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ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF LONG BONE DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES WITH MINIMALLY INVASIVE PLATE OSTEOSYNTHESIS TECHNIQUE USING LOCKING COMPRESSION PLATES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-08) RAVI, RAIDURG; DHANA LAKSHMI, N(MAJOR); VASANTH, M.S; SRILATHA, Ch.; RAJU, N.K.BABSTRACT: Twenty four dogs presented to the college hospital (SVVU/KVAFSU) with unstable long bone diaphyseal fractures which were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and survey radiography were taken as clinical material for the study. The breed, age, sex wise incidence, etiology and type of fracture were studied. The dogs were equally divided into four groups viz; Group I (humerus), Group II (radius and ulna), Group III (femur) and Group IV (tibia and fibula) and the fractures were stabilized with minimally innasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) using locking compression plate following standard AO/ASIF procedures. Preoperative plan was prepared using Fracture Patient Assessment Score (FPAS) and following the AO/ASIF procedures. The minimally invasive surgical approach for long bones was successfully implemented in radial and tibial diaphyseal fractures. MIPO was not successful in humeral and femoral diaphyseal fractures and hence alternate Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was used for fracture repair. The outcome of fracture stabilization and healing was evaluated with postoperative lameness grading, radiography, ultrasonography and biochemical analysis. All the animals showed grade V lameness i.e. no weight bearing on limb at rest or while walking before surgery. Animals in group II (Radius Ulna) & group IV (Tibia) which underwent MIPO exhibited early limb usage (grade II lameness by 7th day and grade I lameness by 45th day) as compared to group I (Humerus) and group III (Femur) in which MIPO was unsuccessful (grade III lameness by 28th day and grade II lameness by 60th day). Radiographic healing (grade 1) was noticed in all the cases treated by MIPO of group II (Radius Ulna) and IV (Tibia) with obliterated fracture line and homogenous bone structure (callus) within 7 weeks, where as, group I (Humerus) and group III (Femur) where MIPO was unsuccessful showed grade 2 radiographic healing with barely discernible fracture line and massive bone trabeculae crossing fracture line (callus) by 7th week indicating slower fracture repair than MIPO. Ultrasonographic healing (grade 4 – Increasingly homogeneous, hyperechoic image of the tissue at the fracture site (acoustic shadow returns) was noticed in all the cases treated by MIPO of group II (Radius Ulna) and IV (Tibia) ,where as, group I (Humerus) and group III (Femur) where MIPO was unsuccessful showed (grade 3 - Evidence of bridging of the fracture gap with inhomogeneous tissue (mix of hypoechoic and hyperechoic areas) by 5th week. Vascularization was not detectable by use of power Doppler ultrasonography by 9th week in all the group. No major intraoperative complications like implant instability or loosening of screws were seen in MIPO group (Radius Ulna and Tibia), however, Dog no 1(Radius Ulna) and Dog no 3 (Tibia) showed lateral angulation of distal limb. Statistical analysis revealed increase (P<0.05) in the serum alkaline phosphatase values significantly from 0 day to 7th day in all the groups and there after the levels decreased reaching normal at 45th day. Serum Calcium values were also increased significantly from 0 day to 14th day in all the groups. Serum phosphorus level showed significant difference on the day 0, 7, 14 and 28 days in all the groups. Based on present study, it was concluded that successful MIPO technique for long bone fracture repair can be done clinically for faster healing in radial and tibial fractures, whereas for Femoral and Humeral long bone fractures, it was difficult due to more instability and unsuccessful alignment due to strong musculature and bone configuration. As the MIPO technique has a “learning curve”, it can be successful once the surgeon gains dexterity in MIPO and can be attempted for complex fracture where alignment may be possible due to loss of bone.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SHEEP BASED FARMING SYSTEMS IN NELLORE DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-06) LAVANYA, A; SURESH, J(MAJOR); RAVINDRA REDDY, Y; RAVI, A; SHARMA, G.R.K; BHAVANI DEVI, IABSTRACT: The present study entitled “Economic analysis of sheep based farming systems in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken to study the socioeconomic status of the farmers, managemental practices of sheep rearing and performance of sheep in all the sheep based farming systems prevailing in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. Estimation of costs, returns, resource productivity, resource use efficiency and technical efficiency were the main objectives in the study area. Six mandals were identified for the study covering 150 farmers. The relevant data were collected from both primary and secondary resources. Data for the year 2014-15 were collected through a pre-tested schedule by survey method. Constraints if any, perceived by the farmers were listed and ranked using Garrett’s ranking technique. The average size of the family of the pooled sample farmers was 5.84. Majority (48%) of the farmers belonged