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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EFFICACY OF IMAGING TECHNIQUES AND BIOMARKERS IN DIAGNOSIS OF CANINE PROSTATIC AFFECTIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) NAGABHUSHAN, K; RAGHUNATH, M (MAJOR); SREENU, MAKKENA; RAJU, N.K.B.The present study was conducted on 24 clinical cases of geriatric male dogs presented with symptoms related to prostatic affections to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science. The overall incidence of prostatic enlargement was observed as 78.28% cases with more incidence in smaller breeds of dogs (58.33%). Signalment and history was collected, physiological parameters and hematobiochemical parameters were evaluated, digital rectal examination, imaging procedures, USG-FNAC, urinalysis and estimation of biomarkers were done at the time of presentation and after observatory period in all dogs. Based on treatment provided all the dogs were divided into two groups as group I (n=10) provided with medical therapy, Group II (n=14) dogs, in which castration was opted as treatment of choice were included. All the haematological parameters in most of the dogs were normal. Radiological and ultrasonographic measurements revealed that prostate gland was many times enlarged at the time of presentation in dogs of both the groups. Highly elevated BUN, creatinine and ALP along with biomarkers like canine DHT and CPSE were recorded in all the dogs of both the groups. Group I dogs were treated with finasteride @ 0.5 to 1mg/kg/day for a period of 45 days. In group II dogs under general anaesthesia, open open method of castration was done under standard operating procedures. After the follow up period of 45 days all the dogs recovered from the clinical symptoms. All the radiological, ultrasonographic measurements, haematobiochemical and urinary parameters were within the normal range. Values of Prostate specific serum biomarkers also showed significant decrease in both the groups after the follow up period. Even though medical treatment with finasteride and surgical procedure of castration were effective in reducing the symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia, castration was the most effective with no signs of recurrence.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC Vs. SURGICAL APPROACHES FOR ADDRESSING OBESITY IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) MOUNIKA, A; DEVI PRASAD, V (MAJOR); SREENU, M; KISHORE, P.V.S.The present study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, the BMI and BCS were recorded for six locally available breeds and various disorders associated with overweight or obesity were noted. In the second phase, the obesity was addressed by diet restriction coupled with physical exercise (group I), medical therapy using orlistat (group II) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy under general anaesthesia (group III). Out of 2,332 dogs, 732 (31.39%) dogs were obese. Prevalence of obesity was higher in neutered, middle aged and prosperous owners. The order of breed vise susceptibility was Spitz, Labrador Retriever, Pug, Mixed breed, German Shepherd and Golden Retriever. Deposition of fat was found concentrated subcutaneously when compared to other places. Out of 732 obese dogs, 141(19.26%) orthopaedic, 171 (23.36%) cardiovascular, 175 (23.90%) respiratory, 16 (2.18%) endocrinological, 62 (8.46%) with ear, 43 (5.87%) reproductive system, 14 (1.94%) neoplastic, 17 (2.32%) spine 55 (7.52%) skin related and 38 (5.19%) miscellaneous problems. In group I, the weight loss was not satisfactory due to poor owner compliance. In group II, a weight loss of 5.88% was which was followed by reinduction of weight after withdrawal of the drug. In group III, a weight loss of 13.49% with improved BCS was observed. Except a non-significant leucocytosis in group III, no significant hematological alterations were recorded. Serum biochemical parameters like, serum creatinine, BUN, glucose, total protein cholesterol, and cortisol were found elevated in obese dogs. In group III, the glucose and cholesterol levels declined indicating the efficacy of the technique. The values of MDA, catalase and nitric oxide were higher than the reference ranges in all the three groups; while the reduced glutathione levels were lesser than the reference ranges in all the dogs. The levels of MDA, catalase and nitric oxide were found to decrease in group-II, while in group-III the decline was observed between two and six months. The GSH values in group-III were found to decline postoperatively up to two months and restored to normal levels thereafter. The reactive oxygen species were estimated to be less in group III further supporting the efficacy of the technique. Based on the results and analysis of above parameters it can be concluded that, the restricted feed intake and exercise can be suggested to those clients who have commitment for reaching the targeted weight loss. The orlistat can be recommended only as an intial adjunct either to restricted feeding and physical exercise as it cannot bring out persistent weight loss on its own. