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Open Access
EFFECT OF COTTONSEED MEAL BASED DIETS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CULTIVABLE FISH
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-09) PAVAN KUMAR, B; CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B (MAJOR); RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D; BALASUBRAMANIAN, A
Fish nutrition has advanced dramatically in recent years with the development of new, balanced commercial diets that promote optimal fish growth and health. Feed accounts for a major part (30-70%) of the total operation cost of an average fish farm. Traditionally, animal protein sources, particularly fishmeal have been the major ingredient of aqua feeds. Fishmeal is one of the most expensive ingredients in formulated fish feeds. Due to increasing demand, decreasing supply and the high cost of fish meal, fish nutritionists have concentrated their efforts to find alternative protein sources to substitute fish meal in the diet of fish. Thus, cottonseed meal (CSM), a by-product of the cotton fibre and cottonseed oil industries, has been used to replace fish meal partially or totally in fish diets. The present studies were conducted on “Effect of cottonseed meal based diets on the performance of cultivable fish” at College of Fishery Science, Muthukur. Cottonseed meal was used in the diets at four different levels 5%, 10%, 15% or 20%. Control diet was prepared with soybean meal (SBM), groundnut cake (GNC) and deoiled rice bran (DOB). All the formulated diets were isonitrogenous with 30% crude protein. Proximate composition and mineral composition of diets were analyzed by AOAC (1995) methods. Each diet was fed to catla and rohu in triplicate aquaria twice daily at 5% average body weight of the fish for three months for determination of growth response and survivability. Fortnightly sampling was done for the estimation of the water quality parameters and growth parameters [growth, percentage of survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and condition factor (K)]. Specific growth rate (SGR) and Hepatosomatic index (HSI) were estimated at the end of the experiment. Histopathological studies on liver of experimental fishes were conducted at the end of the experiment. Fishes were analyzed for proximate and mineral composition at the beginning as well as at the end of the experiment Significant difference was observed in growth, FCR, PER and K in both rohu and catla. Mortality was observed in catla. However, no mortality was observed in survival of rohu. Inclusion levels of CSM at 15 or 20% resulted in histopathological changes in the liver of both rohu and catla. Carcass composition was observed to be better at CSM10 and CSM5 in rohu and catla respectively. Better growth performance was observed at 5% CSM level of inclusion in catla. However, no significant differences were observed in the growth, survival and condition factor at inclusion level of 5% and 10% CSM in catla. Better performance was observed at 10% CSM level in rohu. Hence, it can be recommended that CSM can be included at 10% level in the diets of catla and rohu. Further inclusion of CSM results in growth depression.
Open Access
STUDIES ON CHARACTERIZATION AND PERFORMANCE OF VIZIANAGARAM SHEEP OF NORTH COASTAL ANDHRA PRADESH
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-04) GANGARAJU, GOLLAMOORI; SARJAN RAO, K(MAJOR); JAGADEESWARA RAO, S; RAGHUNANDAN, T; GNANA PRAKASH, M
ABSTRACT: A study was undertaken on the a) distribution of local Vizianagaram sheep b) biometric and morphological characters of the breed c) productive and reproductive performance of the breed and d) managemental practices being followed by farmers of Vizianagaram breeding tract in north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh comprising of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. Based on nlultistage stratified random sampling technique, the study was carried out in 7 mandals each from every district and from each mandal 7 villages were selected. From each village 2-3 sheep farmers maintained local Vizianagaram sheep with an average flock size of 60-75 were selected for the study resulted in a sample size of 775. 1244 and 153 Vizianagaram sheep from Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. The data recorded from farmers flocks were compared with the data of LRS, Garividi. The chest girth, body length and keight at withers (cm) were 35.2w0.33, 29.46M.37 and 40.3M.32 for ram lambs of below 1 year and 73.0W0.71. 60.91*0.82 and 68.84*0.62 for rams of 10-12 months. respectively. Significant (P
Open Access
CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF VOMITING IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-11) VIJAYA LAKSHMI, M; Tirumala Rao, D.S(MAJOR); Satish Kumar, K; Narasimha Reddy, Y