to medium sized families preferring nuclear families (58%). Majority (58.7%) of the shepherds in the study area were old age people. The overall literacy rate was 56 per cent. Pooled data also revealed that majority (50.7%) of sheep farmers belonged to backward community. Mean land holding was significantly higher (P<0.01) with sheep + horticulture farmers (2.486 ± 0.19 acres) followed by sheep + agriculture (2.3 ± 0.18 acres) and exclusive sheep farmers (0.2 ± 0.06 acres). Average flock size was 99.42 ± 5.44 in exclusive sheep farming which was highly significant (P<0.01) followed by 77.84 ± 4.53 (sheep + agriculture) and 66.14 ± 2.79 (sheep + horticulture). About 80 per cent of farmers adopted stationary system of sheep production in all farming systems while 20 per cent of the sheep farmers followed semi migratory production system. The study on housing practices such as housing type, flooring, roof, soil replacement and provision of lamb enclosure revealed that 65.3, 83.3, 58.7 per cent of the shepherds provided kutcha type of sheds, flooring and thatched roofing, respectively. Lamb enclosures were provided by 38, 66 and 56 per cent of the exclusive sheep, sheep + agriculture and sheep + horticulture farmers, respectively. Majority (94%) of the farmers in all the three farming systems practiced extensive type of sheep rearing. The pooled data with respect to mean sex ratio of ram:ewe indicated that the shepherds used one breeding ram for every 37.6 ewes to carry out their breeding requirements with a mean retention time of 4.38 to 4.8 years for crossing the ewes. Absolute majority (100%) of shepherds practiced flock mating and culling. Weaning was practiced by 50 per cent of the farmers. Sheep + horticulture farmers did not allow their sheep for penning whereas 42 per cent of exclusive sheep farmers and 70 per cent sheep + agriculture farmers, penned their sheep. With regard to health care management, cent per cent of the farmers dewormed and vaccinated their sheep while 72.66% shepherds practiced deticking. Absolute majority (100%) of sheep + horticulture farmers used manure in their own lands while exclusive sheep rearers and sheep + agriculture farmers not only used the manure in their own fields but also sold the remaining. The overall mean birth weight of ram lambs and ewe lambs was 2.92 ± 0.15 and 2.8 ± 0.14 kg, respectively. Weight at 6 months of age in males differed significantly (P<0.01) among the three farming systems. The mean weight was higher in sheep + horticulture system (16.21 ± 0.65 kg) followed by exclusive sheep rearing (15.84 ± 0.57 kg) and sheep + agriculture system (15.76 ± 0.55 kg). Age of ewes at first mating, age at first lambing and lambing interval of pooled data was 17.43 ± 0.74, 24.57 ± 0.83 and 12.37 ± 1.44 months, respectively. Total costs per unit (20 ewes + 1 ram) on sheep farms worked out to Rs.27,763 on exclusive sheep farming and Rs.33,968 in case of sheep reared in combination with agriculture and Rs.34,533 in sheep rearing combined with horticulture enterprises. Net returns per unit were Rs.27,110, Rs.21,285 and Rs.25,179 for the aforesaid enterprises, respectively. Returns per rupee of expenditure was Rs.1.98, 1.63 and 1.73 in exclusive sheep rearing, sheep + agriculture and sheep + horticulture farming systems, respectively. On an average the total cost of cultivation per hectare of paddy was Rs.76,192 out of which the share of total variable costs and fixed costs was 80.48 and 19.52 per cent, respectively. Productivity of paddy was 7.26 tonnes per hectare. A net income of Rs.41,533 was generated and returns per rupee of expenditure stood at Rs.1.54. With regard to horticulture (acid lime) farming, gross returns during the prebearing period (1-3 years) were zero as there was no yield. The gross returns from sale of acid lime started from 4th year onwards when the orchards bore fruit. The gross returns per hectare increased from Rs.2,24,175 to Rs.7,65,971 during 4th to 7th years. After that, gross returns decreased gradually from 8th to10th year i.e. Rs.7,46,805 to Rs. 4,05,883. Net present worth (NPW) at 12 per cent rate was Rs.7,85,613 while the Benefit-cost ratio was 1.89. Internal rate of return was worked out and was found to be 37.3. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the enterprise was economically viable even at 24% discount rate. When farming systems as a whole were considered, the returns per rupee of expenditure were highest (2.52) in sheep + horticulture farming system followed by 1.98 and 1.57 in exclusive sheep farming and sheep + agriculture farming system, respectively. The analysis of resource productivity on sheep farms under different farming systems has indicated one point in common i.e., the increase in flock size has significantly impacted the sheep production in a positive manner. It was revealed that an increase in acreage by 1 per cent keeping other inputs constant would increase paddy production by 0.46 per cent while similar increase in human labour, farm yard manure and fertilizers would increase the output in paddy production by 0.5, 0.1 and 0.9 per cent, respectively. The resource use efficiency analysis of sheep farming under all the 3 systems has amply demonstrated that there is ample scope to increase the flock size since any further increase in the flock size had the potential to further increase the income in sheep farming. However, efficiency of labour use can be further