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy can be judged as the best modality in obese dogs with anticipatory results.ThesisItem Open Access CONTRAST ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF ABDOMEN IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) SAIDAIAH, M; SREENU, MAKKENA (MAJOR); DEVI PRASAD, V; KISHORE, P.V.S.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the normal and diseased organ perfusion by contrast enhanced ultrasound scanning (CEUS) in different abdominal organs of dogs. Contrast enhanced ultrasonography was conducted to compare the vascular and parenchymal perfusion using materials like SonoVue® and Definity® and compared with features plain, contrast radiography and ultrasonography . The present study was conducted on dogs with different abdominal disorders and signalment. A total of 210 cases of abdominal disorders were presented with different clinical signs and subjected to different diagnostic procedures. Among the diagnostic procedures, the radiography, ultrasonography and contrast radiography were considered as a diagnostic tools to study the abdominal disorders of different breeds and different organs. The cases with obscured lesion, even after using of all diagnostic aids, were randomly selected and subjected to contrast enhanced ultrasonography. Contrast enhanced ultrasonography of the liver, spleen, kidney and prostate gland was performed to characterize the perfusion of normal organs. To validate the quantification method, perfusion parameters (AT, TTPi, TTPa, DT and WOTi) were investigated using CEUS. The biological effects of CEUS on different organs were estimated by measuring and analyzing hematological and serum biochemical parameters to study the toxic effects of ultrasound contrast agents, if any. No changes were noted in the serum biochemistry profile after CEUS, with the exception of a small difference serum biochemistry which had no clinical importance. Finally, the role of contrast enhanced ultrasonography in disease diagnosis of different organs was investigated and confirmed by histopathological studies. In conclusion, the results suggest that CEUS can be used also in veterinary patients as an additional diagnostics aid. The perfusion patterns found in the imaged organs were typical and similar to those seen earlier. Differences in the perfusion between organs corresponded with physiology in normal and disease condition. The results indicate that CEUS can be used safely to analyse organ perfusion in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access UTILITY OF BODY CONDITION SCORE (BCS) SYSTEM FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL TRAITS AND PERFORMANCE OF GOATS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) VENKATA RESHMA, Ch.; ANITHA, A (MAJOR); JAGADEESWARA RAO, S; MURALIDHAR, MBody condition score (BCS) has been shown to be an important practical tool in assessing the body condition of goats because BCS is the best simple indicator of available fat reserves which can be used by the animal in periods of high energy demand, stress, or suboptimal nutrition. The technique of Body Condition Score (BCS) is a means of subjectively assessing the degree of fatness or condition of the live animal. The study was carried out on well maintained local goat flocks of farmers in Prakasam district. The present experiment was designed to study the utility of BCS system for the assessment of physical traits and performance in well maintained local goats. BCS system of 1 to 5 scale developed by Carlson (2017) was used to score the does in the present study. Six check points of the doe’s body were examined by vision and palpation. The scores from these check points were recorded and an average BCS was assigned to the doe. The relationship between BCS and physical parameters was studied in 100 does by grouping them