ABSTRACT : The present study was under taken to investigate the prevalence, clinical findings, haemato biochemical parameters, endoscopic appearance, therapy and therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs in dogs with vomiting. A total of 125 dogs screened, 50 were selected for the present study and subjected to detailed physical, clinical and laboratory investigation. Vomiting was mostly observed in Pomeranian breed and the prevalence was higher in male pups of 0 – 6 months of age. Dietary abnormalities were found to be the causative for vomiting in majority (40%) cases followed by renal failure (22), hepatic disorder (18), haemorrhagic gastroenteritis (16), parasitic infestation (2) and foreign bodies (2), respectively. TEC, PCV and DLC values were decreased in vomiting dogs. There is no significant difference in DLC findings in dogs with vomiting. All the affected dogs showed increase in TEC, PCV and TLC but found to be decreased significantly following therapy. Hb was decreased in vomiting dogs but increased significantly following therapy. Among biochemical parameters, serum ALT and creatinine found to be normal but decrease in serum Glucose, Sodium, Potassium and increase in serum Total Protein, Albumin, BUN were noticed. After therapy a significant improvement was noticed. The therapeutic efficacy, based on response to treatment, was observed to be comparatively higher in Group II (100 %) than Group I (60 %) on day 4 of therapy. Based on faster resolution of vomiting and improvement in the haemato biochemical parameters after treatment with Inj. Ringers Lactate solution 500 ml, I/V twice in a day for 3 days and Inj. Ondensetron @ 1mg / kg body weight I/V for 3 consecutive days was found to be superior when compared to Inj. Metoclopramide in controlling vomiting.
Open Access
CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF DIARRHOEA IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-11) VASANTHA KUMARI, P; Satish Kumar, K(MAJOR); Tirumala Rao, D.S; Narasimha Reddy, Y
ABSTRACT : Based on the results obtained from faecal sample analysis (microscopic, cultural and immune chromatographic assays) of the 185 diarrhoeic dogs, they were classified as suffering with parasitic, bacterial, viral and dietary etiology. The prevalence of diarrhoea due to parasitic, bacterial, viral and dietary causes was recorded as 35.14%, 21.08%, 10.81% and 32.97%, respectively. Ancylostoma caninum, Toxocara canis, Dipyllidium caninum and mixed infestation of Ancylostoma caninum and Dipyllidium caninum were the different endoparasitic ova and E.coli spp., Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella spp., were the different bacteria detected on the fecal sample analysis. On immuno chromatographic one step detection of parvo viral antigen test, 39 samples revealed positive for parvo viral enteritis giving prevalence of 21.08%. The prevalence of diarrhoea due to various etiology was highest in German shepherd and least in Great Dane (parasitic), Pomeranian (bacterial), Dachshund (viral) and Spitz (dietary). The prevalence was highest in pups between 0-6 months (parasitic and viral), 6 months - 4 years (bacterial and dietary). Males of various breed were at highest risk compared to females. Dehydration, yellowish foul smell faeces, inappetance, tarry coloured foul smelling faeces were the common manifestations of parasitic diarrhoea in dogs. Moderate dehydration, anorexia and blood mixed loose feaces and foul adour brownish – black feaces were noticed in dogs with infectious diarrhoea. Whereas, inappetence, mild dehydration with mucous coated faeces were recorded in dogs with dietary diarrhoea. The temperature, pulse and respiration rates were increased in infectious diarrhoea. There was a significant decrease (p<0.01) in total erythrocyte count of groups Ia, IIa and IIIa dogs on day '0' (before treatment) when compared to apparently healthy dogs. These values significantly increased (p<0.01) among all respective group dogs. Similarly there was a significant difference (P<0.01) in total erythrocyte count after treatment between groups Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb and IIIa, IIIb dogs, respectively. There was significant increase (p<0.01) in total leucocyte count of groups Ia, IIa and IIIa dogs before treatment when compared to apparently healthy. There was a significant decrease (p<0.01) in haemoglobin concentration of diarrhoeic dogs before treatment when compared to apparently healthy ones. These values significantly increased (p<0.01) among respective groups following therapy. There was a significant increase (p<0.01) in PCV count of group Ia, Ib; IIa, IIb; IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb dogs before treatment when compared to apparently healthy. These values significantly decreased (p<0.01) among respective groups following therapy. Similarly, there was a significant difference (p<0.01) in PCV after treatment between group Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb. Neutrophils were significantly (p<0.01) increased in dogs of group Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb and IVa, IVb and decreased in IIIa, IIIb; Lymphocytes were significantly (p<0.01) decreased in group Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb and increased in IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb; Eosinophils were significantly (p<0.01) increased in dogs of groups Ia, Ib; IIIa, IIIb and IVa, and decreased in group IIa, IIb and IVb and the Monocytes were significantly (p<0.01) increased in group Ia, Ib; IIIa, IIIb and subsequently decreased in groups IIa, IIb and IVa, IVb dogs on day 0. Similarly, there was a significant difference (p<0.01) in Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils