to control diet fed group. In all the treatments Diet 2 (Ca 0.2%, Mg 0.02%, K 1% and Na 1%) showed better performance in terms of growth. The survival rate was better in the Diet 2 (Ca 0.2%, Mg 0.02%, K 1% and Na 1%) and Diet 3 (Ca 0.3%, Mg 0.03%, K 1.5% and Na 1.5%)for Litopenaeus vannamei. In experiment 2, Studies on essential mineral among Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and Sodium individually supplemented through diet at 15 ppt salinity. The Litopenaeus vannamei fed with diets containing Ca 0.2% (DCa), Mg 0.02% (DMg), K 1% (DK) and Na 1% (DNa) individually and control diet without addition of extra minerals. The control and experimental diets with 35% protein using the ingredients such as fish meal, soya meal, deoiled ricebran and groundnut oil cake as major ingredients. Feeding was given at the rate 2% of shrimp body weight. The plastic tubs were maintained in triplicate. Important water quality parameters were recorded daily (Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Total ammonia and Nitrite), Growth and Survival were recorded at weekly intervals. After completion of experiment, the highest average body weight gain of 5.30±0.04 g, the highest specific growth rate (SGR) 3.06±0.01 and lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) 1.28±0.01 was recorded in the treatment supplemented with 1% K in diet (DK). The overall highest survival of 100% was recorded in diet 0.02% Mg (DMg). Therefore, these findings clearly indicate that inclusion of minerals in shrimp feed will have positive benefits in increasing growth and survival in Litopenaeus vannamei.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SELECTED HERBS ASHWAGANDHA (WITHANIA SOMNIFERA) AND SHATAVARI (ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS) AS DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS ON GROWTH AND METABOLIC RESPONSES OF LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI (BOONE, 1931)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-10) SRINIVASA RAO, APPANA; RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D (MAJOR); CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, A; DHANAPAL, K; SUGUNA, TThe present study on “Effect of selected herbs Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) as dietary supplements on growth and metabolic responses of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931).” was conducted in the Wet Laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture, College of Fishery Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Muthukur for a period of 127 days (including acclimatization period of 36 days). The experimental shrimps, Litopenaeus vannamei were fed on the diets containing Ashwagandha and Shatavari at 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% individually and in combination. The control diet is without Ashwagandha or Shatavari. The control and experimental diets were prepared to have almost similar crude protein level of 35% using the ingredients such as fish meal, shrimp meal, soya meal, deoiled rice bran, ground nut oil cake as major ingredients. The control and experimental tanks were maintained to have 15 ppt salinity water. Total experiment contained 9 treatments and one control maintained in triplicate. Important water quality parameters (Dissolved oxygen, Temperature, pH, Total ammonia and Nitrite), Growth and Survival were recorded at weekly intervals. The immunological parameters such as pro phenoloxidase, lysozyme and total serum/plasma protein were anlaysed at 60 days and 91 days of the experimental period. The digestive enzymes protease, amylase and lipase activity was analyzed at the end of the experimental period. The highest average body weight gain of 18.82 gm ±1.574 was recorded in the treatment AS1 that contained combination of Ashwagandha 0.05% + Shatavari 0.05% in diet and the lowest average body weight gain of 13.64 gm ±0.895 in control (C). The overall highest survival of 100% in AS1 and A1 and lowest survival of 73.33% in control (C) was recorded. There is significant difference in weight gain, Specific Growth Rate, Feed Conversion Ratio and Protein Effeciency Ratio for L. vannamei fed with various levels of Ashwagandha and Shatavari incorporated diets compared to control diet fed group. The immunological parameters 2 such as pro-phenoloxidase, Lysozyme & total serum/plasma protein and the digestive enzymes protease, amylase and lipase showed significant increase in all the treatment groups containing Ashwagandha and Shataavari in diet compared to the group fed with control diet. The Treatment AS1 that contained both Ashwagandha and Shataviari extracts each @ 0.05% was found significantly superior among all the treatments. Both Ashwagandha and Shatavari extracts showed better performance in terms of growth, digestive enzymes and immunological responses individually as well as in combination at rate of 0.05% inclusion level in the diet for Litopenaeus vannamei. Therefore these findings clearly indicates that inclusion of Ashwagandha and Shatavari extracts in shrimp feed will have positive benefits in increasing growth as well as immunity and approximately 27% extra profit to the marginal and small scale farmer in Litopenaeus vannamei.