enhanced in the case of exclusive sheep rearing as well as sheep combined with agriculture. Any increase in veterinary expenditure on the whole didn’t indicate possibilities of further increase in the productivity. Results revealed that MVP/OC ratios for human labour (X2) and fertilizers (X4) were 2.24 and 6.13, respectively which imply that one more rupee of additional spending on human labour and fertilizers would add Rs. 2.24 and Rs. 6.13 to the gross income in paddy production. Technical efficiency was estimated using frontier production function. Rearing sheep alone as an individual enterprise was found to have the highest mean technical efficiency of 96 per cent followed by 94, 91.3 and 90 per cent in sheep + horticulture, paddy cultivation and sheep + agriculture farming systems, respectively indicating efficient managemental practices by the farmers. An attempt was also made to bring out the constraints faced by the shepherds in all the sheep based farming systems by employing Garrett’s ranking technique which revealed that shrinkage of grazing lands, poor credit facilities, disease incidence, high lamb mortality, limited availability of quality breeding stock etc., were the major constraints encountered.ThesisItem Open Access CLONING, EXPRESSION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PARAFLAGELLAR ROD GENE OF TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-01) SIVAJOTHI, S; CHENGALVA RAYULU, V(MAJOR); MALA KONDAIAH, P; SREENIVASULU, D; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT : Present study was undertaken with an objective to isolate, clone, express and characterize the paraflagellar rod gene of Trypanosoma evansi. Local isolate of Trypanosoma evansi collected from naturally infected cow was multiplied in Wistar rats. Total RNA was extracted from DEAE-cellulose column chromatography purified trypanosomes by using Trizol LS reagent. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from the RNA of host cell free T. evansi parasites by reverse transcription using oligo dT primers. RT-PCR was standardized to amplify the cDNA by targeting 1800 bp unique for PFR 2 gene of T. evansi. Amplification of cDNA was confirmed on agarose gel electrophoresis. The concentration of PCR amplicon was found to be 40 ng/μl after extracting from the gel. The gel purified PCR product (PFR 2 gene of T. evansi) was cloned into pTZ57R/T vector system. Transformation of competent Escherichia coli DH5α cells with ligated PFR 2 gene T. evansi was successfully carried out in LB agar with X-Gal and IPTG. Developed recombinants were observed as white colonies and non-recombinants as blue colonies. Presence of inserts was confirmed initially by Colony-PCR and then by Plasmid-PCR. Nucleotide sequence of the PFR 2 gene of T. evansi S.V.V.U. isolate (Accession No. KT277497) of the present study revealed 100 % homology with T. evansi China isolate and 99% homology with T. evansi Izatnagar and Bikaner isolates. Variation in nucleotide mutations at 4 positions with T. evansi Izatnagar and 3 positions with T. evansi Bikaner isolates were observed. The amino acid mutations in the PFR 2 gene of T. evansi S.V.V.U. isolate displayed regularity at 4 positions when compared to T. evansi China, Izatnagar and Bikaner isolates. Tree topology based on the Neighbor-joining (NJ) method of phylogenetic analysis has showed a close homology with other Trypanosomatidae species sequences with 100% bootstrap values. Restriction digestion of insert DNA of PFR 2 gene as well as pET 32a vector was carried out with EcoR I and Hind III enzymes and subjected for ligation by using T4 DNA ligase. The recombinant protein was sub-cloned into pET 32a and expressed in the BL21 (DE3) pLysS expression system. A high level of expression of recombinant protein of PFR 2 gene of T. evansi was noted following four hours of induction with 1 mM IPTG. Molecular weight of the Ni-NTA column chromatography purified recombinant protein of PFR 2 gene of T. evansi was found to be approximately 90 kDa after resolving by SDS-PAGE. PFR 2 gene of T. evansi S.V.V.U. isolate was further characterized by determination of its protein profile with SDS-PAGE analysis and western blotting against hyper immune serum. Indirect ELISA was optimized for detection of specific antibody titre against recombinant protein of PFR 2 gene of T. evansi. Based on the ELISA result, it is evident that PFR 2 gene products are eliciting very good immune response. However, further study is required to know the protective effect of the antibodies in laboratory animal models and to explore the PFR 2 gene of T. evansi as potential candidate for diagnostic and vaccine target against surra. Findings of the present study confirmed the existence of PFR 2 gene in Indian cattle isolate of T. evansi. Cloning, expression and characterization of PFR 2 gene of T. evansi of cattle isolate carried out in the present investigation is probably the first report in India.ThesisItem Open Access ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING ACTIONS OF CADMIUM AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF PROTECTION BY GREEN TEA EXTRACT(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2014-05) SHIVAKUMAR, PABBATHI; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; ANJANEYULU, Y; RAMANA REDDY, Y; UDAYA KUMAR, MABSTRACT : An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the neuro-endocrine disrupting actions of cadmium and the effect of cadmium on the progeny that were born to cadmium exposed rats and to evaluate the protective role of green tea on neuro-endocrine disrupting actions of cadmium in Sprague dawley rats. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 30 rats in each (male rats =12, female rats=18).Group 1 served as Sham control Group 2 treated with CdCl2, Group 3 treated with Green tea extract treatment and Group 4 Cd + green tea extract treatment. Blood was collected from all the groups at monthly intervals for analyzing sero-biochemistry (blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein and albumin, biomarkers of cardiovascular, hepatic and renal pathology, and hormonal profile (thyroid profile, sex hormones). The key enzymes concerned with metabolism were assayed. Immune status was studied at the end of 3rd month by phytohaemagglutinin assay. Rats were subjected to neuro-behavioural studies at the end (Elevated plus maze and Morris water maze). Epididymal sperm count in males and estrous cycle pattern in females were studied. At the end of 3 months, 12 rats (6 males and 6 females) from each group were sacrificed to collect various organs and endocrine glands and subjected them to biochemical, histological and electron microscopic studies. Cadmium concentration was estimated in all the treated groups in kidney, testes, liver and brain at the end of 3 months. In all the groups, twelve (12) females were mated at the end of three months with male rats belonging to respective groups/treatments and the treatment was continued till 17th day of gestation. 50% of the pregnant rats in the respective groups were sacrificed on day 19 to study skeletal and soft tissue developmental anomalies and the rest were allowed to normal delivery. The pups of F1 generation from all the groups were kept till weaning (post-natal day 21) and were subjected to sero biochemical, neurobehavioural studies andthyroid hormone profile were estimated. There were significant alterations in sero-biochemistry biomarkers of cardiovascular, hepatic and renal pathology and hormonal profile thyroid profile, group 2 as compared to group 1.Treatment group revealed significant improvement in all the parameters as compared to group 2, while the combination treatment group 4 was found better The histological studies in group 2 revealed marked changes in all the organs studied, while groups 4 revealed moderate changes and groups 1 and 3 revealed no pathologically significant changes. The electron microscopy of kidney, testis and thyroid revealed marked alterations in architecture in group 2, while groups 4 revealed better architecture. There were no significant alteration in the TEM samples of the offspring and there were no skeletal abnormalities in the offspring as evidenced by skeletal staining. The results of the study revealed neuro-endocrine disrupting actions of cadmium and protctive role of green tea in cadmium toxicity. Further studies are warranted to know in detail on the endocrine disrupting actions of cadmium and protective role of green tea at various concentrations.ThesisItem Open Access INTERACTION STUDIES ON GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE WITH GLIMEPIRIDE AND INSULIN IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS IN RATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) Srikanth, M.K; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); BHARAVI, K; MADHAVA RAO, T; KONDAL REDDY, K; ANAND KUMAR, AABSTRACT: An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the interaction of Gymnema sylvestre extract with insulin and glimepiride in diabetic Sprague dawley rats. Rats were randomly divided into 7 groups of 6 rats in each and blood glucose was estimated to ascertain group differences, if any. Group 1 was kept as normal control. Remaining 6 groups were induced diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin @ 40 mg/kg body weight. After 72 h, rats with blood glucose value of >200 mg/dl were included in the study (n=6). Treatment protocols were initiated 48 hrs post-confirmation of diabetes and continued for 2 months. Group 1: non-diabetic control, group 2: streptozotocin (40 mg/Kg i/p single dose)-induced diabetic (DM) control, group 3: Insulin treatment (4 U/kg b. wt. subcutaneously once daily), group 4: glimepiride treatment (4 mg/kg b. wt. orally once daily), group 5: Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment ( 400 mg/kg b.wt. orally once daily), group 6: Insulin + Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment (once daily) and group 7: glimepiride + Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment (once daily). Blood glucose, body weights, sero-biochemical parameters, antioxidant profile in liver, kidney, brain and testis, ATPases, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity and glycogen in liver, electron microscopy and histopathology of various tissues were studied at different time intervals. Also, pharmacokinetic interaction of glimepiride with Gymnema sylvestre extract was assessed. There were significant alterations in blood glucose, body weights and other biochemical parameters in diabetic control group 2 as compared to group 1. All the treated groups revealed significant improvement in all the parameters as compared to group 2, while the combination treatment in groups 6 and 7 was found better as compared to single agent-treated groups 3, 4 and 5. The histological studies revealed marked