and Monocytes after treatment between groups Ia, Ib; IIa, IIb; IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb. There was a significant (p<0.01) decrease in serum sodium, potassium, total proteins and albumin levels in all these groups before treatment when compared to apparently healthy. These values significantly increased (p<0.01) among all the groups following therapy. Similarly, there was a significant difference in these parameters after treatment between groups Ia, Ib; IIa, IIb; IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb. Group Ia dogs which received broad spectrum anthelmintic drug, Tab. Eazypet (Praziquantel 50mg, Pyrantel pamoate 144mg and Fenbebdazole 500mg) @ 1 tab/10kg body weight, single dose orally, showed slow and sustained improvement. Nine out of ten dogs of this group showed optimal clinical improvement and changes in haematobiochemical parameters by day 4 and one dog recovered beyond the therapeutic period (day 6). Where as, the group Ib dogs, that were supplemented with parenteral fluid (Ringers Lactate, I/V, once a day for 3 days), along with anthelmintic drug, showed marked improvement by day 4. Seven out of ten dogs belonging to group IIa, that were treated with Inj Petromax (Amoxicillin Sodium – 200mg, Sulbactam Sodium -100mg) @ 10mg/kg body weight I/M once a day for 3 days improved clinically. Whereas, all the ten dogs of group IIb that received fluid therapy in addition to the drug received by group IIa dogs, showed marked improvement by day 3. Out of ten dogs of group IIIa that received Inj. Amikacin (Amikacin 250mg) @ 10mg/kg body weight I/M once a day for 3 days. Diarrhoea was noticed till day 2 (2 dogs) and 3 (4 dogs) with inappetance for 2 days (6 dogs). Whereas, all the ten dogs of group IIIb showed faster recovery from day 2 and complete clinical recovery following three days therapeutic trial. All the dogs that received additional fluid therapy in addition to tab. Petpro (Microbial Culture (9strains), total viable count @ 2×109 CFU excipient.qs) recovered fully when compared to seven out of ten dogs belonging to group IVa that were given only petpro. Hence, it may be concluded from the present results that dogs belonging to Groups Ib, IIb, IIIb and IVb, that had received fluid supplementation in addition to the specific drugs showed faster and marked improvement with respect to clinical signs and haemato biochemical parameters when compared to those dogs of the Groups Ia, IIa, IIIa and IVa received only specific drugs.
Open Access
EFFECT OF PROBIOTICS ON PERFORMANCE, LIPID PROFILE AND IMMUNE STATUS IN BROILER CHICKEN
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-12) VINAYA SREE, C; GUPTA, P.S.P(MAJOR); KONDAL REDDY, K; Gopala Reddy, A; Nagalakshmi, D
ABSTRACT: The effect of feeding probiotics on growth performance, blood constituents and immune parameters in broiler chicks was studied. An experiment of 42 days duration was conducted 525 day-old broiler chicks, which were randomly allotted to 7 dietary treatments. Each treatment contained 75 chicks. The 7 dietary treatments were control (no probiotic) and other 6 diets were the control diet supplemented with various probiotics viz., Pediococcus acidilactici (MTCC, Chandigarh), Pediococcus acidilactici (NCIM, Pune), Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii 50 % + Pediococcus acidilactici (NDRI) 50%, Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus reuteri @ of 109 CFU/gm. Data was collected for body weight, daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio during the experimental period (0 – 42 d of age). On day 28 and 42, concentration of proteins, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, cholesterol and triglycerides in serum, red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV) and white blood cells (WBC) in chick’s blood were evaluated. Body weight gain of broilers was influenced by inclusion of probiotics during over all period and groups supplemented with Pediococcus acidilactici, (MTCC, Chandigarh), Saccharomyces cerevisiae and combination of Saccharomyces boulardii 50 % and Pediococcus acidilactici 50% recorded the highest body weight amongst the experimental groups at the end of 6th week. Supplementation of probiotics as single or as their combination did influence feed intake in broilers, but had significant effect on feed conversion ratio of broilers for over all period. Livability was not influenced by various probiotics supplementation. The concentration of total proteins and globulins were significantly (P<0.05) higher in all the probiotic supplemented groups and Lactobacillus reuteri recorded the highest protein and globulin concentration. A/G ratio were significantly (P<0.05) lower in all groups while albumin concentration did not reveal any significant changes among the groups. Supplementation of probiotics had profound effect on the serum lipid profile, both serum cholesterol and triglycerides level was significantly (P<0.05) lowered with either of the probiotic supplementation. Mean TEC (106/cmm) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in control group in comparison to other groups supplemented with probiotics and highest TEC was found in groups Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus reuteri and Saccharomyces