in to 2 years, 3 years and 4 years age groups. Does with BCS of 2.50 were more in number in the test flock followed by does with BCS of 3.00, 3.50, 3.25, 2.25, 2.75, 4.00, 2.00 and 3.75. The mean BCS was 2.88 ± 0.05. The mean values of the measurements of physical parameters i.e., body weight (kg), pin-shoulder length (cm), height at withers (cm), chest girth (cm), abdominal girth (cm) and thigh circumference (cm) of the does of test flock were 27.03 ± 0.15, 65.36 ± 0.17, 74.54 ± 0.18, 74.04 ± 0.27, 88.17 ± 0.30 and 36.46 ± 0.16, respectively. The variance of BCS was 0.27. The does of the age group of 3 years had higher BCS (2.96 ± 0.75) compared to the does of age group of 2 years (2.82 ± 0.77) and 4 years (2.75 ± 0.16). There is an increasing trend of pin- shoulder length and abdominal girth with respect to BCS up to BCS of 3.50 while the values decreased from BCS 3.50 to 3.75. There is an increasing trend of chest girth with respect to BCS up to BCS of 4.00. There is an increasing trend of thigh circumference with respect to BCS up to BCS of 3.75 while beyond the trend was in opposite direction. As the BCS increased the body weight of does also showed increasing values. The BCS was significantly (P < 0.01) positively correlated with all physical parameters. Pin - shoulder length, height at withers, chest girth, abdominal girth, thigh circumference and body weight were significantly (P < 0.01) positively correlated with each other. The postpartum changes studied in BCS of 60 does showed that the does were in the BCS range of 2.50 – 3.75 at kidding, there were no does in either poor (below 2.00) or obese (5.00) body condition. Does in the test flock were in the BCS range of 2.50 – 3.75 at kidding, reduced their body condition during early lactation and so the minimum BCS of 2.00 – 2.99 was recorded for majority of the does (55). The mean BCSK was 3.11 which was decreased to 2.87 at first week postpartum, further decreased to 2.42 by 12 weeks postpartum and later on increased gradually to 2.80 by 18 weeks postpartum. LBCS of the test flock ranged from 0.50 to 1.00 with a mean value of 0.70. GBCS of the test flock ranged from 0.25 to 0.50 with a mean value of 0.38. Minimum BCS of the test flock ranged from 2.00 to 3.00 with a mean value of 2.41. The highest CV (16.29) of BCS in does was observed at 8 weeks postpartum and the least (12.46) at 14 weeks postpartum. The CV of LBCS was 20.58 and the CV of GBCS was 32.81. A significant (P < 0.01) difference was observed between the does of different groups of BCSK in LBCS, GBCS and minimum BCS. The mean BCS was decreased from first week to 10 weeks postpartum for the does of BCSK 2.50 to 2.99, from first week to 11 weeks postpartum for the does of BCSK 3.00 to 3.49 and from first week to 12 weeks for the does of BCSK 3.50 to 4.00, thereafter showed an increased trend for the does of three BCSK groups. The highest loss as well as gain in BCS was achieved by the BCSK group 3.50 to 4.00 compared to the BCSK group 2.50 to 2.99 and 3.00 to 3.49. The birth weight of kids per doe ranged from 4.20 to 6.10 kg with a mean of 5.04 kg. There was a significant (P < 0.01) difference between the does of different BCSK groups in birth weight and weaning of kids. Kids of the BCSK group 3.50 to 4.00 showed significantly (P < 0.01) higher birth weight (5.77 kg) compared to the BCSK group 3.00 to 3.49 (5.00 kg) and 2.50 to 2.99 (4.36 kg). The weaning weight of kids per doe ranged from 18.4 to 25.3 kg with a mean of 21.3 kg. Kids of the BCSK group 3.50 to 4.00 showed significantly (P < 0.01) higher weaning weight (23.68 kg) compared to the BCSK group 3.00 to 3.49 (21.88 kg) and 2.50 to 2.99 (18.39 kg). The present study revealed that BCS of 3.50 – 4.00 at kidding resulted in higher birth weight as well as weaning weight of kids. Hence, the BCS system on a number system of 1 – 5 scale is economical, easily applied measure of fatness in does and also an immediate appraisal of body fat reservesThesisItem Open Access PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BOVINE TICK INFESTATION IN TWO DIFFERENT AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES IN ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) SUNEETHA, KANDI; SREEDEVI, C (MAJOR); JYOTHISREE, Ch.; Muralidhar, MThe present study was carried out to identify the tick species and risk factors associated with tick prevalence in bovines in Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 3720 animals, including 1942 cattle and 1778 buffaloes in 344 