changes in group 2 in all the organs studied, while groups 3 to 5 revealed moderate changes and groups 6 and 7 revealed either minor changes or no pathologically significant changes. Group 1 was devoid of any histological alterations. The electron microscopy of kidney, pancreas and aorta revealed marked alterations in group 2, while groups 6 and 7 revealed better architecture. The pharmacokinetic study revealed the values of T1/2 (h), Ka (h-1), Ke (h-1) and Tmax (h) of glimepiride were siginificantly varied in Gymnema sylevestre pre-treated rats compared to normal rats administered with glimperide In conclusion, the study revealed that addition of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract to insulin and glimepiride had positive pharmacodynamic interaction in improving the patho-biochemical alterations due to streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats, which was evident from greater improvement in sero-biochemical and organ parameters in the groups that were treated using a combination of Gymnema sylvestre with either insulin or glimepiride as compared to individual agent-treated groups. Important pharmacokinetic parameters did not vary significantly when glimepiride was used in combination with Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTS OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF KARANJ (Pongamia glabra) CAKE IN CHICKEN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-03) KRISHNA, DAIDA; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); CHINNI PREETHAM, V; SRINIVASA RAO, D; RAJU, M.V.L.N.ABSTRACT: In order to find out the feasibility of feeding karanj (Pongamia glabra vent) cake to broiler chicken, different chemical detoxification methods were tried at laboratory scale. Based on karanjin content, cost effectiveness and adoptability, alkali (2% NaOH, w/w), alkali & acid (1% NaOH, w/w & 1% HCl w/v) and alcoholic (3% IPA, w/v) treatment of solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) were selected for bulk processing and bioassay in broilers. Such SKC and processed karanj cakes were incorporated in broiler diets at graded levels to evaluate the body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, nutrient retention (dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, total ash), immune response (CMI to PHA-P; HI to ND vaccine), serum biochemical (protein, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase activity) and carcass characteristics (ready to cook yield and weights of liver, gizzard, giblet, pancrease, abdominal fat, kidney, spleen, thymus and bursa), histopathological changes (liver, intestine, kidney), if any, and returns over feed cost per kg weight gain and gain/loss over control diet. The SKC, NaOH treated SKC, NaOH and HCl treated SKC and IPA treated SKC contained 914, 933, 927 and 924g/kg dry matter; 56, 42, 47 and 47g/kg ether extract, 33, 58, 46 and 40 g/kg total ash, 23, 13, 15 and 16 g/kg calcium, 5.2, 6.8, 8.9 and 5.0g/kg total phosphorus, 58.0, 54.1, 54.8 and 54.8 g/kg crude fiber respectively. The SKC and processed SKC in order contained 299, 290, 292 and 311 g/kg CP and 17.2, 16.9, 16.9 and 18.3 g/kg lysine and 2.1, 2.2, 2.1, 2.3 g/kg methionine on dry matter basis. The SKC, NaOH treated SKC, NaOH & HCl treated SKC and IPA treated SKC contained 0.17, 0.10, 0.08 and 0% karanjin, 1.33, 1.50, 1.66 and 1.55% total tannins, 1.33, 1.63, 1.80 and 2.27 phytate and trypsin inhibitors 10.67, 10.39, 9.82 and 7.64 TIU/mg, respectively. In experiment 1 Karanj cake was included in diet on isocaloric and isonitrogenous basis at graded (30, 60 & 90 g/kg) levels and fed to a total of 390 day-old commercial broiler chickens from day 1 to 42days of age. The data revealed that, inclusion of IPA treated karanj cake at 3% maintained similar body weight gain compared to the soybean meal control group. At 6 and 9%, the IPA treated cake improved the performance compared to the SKC fed group, which was intermediate to the control and the karanj cake groups. Processing of karanj cake with NaOH or NaOH & HCl yielded marginal improvement in body weight of chicken. Feed conversion ratio with IPA treated SKC was comparable to control even at 6% inclusion level. Liver, gizzard and giblet weight was higher in the SKC fed groups than the control. Immune response parameters were not affected; dry matter and ether extract digestibility decreased at 9% of SKC, while NaOH or IPA treatment significantly improved the parameters, while concentration of serum protein or cholesterol were not affected due to treatments. Economics of feeding of karanj cake based diets indicated that IPA treatment increased returns over feed cost than that of SKC diet. Experiment 2 was undertaken to evaluate the response of broilers fed SKC and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) treated SKC each at 6% with or without supplementation of protease (4000 U/kg) or phytase (400 U/kg) or liver tonic (0.1%) in diet, in a 3 x 4 factorial manner. The soybean meal based control diet was also fed with or without supplementation of the additives. The experiment was conducted with a total of 360 day-old broiler chickens. Each experimental diet was fed adlibitum to 6 replicates of 5 birds each from day old to 42 days of age. The body weight gain in the control, 6% SKC and 6% IPA treated SKC were not affected with supplementation of protease, phytase or liver tonic. The higher body weight gain was recorded in