boulardii. The mean mean TLC (103/cmm) was highest with Pediococcus acidilactici (MTCC, Chandigarh), Pediococcus acidilactici, (NCIM, Pune) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The probiotics Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii revealed highest Hb (g/dl) at the end of experimental period. The PCV (%) showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in control in comparison with that of probiotic fed groups at the end of 6th week and highest PCV (%) was observed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii. The humoral immune response to new castle disease virus at 28 days of age significantly (P<0.05) increased with the inclusion of probiotics. At the age of 42 days, HI titers were significantly (P<0.05) higher in all diets supplemented with probiotic than control. Supplementation of probiotic influenced the faecal pH which significantly (P<0.05) reduced in all dietary treatment groups compared to the control diet. Supplementation of probiotics in all dietary treatment groups lowered the faecal coliform count. The present study indicated that supplementation of probiotics @ (1×109 cfu/g) in diets of broiler diets improved growth, lowered serum lipid profile, increased serum protein profile, haematological constituents, faecal pH and faecal coliform count and better immune responses.
Open Access
HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF GUAR MEAL (Cyamopsis tetragonolobn) TOXICITY IN BROILER CHICKEN AND ITS AMELIORATION
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-12) DEEPTHI, P; ANJANEYULU, Y(MAJOR); ANAND KUMAR, A; DHANALAKSHMI, K
ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to study the ameliorating effect of DLmethionine (DLM) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the guar meal induced toxicity in broiler chicken. During the experimental period six groups of birds (15 in each) were fed with guar meal, PEG, guar meal + DLM, guar meal + PEG, guar meal + DLM + PEG, added to the control diet. Feed and water were offered ad libitium for six weeks of the experimental period. Clinical symptoms and mortality were recorded daily. Data on body weight gains, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at weekly intervals. Birds were sacrificed at 2nd, 4th and 6th week of age, to study haematological (PCV, Hb and TEC), biochemical (serum GGT, total proteins and creatinine) parameters and also to study the gross and histopathological changes. In comparison to control (Gr I), body weight gains, feed intake and feed efficiency were significantly (P<0.05), lower in all experimental diets except on PEG diet (Gr Ill), in which the performance parameters were comparable to control(Gr I). Body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were significantly (Pc0.05) improved in ameliorated diets (Gr IV, V and VI) compared to guar meal diet (Gr 11). Inclusion of guar meal (15%) has significantly (P<0.05) decreased the PCV, Hb and TEC compared to control. The toxic effect of guar meal on haematology was significantly (Pc0.05) reduced by DLM supplementation (Gr IV) where as guar meal +PEG (Gr V) did not show much ameliorating effect. The haematological parameters were much more improved in group ameliorated with both DLM and PEG (Gr VI). Significant (Pe0.05) increase in serum GGT levels, creatinine levels and decrease in total proteins were observed in guar meal diet (Gr I!). The group of guar meal with methionine supplementation (Gr IV) had shown a significant ( Pc0.05) decrease in serum GGT levels and significant improvement in serum proteins, but no significant difference was observed in the serum creatinine, compared to the guar meal fed group (Gr 11). The group with PEG supplementation (Gr V) had shown a significant (Pc0.05) decrease in serum GGT and creatinine levels but a significant (Pc0.05) increase in serum total protein levels but no significant difference in serum creatinine levels. The group of guar meal supplementation of both methionine and PEG( Gr VI) had shown a significant decrease in serum GGT and increase in total proteins compared to guar meal fed group (Gr 11) and treatment groups (Gr IV and V), but no significant difference in serum creatinine levels as compared to the guar meal diet (Gr 11). Birds fed with guar meal diet showed moderate gross changes and only mild lesions were observed in the treatment groups. In the guar meal fed group, the lesions include enlarged, pale liver, hypertrophy of pancreas, congested intestine, heart and spleen. Histopathology of liver revealed sinusoidal dilation, bile duct hyperplasia and focal lymphoid aggregates. The intestines revealed much marked disruption of the villi and submucosal congestion. The pancreas revealed moderate congestion in between the acinar cells, kidney showing intertubular congestion and degenerative changes in the tubular epithelium. The heart revealed moderate interfibdllar hemorrhages. The birds belonging to ameliorative groups revealed lesions of only mild significance. Therefore, it can be concluded that DLM and PEG had some amelioration effect and the combination of both DLM and PEG is more effective in ameliorating the guar meal induced toxicity, as evidenced from the results of haematological, biochemical, gross and histopathological changes.