livestock farms covering tropical wet and dry zone (North coastal zone) and tropical semi-arid zone (scarce rainfall zone of Rayalaseema) were examined for the presence of ticks. Overall, 10,371 ticks representing three genera were collected. Analysis on morphology and DNA sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) four species: Haemaphysalis bispinosa (n = 5704), Rhipicephalus microplus (n = 2533), Hyalomma anatolicum (n = 1272) and H. isaaci (n = 862) were identified with single infestations being the rule. Results revealed that the molecular and morphological data were consistent in the identification of four tick species. The constructed COI phylogenetic tree further identified R. microplus tick samples as R. microplus clade C. Haemaphysalis bispinosa was the predominant species in two zones and the occurrence of H. anatolicum was restricted to semi-arid zone. The overall percentage of tick infested bovines was 25.4 per cent and was 25.8 and 25.0 per cent in cattle and buffaloes respectively. Out of 947 infested bovines, 397 were infested with H. bispinosa, 253 with R. microplus, 175 with H. anatolicum and 122 with H. isaaci. The variation in the prevalence of tick infestation was not significant (P>0.05) in two zones but the prevalence was significantly different among districts of semi-arid zone (P<0.05) and wet and dry zone (P<0.05). The median tick burden per animal significantly (P<0.01) differed between two zones, however, the difference was not significant (P>0.05) among cattle and buffaloes. Age, gender and breed significantly (P<0.01) influenced the prevalence of tick infestation. The prevalence was higher in young and male animals and was lower in indigenous animals. Analysis of questionnaire data by binary logistic regression revealed that the loose housing system, absence of rural poultry, soft floor, presence of boundary wall and rearing multiple ruminant species were potential risk factors associated with higher tick prevalence in livestock farms. Data from the results of this study provide a guideline in the planning of effective control strategies for ticks and tick-borne diseases in bovine population of the studied area.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON LUNG LESIONS IN SLAUGHTERED GOATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) SIREESHA, VADDIPALLI; ANNAPURNA, P (MAJOR); RAMA DEVI, V; SRINIVASA RAO, TThe present study on lung lesions in slaughtered goats (Capra hircus) was undertaken to know the incidence, to describe the gross and histopathological changes associated with the lesions and to isolate various bacterial agents in possible cases. A total of 610 non-descriptive goats of either sex and of different age groups from various slaughter houses located in and around Vijayawada and from animals necropsied in the Department of Veterinary Pathology, N.T.R. College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram were screened for the presence of gross abnormalities of lungs and representative samples were collected from lung lesions for further studies. Out of 610 lungs screened, 130 (21.31%) lungs revealed definite lesions on gross and histopathological examination, that were broadly grouped into abnormalities of inflation 24 (18.46%), circulatory disturbances 27 (20.77%), inflammatory changes 71 (54.61%), neoplastic conditions 05 (3.85%) and miscellaneous conditions 03 (2.31%). Abnormalities of inflation consisted of emphysema (11.54%) and atelectasis (6.92%). Circulatory disturbances comprised of congestion and hemorrhage (14.62%) and edema (6.15%). Inflammatory changes comprised of pneumonia (53.84%) and bronchitis (0.77%). Pneumonia was categorized into bronchopneumonia (46.92%), interstitial pneumonia (6.15%) and granulomatous pneumonia (0.77%). Bronchopneumonia was subdivided into suppurative (30.77%) and fibrinous (16.15%) types. Suppurative bronchopneumonia occurred as acute and chronic types. Acute type was characterized by cranioventral consolidation and mucopurulent exudates or mucoid plugs in airways on cut section. Histopathologically, predominantly neutrophilic exudate in alveoli, bronchi and bronchioles was noticed. Chronic type revealed cranioventral consolidation and multiple purulent foci grossly and on cut section. Microscopically, mononuclear cell infiltration within alveoli and in airways, abscesses and hyperplasia of BALT were noticed. In fibrinous bronchopneumonia, whitish fibrinous deposits were seen on the lungs apart from cranioventral