control followed by 6% IPA and 6% SKC with supplementation of enzymes (or) liver tonic. However, feed conversion ratio was low in control followed by 6% IPA treated SKC and 6% SKC fed groups. The carcass parameters (ready to cook yield, pancreas and abdominal fat) were not influenced. The relative weight of giblet was higher in the SKC fed compared with IPA or control groups. Immune responses, concentration of protein and activity of alkaline phosphatase were not influenced, while serum cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05) affected but no specific trend could be attributed. Experiment 3 was conducted in White Leghorn Layer chicken by using detoxified karanj cakes. The results revealed that, the percent hen day egg production ranged between 96.14 to 98.62% and was not affected significantly (P<0.05) either by the type of karanj cake or levels of inclusion indicating that there were no deleterious effects at low level of inclusion (upto 6%) in comparison to control. The feed consumption and feed conversion ratio in terms of feed intake and egg mass also remained within the normal range suggesting that there were no palatability problems, due to the inclusion of SKC. The egg quality and shell quality parameters observed in the study were well within the standard values and unaffected. Based on result of Experiment 1, it is concluded that, 3% IPA treated SKC could be safely incorporated in broiler chicken diet. Based on Experiment 2 results, it can be concluded that, supplementation of enzymes / liver tonic could not alleviate the toxic effects of solvent extracted karanj cake or Isopropyl alcohol treated karanj cake at 6% level in the diet. Experiment 3 results, suggest that SKC can be incorporated up to 6% in layer diets. The SKC treated with either NaOH, NaOH & HCl or Ca(OH)2 had no extra beneficial effect. The data suggest that commercial layer birds can utilize the treated or untreated SKC better than broilers.ThesisItem Open Access APPLICATION OF BODY CONDITION SCORE (BCS) SYSTEM FOR MURRAH AND GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES FOR IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) ASHALATHA, P; SARJAN RAO, K(MAJOR); JAGADEESWARA RAO, S; MOORTHY, P.R.S; RAVINDRA REDDY, Y; RAMANA, J.VThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON TOXIC EFFECTS OF IMIDACLOPRID AND ITS AMELIORATION IN LAYER BIRDS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2014-05) SASIDHAR BABU, N; ANAND KUMAR, A (Major); SRILATHA, Ch; SREENIVASULU, D; MOULI KRISHNA, KABSTRACT : The present study on “Toxic effects of imidacloprid and its amelioration in layer birds” at definite time periods in different groups for 90 days was designed to elucidate the haematological, biochemical, immunological, oxidative stress, histopathological as well as ultra-structural alterations induced by imidacloprid and also to evaluate the protective effect of vitamin C and Withania somnifera on imidacloprid induced toxicity. The study was carried out on 48 layer birds of above 2 months age that were divided into six groups consisting of 8 in each. The experiment was carried out according to the guidelines and prior approval of Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. All the birds were provided with standard diet and deionized water ad libitum, throughout the experimental period of 90 days. All the experimental birds were placed in cages in the Department of Poultry Science and allowed to acclimatize for about week days and were observed thrice daily for clinical signs and mortality if any, during the entire period of study. The experimental design is as follows: Group 1 served as control, group 2 was treated with imidacloprid @ 200 ppm in feed, group 3 was treated with vitamin C @ 200 ppm in feed, group 4 was treated with both imidacloprid@200ppm and vitamin C 200ppm, group 5 was treated with Withania somnifera @ 500 ppm in feed and group 6 was treated with imidacloprid @ 200 ppm in feed + Vitamin C @ 200 ppm in feed + Withania somnifera @ 500 ppm in feed. Clinical signs exhibited by the birds during the course of experiment were, the birds in groups 1, 3, and 6 were apparently healthy and the birds in group 2 were apparently healthy up to the end of 30 days, but later they started showing clinical symptoms like reduced feed intake, dullness, diarrhoea, decreased size of eggs and reduced production, with increasing severity as per the advancement in age. Reduction in body weights was observed in group 2 in comparison to group 1 and in groups 4 and 6 weights increased significantly (P < 0.05) in comparison to group 2. Haematological studies revealed insignificant (P < 0.05) decrease of TEC, Hb concentration and PCV, TLC and DLC were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in birds of group 2 in comparison to groups 1, 3 and 5. In groups 4 and 6, insignificant (P < 0.05) decrease in all the above parameters was noted in comparison to group 2. The biochemical assays showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction of glucose, total protein and albumin in group 2 in comparison to groups 1, 3, 5 & 6. In group 4, no significant difference was observed but in group 6 significant difference was observed when compared to group 2. In groups 2, 4 and 6, the serum creatinine, BUN levels, AST and ALT activity were significantly (P < 0.05) increased when compared to groups 1, 3 and 5. The tissue biochemical profile