Open Access
PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GUAR MEAL AND ITS AMELIORATION BY DETOXIFICATION METHODS AND ACTIVATED CHARCOAL IN BROILER CHICKEN.
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-10) RAMU, M; MADHURI, D(MAJOR); ANJANEYULU, Y; GOPALA REDDY, A
ABSTRACT: The present programme was designed to study the guar meal toxicity and its amelioration in broiler chicken. A total of ninety day-old broiler chicks belonging to vencobb strain were randomly divided into five groups consisting of 18 in each group. Group I was maintained on basal diet, group II on raw guar meal at the rate of 15% in basal diet, group III on raw guar meal + activated charcoal (0.1%) group IV given activated charcoal (0.1%) in basal diet and group V was given alkali treated guar meal at the rate of 15% in basal diet for six weeks respectively. Body weight gain, feed consumption and FCR were recorded in each group at weekly intervals. Five birds from each group were sacrificed at fortnightly intervals and samples for haematological, serobiochemical and histopathological studies were collected. Clinically all the birds were healthy except for a few birds in group II and III which had loose and sticky droppings and pasting of the event. Mortality was not recorded in any of the groups. The group II birds showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weight gain and feed consumption and increases in FRC. While group III and V (amelioration groups) showed significant (P<0.05) improvement in weight gain, feed consumption and FCR. Haemtological. Findings revealed that mean values of Hb PCV and TEC significantly (P<0.05) were reduced in group II comparison to all other groups. This might be attributed to disturbances in metabolism that lead to deficiency of clotting factors. The serobiochemical studies showed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in total protein, albumin and globulin levels while significant (P<0.05) increase in the creatinine and AST levels in group II birds. The gross pathological findings observed in guar meal fed group (GII) Heart was apparently normal in all the groups, except for mild congestion and hemorrhages noted in group II birds. Spleen was enlarged and moderately congested while bursa of fabricius was atrophied in group II birds. Moderate to severe congestion and haemorrhages were observed in the intestine of group II birds. The ameliorative groups revealed similar lesions but were mild in nature. The histopathological changes in liver revealed sinusoidal dilatation, congestion of central vein, mononuclear cell infiltration and vacuolar changes in the hepatocytes kidney sections showed congestion, intertubular haemorrhages with degenerative changes in a few tubules. An increase in the interfollicular space and moderate depletion in the follicles were observed in sections of bursa of Fabricius. Spleen sections revealed marked congestion of trabecular arteries. Heart sections revealed marked interfibrillar haemorrhages and heterophilic infiltration. The ameliorative groups (GII and V) showed mild to no pathological lesions in various organs. Among ameliorative groups, lesions were comparatively mild in alkali treated group than activated charcoal treated group. It can be concluded from the present study that guar meal incorporation at the rate of 15% level in feed adversely affected the growth and haematobiochemical parameters of birds. The gross and histopathological studies of various organs also suggested moderate damage to liver, kidney, bursa of Fabricius and intestine. Addition of activated charcoal and detoxification of guar meal by alkali treatment had considerable ameliorating effects on growth, haematobiochemical parameters and microscopic lesions in various organs.