consolidation. Adhesions were seen in some cases. Microscopically, fibrinocellular exudates within alveoli and in airways and fibrinous pleuritis were observed. In interstitial pneumonia, lungs were pale and showed rib impressions on the surface grossly. Cut section showed meaty appearance. Histopathologically, distortion of alveoli and thickened alveolar septa with mononuclear cell infiltration were seen. Granulomatous pneumonia was seen in one case, that showed a single firm nodule grossly and yellowish grey, fleshy mass on cut section of the nodule. Microscopically, a collection of mononuclear cells, epithelioid cells and a few Langhan’s giant cells encircled by fibrous connective tissue was observed. No bacterial, fungal, parasitic or foreign body etiology was noticed. A single case of bronchitis was seen, that showed creamy white nodules on right apical lobe grossly. Microscopically, chronic bronchitis that showed dilated bronchi with hyperplastic mucosa and mononuclear cell infiltration was seen. The neoplastic conditions consisted of jaagsiekte or ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (3.85%) that revealed either firm nodules of varying sizes on the lung or extensive involvement of most of the lobe and greyish moist surface and meaty appearance on cut section. Histopathologically, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of alveolar epithelium was noticed resembling jaagsiekte/ ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma of sheep. Miscellaneous conditions comprised of pulmonary fasciolosis (0.77%) and goat pox (1.54%). Fasciolosis due to an aberrant migration of fluke was seen in a single case that revealed dark linear hemorrhagic tracts on the lungs grossly and on cut section. Histopathologically, fibrino-hemorrhagic tracts that contained cut section of a degenerated trematode surrounded by necrotic cellular debris, erythrocytes and fibrinocellular exudate were noticed. In goat pox, characteristic stages of pox were noticed on the skin, all over the body but mostly around the oral cavity, on the ears and scrotum. Histopathologically, skin lesions consisted of large intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies within epithelial cells and a few cells that resembled sheep pox cells in the dermis. Lung showed few macules, numerous papules and few pustules subpleurally. The microscopic findings were interstitial pneumonia and characteristic cells with vacuolated nuclei and marginated chromatin suggestive of sheep pox cells within the alveoli. Bacteriological studies on 57 lung samples of goats yielded pathogenic bacteria from 53 samples. Of these, 5 types of bacteria were obtained in pure culture from 45 samples viz. Staphylococcus spp. (37.73%), E. coli (30.19%), Pasteurella spp. (7.55%), Klebsiella spp. (7.55%) and Pseudomonas spp. (1.89%) while mixed infections were obtained in 8 samples in a combination of Staphylococcus spp. with E. coli (11.32%) and with Pasteurella spp. (3.77%). In the present study, pneumonia was the major pathological condition affecting goats in the area under study and Staphylococcus spp. was the most predominant bacteria isolated.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAF MEAL (MOLM) ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS IN HOT HUMID CLIMATE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) MURALI, LAKHINANA; NAGA RAJA KUMARI, K (MAJOR); NARENDRA NATH, D; SRINIVAS KUMAR, DThe present study was carried out to study the effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on performance of broilers in hot humid climate. Ross broilers of 180 numbers at day old were distributed randomly to six dietary groups each with five replicates of 6 birds each and were maintained under uniform managemental conditions. During the experiment, Moringa oleifera leaf meal was included at 0% (T1; negative control), control + Vit-E,Se,Vit-C(T2;positive control), 1.5% (T3), 3%(T4), 4.5% (T5) and 6% (T6) levels by marginal adjustment of other feed ingredients. All the rations were made iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous as per BIS (2007) Chemical analysis indicated that MOLM contained 25.13% CP, 12.68% CF, 8.42% EE, 3.25% calcium and 0.49% phosphorus. Significantly (p<0.01) higher body weights were observed in birds fed with MOLM. The body weight gain was significantly higher (p<0.01) in 3.0% MOLM and lower in negative control. The overall feed intake decreased significantly (p<0.01) with increase in level of MOLM (0 to 6.0%) present