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20103
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End date: 2010 × Start date: 2010 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MOLECULAR DETECTION AND CONTROL OF SALMONELLA IN ANIMAL FEEDS
    (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-10) SRAVANTHI, MANNEM; ESWARA PRASAD, P (Major); SUDHAKARA REDDY, K; SREENIVASULU, D; ADILAXMAMMA, K
    ABSTRACT : Feed and feed ingredients serve as a carrier for a range of bacteria, which can adversely affect the performance of animal. One such important contaminant of feeds is Salmonella species. Traditional cultural methods used for identification of Salmonella involves use of pre-enrichment, selective enrichment broths (Selenite cystine broth or Rappaport Vassiliadis broth), selective enrichment media (BGA, MCA, XLD etc.) and confirmation of isolates by biochemical tests. Among 109 feed samples tested, seven (6.42%) positive Salmonella isolates were obtained. The incidence of Salmonella contamination in animal feed samples was screened as 10.81% in Kadapa where as 4.4% in Chittoor district. The traditional cultural methods used for Salmonella isolation were time consuming. Among the several alternate analysis strategies, Polymerase Chain Reaction has been found to be a highly specific molecular diagnostic tool. PCR technique was standardized targeting fimA gene of Salmonella. A 29 cycle PCR reaction with an annealing temperature of 58°C and MgCl2 concentration of 3 mM were found optimum for amplification of 85 bp product of fimA gene. To overcome the production losses due to the presence of bacteria in feed samples, suitable control methods have to be followed. Three different control methods viz., formaldehyde treatment, UV treatment and sun drying were adopted. Formaldehyde at two concentrations (0.5% and 1%) and UV light at a wavelength range of 250-260 nm for 10 minutes were used for treatments. Feed samples were kept for sun drying for a period of 6 days. After treatments, feed samples were again processed for Salmonella isolation and total plate counts. All the three treatment methods were effective in completely decreasing the Salmonella levels in feed samples. For reducing total bacterial counts formaldehyde treatment found to be the most effective method, followed by UV treatment and sun drying. ABST was carried out to determine the drugs, effective for the therapy of Salmonella. The drugs, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone were found to be effective for all isolates of Salmonella. The results of the experiment conclude that PCR technique with fimA gene is found to be effective in detecting Salmonella from feed samples at a shorter time and 1% formaldehyde treatment is highly effective in reducing the total counts of bacteria. Results of ABST conducted indicated ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone are highly effective against Salmonella as compared to the other antibiotics.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON AMELIORATING EFFECT OF CAESALPINIA SAPPAN L IN LEAD INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RATS
    (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-09) HEMALATHA, K; ESWARA PRASAD, P (Major); PADMAJA, K; ADILAXMAMMA, K; SREENIVASULU, D
    ABSTRACT : An experiment was conducted to study the ameliorating effect of Caesalpinia sappan in lead toxicity using a total of 24 male wistar rats which were randomly divided into four groups consisting of six animals in each group. Group I was maintained on basal diet as control and group II on lead acetate @ 90 mg/kg orally along with basal diet as toxic control group. Group III was maintained on methanolic extract of Caesalpinia sappan stem bark @ 100 mg/kg along with the basal diet and group IV on lead acetate @ 90 mg/ kg and methanolic extract of Caesalpinia sappan @ 100mg/ kg along with the basal diet for 28 days. The serum biomarkers were estimated for assessing the damage caused to liver, kidney and heart due to lead toxicity. Parameters like total protein, ALT, troponins, AST, creatinine and BUN values were measured on Day 14 and Day 28 from freshly collected blood samples. Tissue samples were collected and preserved at -20ᵒC for analysis of tissue antioxidant profile (TBARS, glutathione, GST, SOD, catalase, membrane ATPases, Vitamin E and C) and lead content. Blood samples were collected and haematological parameters (RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV) were estimated at the end of 28th day of experiment. The results indicated that lead toxic group (group II) showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in serum total proteins and significant (p<0.05) increase in ALT, troponins, AST, creatinine and BUN values revealing that lead has induced damage to the liver, kidney and heart tissues. Significant decrease in total RBC count, haemoglobin and PCV were observed in group II which showed the evidence of damaging effect of haemopoietic system due to lead toxicity. The mean values of TBARS were significantly increased in lead control group where as the levels of glutathione, GST, SOD, total membrane ATPases and Vitamin E were significantly decreased in group II indicating lead induced oxidative damage to the tissues. Significant increase in the levels of lead was observed in liver and kidney in group II. Treatment with methanolic extract of Caesalpinia sappan stem bark (group IV) resulted in improvement in above parameters as compared to lead toxic group (group II). Lead quantity of the liver was reduced slightly in group IV compared to group II but could not bring the levels to normal. Thus, it is concluded that lead induces biological damage to liver, kidney and heart tissues and further caused oxidative stress and Caesalpinia sappan offered amelioration which is attributed to its antioxidant activity but it could not able to reduce the lead content of the tissues completely.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON EXPRESSION OF INSULIN LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 3 (IGFBP 3) GENE IN CULTURED AND IN VIVO DEVELOPED PREANTRAL FOLLICLES IN SHEEP
    (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-10) SIVA SAGAR REDDY, K; RAO, V.H (Major); SIVA KUMAR, A.V.N; PADMAJA, K
    ABSTRACT: Expression of Growth Differentiation Factor 9 (GDF 9) and Insulin like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 (IGFBP 3) genes was studied in oocytes and granulosa cells isolated from various in vivo and in vitro follicular development stages in sheep. In the present study, the expression of both the genes was highest in the primordial follicles. The expression of GDF 9 in in vivo and in vitro oocytes decreased as the development progressed except in large antral follicles (OA2). Among the granulosa cells, the expression of GDF 9 in in vivo stages decreased continuously. In the in vitro granulosa cell stages, the expression of GDF 9 increased except PFs’ cultured for 6 days (G6). The expression of IGFBP 3 in in vivo and in vitro oocytes increased as the development progressed except in antral follicles (OA1). Among the granulosa cells, the expression of IGFBP 3 in in vivo and in vitro stages increased as the development progressed except PFs’ cultured for 6 days (G6). When the oocytes from large antral follicles (OA2) and 6 day cultured PFs’ (O6) were matured in vitro for 24h, the expression of both the genes decreased. When the granulosa cells from large antral follicles (GA2) and 6 day cultured PFs’ (G6) were matured in vitro for 24h, the expression of both the genes increased. The expression of both the genes increased significantly in the oocytes and granulosa cells from in vitro cultured PFs’ than their corresponding in vivo stages