revealed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in GSH concentration and increase in TBARS levels in liver of group 2. Group 3 value was insignificant from control and group 4 showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in comparison to group 2. Grossly, group 2 birds on day 60 showed congested and enlarged livers with rounded boarders and atrophied spleens and the severity of the lesions were slightly higher on day 90. Histopathologically, in group 2, at 30 days- mild fatty change, mild degenerative and necrotic changes in the hepatic lobules were observed. At 60 days- all the above mentioned lesions were moderate and focal areas of franc necrosis were noted. At 90 days – prominent lesions like moderate to severe fatty change, central vein congestion, engorged sinusoids, severe degenerative and necrotic changes and focal aggregation of lymphoid cells was recorded. In group 4, at 60 days- mild degenerative changes and at 90 days- mild to moderate degeneration in the hepatic lobules was noted. In group 6, at 60 days and 90 days– mild degenerative changes in the hepatic lobules were noted. In group 2, kidney at 30 days- inter-tubular hemorrhages was observed. At 60 days- congestion, inter-tubular hemorrhages, moderate tubular degeneration, atrophied glomeruli and focal necrotic areas was noted. At 90 days – prominent / severe lesions like tubular degeneration, atrophied glomeruli, mesangeal cell proliferation and vacuolation was recorded. In group 4, at 30 days - degenerative changes in tubules are observed. At 60 days- mild to moderate changes, inter-tubular congestion and hemorrhages and at 90 days- moderate lesions were noted. In group 6, at 90 days– mild degenerative changes in the tubules was noted. In group 2, hearts, at 30 days- mild degeneration and separation of muscle bundles was observed. At 60 days- moderate degeneration and separation of muscle bundles was noted. At 90 days- moderate to severe lesions like endocardial hemorrhages, degeneration and separation of muscle bundles was recorded. In groups 4 and 6 at 60 days- mild degenerative changes and at 90 days- moderate degenerative changes in cardiac muscle bundles was noted. In gizzard and proventriculus, no lesions of pathological significance were observed in any of the groups at any point of time. Ruptured villi in intestines, loss of islets in pancreas, depletion of lymphocytes in spleen, mild to moderate congestion and disrupted ovarian follicles, mild to moderate loss of glandular epithelial cells in uterus with few epithelial cells showing foamy cytoplasm and hyperplasia of myometrium and in brain focal areas of degeneration, mild glial cell proliferation and satellitosis in group 2 was recorded at 90 days. The lesions were improved in groups 4 and 6. Ultrastructurally, in group 2, at 90 days ultra-thin sections of liver revealed swollen nuclei, mild to moderate margination, disruption and clumping of chromatin in nucleoplasm, collapsed and thickened nuclear membrane, hyperplasia of rough endoplasmic reticulum, peri-nuclear and intercellular cell junctions fat depots, degenerated hepatocytes, thick, vesicular cytoplasm and pleomorphic, condensed mitochondria. Sections of kidney showed loss of endothelial and epithelial cells, vesicular nuclei, degeneration of tubular epithelium with loose inter cellular junctions, swollen, disrupted nuclei, margination of chromatin material (apoptosis), vacuoles in the cytoplasm, pleomorphic, pyknotic nuclei, disturbed shape and size of mitochondria. The studies on imidacloprid toxicity @ 200 ppm for 90 days in birds resulted majorly in nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, toxicity on reproductive organs, followed by mild to moderate cardiac and neuro toxicity. Moderate immunosuppression was exhibited. Altered body weights, haematological, biochemical, histological and ultrastructural parameters were recorded which might be due to imidacloprid- induced oxidative stress that resulted in depletion of GSH. The alterations in biochemical parameters were supported by histological and ultrastructural changes in kidney and liver. Supplementation of vitamin C @ 200 ppm in feed and Withania somnifera @ 500 ppm in feed resulted in moderate protection by repair and regeneration of damaged tissues to counteract the toxic effects of imidacloprid.ThesisItem Open Access VALIDATION OF PORTABLE NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY (NIRS) FOR THE EVALUATION OF FEEDS AND FODDERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUMINANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI – 517 502, ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015-04) KALYANA CHAKRAVARTHI, M; RAVINDRA REDDY, Y (Major); SARJAN RAO, K; RAVI, A; PUNYAKUMARI, B; EKAMBARAM, BABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to develop the database on nutritive values of conventional and unconventional feeds and fodders for ruminants in India using source information. Nutrient composition of feeds is an essential pre-requisite for scientific feeding of livestock. Knowledge on feed resources including unconventional and lesser known ones in combination with the use of innovative and appropriate technologies like Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) strengthens the production systems. The database created in this study can be a readyreckoner for end users. In this study, a portable Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy instrument was used for the rapid prediction of nutritive values of Sorghum fodder and Sorghum silage by developing calibration models. The NIR spectra of 200 samples of fresh and dried Sorghum fodder grown in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh were obtained by collecting spectra from 350-2500 nm range by using LabSpec 4 NIRS instrument. Further, a total of 200 small quantities of Sorghum silage were prepared in the laboratory by using the corresponding Sorghum fodders and spectra were collected between 1100-2500 nm for both fresh and dried samples.The raw spectra were imported to Unscrambler 10.3 X(Camo software) from Indico pro and were organized in four data matrices (fresh Sorghum, dried Sorghum, fresh Sorghum silage, and dried Sorghum silage) and subjected to data pre-processing methods like Spectroscopic, Standard Normal Variate (SNV), Detrending and Savitzky Golay to explore the spectra quality and control of noise and random errors. The Kennard- Stone (KS) sample selection technique through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to select 50 calibration samples each for fodder and silage and were analyzed by standard laboratory procedures.The pre-treated spectra along with the laboratory values were analysed by Partial Least Square (PLS) regression technique by using Unscrambler 10.3 X(Camo software) and calibration models were developed for the nutritional attributes. The R2 coefficients of 0.57, 0.92, 0.77, 0.85, 0.88, 0.43, 0.67, 0.60 and 0.60 whereas the 1-VR values were 0.40, 0.83, 0.04, 0.28, 0.07, 0.04, 0.18, 0.05 and 0.13 for DM, CP, TA, NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose, silica and hemicellulose, respectively for fresh Sorghum fodder samples. Among the calibration models developed for different chemical constituents in fresh Sorghum samples a good and ‘Satisfactory’ model was obtained for prediction of CP content with R2 (0.92) and 1-VR (0.83) in unknown samples. Next to the prediction of CP content, calibration models pertaining to ADF (R2=0.88), NDF (R2=0.85), TA (R2=0.77), cellulose (R2=0.67), silica (R2=0.60) and hemicellulose (R2=0.60) were in the order of their predictive ability. The R2 coefficients of 0.80, 0.97, 0.77, 0.82, 0.75, 0.49, 0.55, 0.69 and 0.32 whereas the 1-VR values were 0.75, 0.91, 0.48, 0.70, 0.25, 0.04, 0.09, 0.13 and 0.10 for DM, CP, TA, NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose, silica and hemicellulose, respectively for dried Sorghum fodder samples. Among the calibration models developed for different chemical constituents in dried Sorghum fodder samples a ‘robust’ and ‘Satisfactory’ model was obtained for prediction of CP content with R2 (0.97) and 1- VR (0.91) in unknown samples. Next to the prediction of CP content, calibration models pertaining to NDF (R2=0.82), DM (R2=0.80), TA (R2=0.77), ADF (R2 =0.75) and silica (R2=0.69) were in the order of their predictive ability. The R2 coefficients of 0.48, 0.81, 0.88, 0.75, 0.63, 0.36, 0.66, 0.46 and 0.75 whereas the 1-VR values were 0.21, 0.44, 0.72, 0.40, 0.34, 0.04, 0.33, 0.08 and 0.46 for DM, CP, TA, NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose, silica and hemicellulose, respectively for fresh Sorghum silage samples.Among the calibration models developed for different chemical constituents in fresh Sorghum silage samples a ‘Satisfactory’ model was obtained for prediction of TA content with R2 (0.88) and 1-VR (0.72) in unknown samples. Next to the prediction of TA content, calibration models pertaining to CP (R2=0.81), NDF (R2=0.75), hemicellulose (R2=0.75), cellulose (R2=0.66) and ADF (R2=0.63) were in the order of their predictive ability. The R2 coefficients of 0.31, 0.81, 0.71, 0.43, 0.71, 0.71, 0.82, 0.67 and 0.71 whereas the 1-VR values were 0.12, 0.65, 0.53, 0.13, 0.30, 0.18, 0.55, 0.40 and 0.28 for DM, CP, TA, NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose, silica and hemicellulose, respectively for dried Sorghum silage samples. Among the calibration models developed for different chemical constituents in dried Sorghum silage samples a ‘Satisfactory’ model was obtained for prediction of cellulose content with R2 (0.82) and 1-VR (0.55) in unknown samples. Next to the prediction of cellulose content, calibration models pertaining to CP (R2=0.81), TA (R2=0.71), ADF (R2 =0.71), ADL (R2=0.71), hemicellulose (0.71) and silica (R2=0.67) were in the order of their predictive ability. Sorghum based complete rations were formulated for the study area based upon the prediction values obtained for CP content in Sorghum fodder and Sorghum silage to the nearest accuracy by NIRS and by using linear programming method. The complete rations suggested to the farmers are on the basis of CP and TDN requirements and are formulated for lactating cows, buffaloes and sheep. Hence, portable Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) which is rapid, non labour intensive, relatively inexpensive in the long term and simplified technique can predict the nutritive values of unknown Sorghum fodder and Sorghum silage samples under field conditions quickly than depending on laboratory methods which are laborious and costly. The outcome of the study helps in formulation of Sorghum fodder and or Sorghum silage based complete rations effectively in a quick manner helping the farmers to take quick decisions regarding feeding their livestock and strengthening the ruminant production systems.