in the diet compared with the control. While better (p<0.01) FCR was reported at 3.0% level of MOLM inclusion. Serum cholesterol was significantly decreased (p<0.01) and serum protein (p<0.05) and serum globulin were significantly (p<0.01) increased with increasing MOLM in diets whereas, albumin and A/G ratio were not affected by level of MOLM in diets. The haematological parameters of broilers revealed that inclusion of Moringa leaf meal from 0 to 6.0% in the diet had no effect (p>0.05) on PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC and H/L ratio and also on HI titers. The carcass traits like live weight, carcass weight and ready to cook yield were significantly (p<0.01) higher in birds fed with 3.0% MOLM group. On other hand, inclusion of MOLM from 0 to 6.0% in diet had no effect (p>0.05) on dressing percentage, liver heart, gizzard and giblet weights and proximate composition of meat The meat quality parameters of broilers revealed that inclusion of MOLM upto 6% level had no effect on pH, ERV, WHC and sensory evaluation of the meat, except colour of the meat. Colour of the meat significantly (p<0.01) decreased at 6.0% level of MOLM present in the diet. The feed cost / kg gain was lowest (p<0.01) in broilers fed with 3.0% MOLM as compared with other treatment groups. The study indicated that the feed cost /kg gain was Rs 58.13 (T1), 52.66 (T2), 51.17 (T3), 46.78 (T4), 49.75 (T5) and 50.05 (T6). It is concluded that MOLM can be safely incorporated up to 3% level in the diet without any adverse effect on performance of broilers.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING CONCENTRATE MIXTURE CONTAINING PALM OIL DECANTER CAKE ON PERFORMANCE OF NELLORE BROWN RAM LAMBS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) DEVIKA, DHARMANA; Raja Kishore, K(MAJOR); Srinivas Kumar, D; Venkata Seshaiah, ChIn a completely randomized design (CRD), eighteen Nellore brown ram lambs (9-12 kg) of about 3 months age were randomly divided into three equal groups of six each and allotted to three dietary treatments (T1 to T3) comprising of green fodder viz. Super Napier and concentrate mixture. A concentrate mixture with 20% CP prepared by using conventional feed ingredients was used as a control (T1). In this concentrate mixture, palm oil decanter cake was incorporated at 10 (T2) and 20 (T3) per cent level. All the concentrate mixtures were made iso-nitrogenous. All the three diets were evaluated for their effect on haematological parameters, serum biochemical profile, nutrient digestibility, nutritive value, growth performance, nutrient utilization, cost economics and carcass characteristics in Nellore brown ram lambs. The haematological parameters viz. Hb (g/dl), RBC (106/μl), WBC (103/μl), PCV (%) and MCV (fL); serum biochemical parameters total protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl), globulin (g/dl), glucose (mg/dl), triglycerides (mg/dl), cholesterol (mg/dl), AST (U/L), ALT (U/L), creatinine (mg/dl), urea (mg/dl), calcium (mg/dl) and phosphorus (mg/dl) were evaluated at the beginning and end of the experiment. The results revealed that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference observed between and within the treatments, and the values were within the normal range. The digestibility coefficients of proximate constituents and cell wall constituents increased linearly from T1 to T3 with increased levels of inclusion of PODC from 0 to 20% level in the concentrate mixtures but difference between treatments were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The average DMI of Nellore brown ram lambs expressed as Kg/d or as % BW was comparable among treatments. Inclusion of PODC at different levels in the concentrate mixture had no significant effect (P>0.05) on DCP and TDN content expressed as % in the diet consumed or as Kg/d. The estimated DE and ME intakes (Mcal/d) also followed similar trend. Further, the DCP, TDN and ME contents were similar among treatments and met the values recommended by ICAR (2013) standards. The body weight gain and average daily gain increased linearly with increasing level of palm oil decanter cake in concentrate mixtures from T1 to T3, but the difference between treatments was not significant (P>0.05). Inclusion of palm oil decanter cake in concentrate mixture from 10 to 20% resulted in decreased feed cost by Rs 7.81 and 29.06 as compared to control per Kg weight gain. The carcass studies in Nellore brown ram lambs fed concentrate mixture containing different levels (0,10 and 20%) of PODC revealed that increasing levels has no effect (P>0.05) on empty body weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage expressed on live and empty body weights and proportion of fore and hind saddle weights as percentage of hot carcass weight. In the whole sale cuts, proportion of brisket & fore shank; rack and leg increased; shoulder & neck and loin decreased with increasing levels of PODC in concentrate mixture, however the difference between treatments was non significant (P>0.05). The yield of visceral organs expressed as per cent of pre slaughter weight and chemical composition of Longissimus dorsi muscle did not vary significantly (P>0.05) among the treatments (T1, T2 and T3). Based on the above results, it was concluded that palm oil decanter cake can be included up to 20% level in the concentrate mixture without any adverse effect on nutrient utilization in Nellore brown ram lambs.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF TURMERIC, GINGER AND THEIR COMBINATION AS FEED ADDITIVES ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKEN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) RAMYA SRI, UPPALA; Srinivas Kumar, D(MAJOR); Yugandhar Kumar, M; Narendranath, DThe present study was conducted to study the effect of supplementation of turmeric, ginger and their combination at two different levels on growth performance, serum biochemical profile, nutrient utilization, carcass characteristics and sensory evaluation of meat in broilers. One hundred and sixty eight day old chicks distributed randomly to seven dietary groups each with four replicates of six chicks and were offered broiler diets to meet the nutrient requirements (BIS, 2007). During the experiment, turmeric, ginger and their combination were supplemented to the basal diet in pre-starter, starter and finisher phases viz. basal diet (T0), BD + 0.5% turmeric (T1), BD + 0.75% turmeric (T2), BD + 0.5% ginger (T3), BD + 0.75% ginger (T4), BD + 0.25% turmeric and 0.25% ginger (T5), BD + 0.50% turmeric and 0.50% ginger (T6). Results indicated that the body weight gains increased (P<0.01), overall feed intakes decreased (P<0.01) while FCR improved (P<0.01) with supplementation of either turmeric or ginger at 0.50 and 0.75 % or a combination of turmeric and ginger at 0.25 and 0.50% in the diet as compared to the control. The serum biochemical profile of broilers revealed that supplementation of either turmeric or ginger at 0.50 and 0.75 % or a combination of turmeric and ginger at 0.25 and 0.50% in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on serum total protein, albumin, AST, ALT, creatinine and serum phosphorous content while it decreased significantly (P<0.01) the serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol content and increased significantly the serum globulin (P<0.05), HDL cholesterol (P<0.01) and serum calcium (P<0.01) content of broilers as compared to the control. Supplementation of either turmeric or ginger at 0.50 and 0.75% in the diet or a combination of turmeric and ginger at 0.25 and 0.50% level in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on digestibility of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE and NFE. Similarly, there was no effect (P>0.05) on percent nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus utilization in broilers. Furthermore, supplementation of either turmeric or ginger at 0.50 and 0.75% in the diet or a combination of turmeric and ginger at 0.25 and 0.50% level in the diet had increased (P<0.01) the carcass yield (g), dressing percent, ready to cook yield (g) and shank weight (g) while there was no effect (P>0.05) on weight of head, heart, liver, gizzard and giblets in broilers. Similarly, supplementation of turmeric or ginger at 0.50 and 0.75% or a combination of turmeric and ginger at 0.25 and 0.50% level in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on colour, flavour, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability of meat in broilers. The feed cost/kg gain decreased by ₹ 5.64 in T1, ₹ 7.16 in T2, ₹ 6.32 in T3, ₹ 2.84 in T4, ₹ 2.32 in T5 while it increased by ₹ 1.5 in T6 groups of broilers fed diets containing turmeric, ginger and their combination as compared to the control. Thus, the present study indicated that turmeric or ginger can be supplemented up to 0.75% level while their combination can be supplemented up to 0.25% level in the diet of broilers without any adverse effect on production performance of broilers.