Open Access
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF EXOTIC AND NATIVE CHICKEN
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-12) SREENIVAS, DASARI; GNANA PRAKASH, M(MAJOR); SHARMA, R.P; RUDRANATH CHATTERJEE; RAVINDER REDDY, V; MAHENDER, M
ABSTRACT: The present investigation was carried out for estimation of genetic parameters on certain production, immunocompetence and egg quality traits in IWH, IWI and IWK strains and control population of White Leghorns and microsatellite marker based analysis on IWH and IWK strains and native breeds of Aseel and Kadaknath maintained at the Project Directorate on Poultry, Hyderabad. Significant genetic group differences were observed for all the production traits studied. The age at first egg (AFE) and body weights at 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age ranged from 143.49 * 0.56 to 155.63 * 0.57 days, 1290.74 * 7.21 to 1428.36 8.36, 1377.72 8.43 to 148 1.82 * 9.77 and 1455.73 * 9.49 to 1547.15 * 1 1.18 g, respectively. Egg production up to 40, 64 and 72 weeks of age ranged from 94.08 * 0.50 to 106.15 * 0.49, 178.24 * 1.20 to 202.32 k 1.18 and 190.90 + 1.22 to 215.17 1.20 eggs. respectively while egg weight at 28, 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age ranged from 43.81 * 0.15 to 46.77 * 0.15, 49.89 * 0.18 to 53.13 * 0.17, 53.1.3 k 0.16 to 54.65 * 0.15 and 55.47 * 0.15 to 57.59 * 0.14 g, respectively. The AFE was low to moderately heritable while the body weights were moderate to highly heritable. In general, egg production traits were lowly heritable while the egg weights were low to highly heritable. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of AFE were positive with body weights and egg weights but negative with egg production. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of body weight at 52 and 64 weeks of age were negative with egg production and positive with egg weight. The correlations among egg production traits and among egg weights were positive and high while the association between egg production and egg weight traits was moderate to high but negative. Significant differences among genetic groups were observed for antibody titre against SRBC and NDV only. Mean anti SRBC titre, anti NDV titre and response to PHA-P (mrn) ranged from 4.729 * 0.142 to 5.803 * 0.11 8, 10.033 .t 0.056 to 1 1.045 * 0.049 and 0.133 * 0.075 to 0.527 * 0.164, respectively. Heritability estimates of antibody titre against SRBC, NDV and response to PHA-P were low to medium. The anti SRBC titre had positive genetic correlation and negative phenotypic and environmental correlations with AFE. Genetic and phenotypic correlations with body weights and egg production traits were mostly positive. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of antibody titre against NDV with AFE and annual egg production were mostly positive. The correlations of response to PHA-P with other traits varied both in magnitude and direction. Significant genetic group differences were observed for various egg quality traits studied. The egg weight, haugh unit, yolk index, albumen index, yolk weight, albumen weight, shell weight and shell thickness ranged from 53.89 0.43 to 50.01 0.48 g, 65.38 * 0.92 to 80.98 * 1.01, 0.341 * 0.003 to 0.353 * 0.003, 0.056 * 0.002 to 0.087 * 0.002, 14.16 i 0.13 to 15.58k 0.12 g, 30.92 * 0.39 to 33.18k 0.39 g, 4.32 * 0.05 to 5.12 * 0.05 g and 0.336 k 0.003 to 0.376 * 0.003 mrn, respectively. The heritability estimates based on sire, dam and sire + dam components of variance for egg weight, yolk index, albumen index and albumen weight ranged from low to medium while those of haugh unit, yolk weight, shell weight and shell thickness ranged from low to high. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of egg weight with other egg quality traits except shell quality traits were mostly positive and moderate to high. High positive genetic and phenotypic correlations between haugh unit and other traits were observed. Genetic correlation of yolk weight with albumen weight was positive while that with shell quality traits was mostly negative. Shell weight was positively correlated with shell thickness. All the 15 microsatellite loci were polymorphic. The mean number of alleles (Na) varied from 2.0 to 5.0 among the loci and 3.13 * 0.13 to 3.80 k 0.13 among the populations. The effective number of alleles varied from 1.041 to 4.755 across the loci and between 2.33 0.09 and 3.21 k 0.1 1 among the populations. The allele frequency ranged from 0.012 to 0.980 across the loci. The overall mean PIC values ranged from 0.038 to 0.756 across the loci and 0.434 to 0.579 among the populations. The expected and observed heterozygosity estimates (0.634 * 0.020 and 0.723 * 0.031) were highest in Aseel, while lowest in IWH strain (0.500 i 0.022 and 0.471 * 0.034). Overall mean inbreeding coefficients for IWH, IWK, Kadaknath and Aseel were 0.205, 0.1 16, -0.052 and -0.130, respectively. The mean values of Fls, FST and FIT values over all the loci were -0.050 & 0.065,0.05 1 & 0.308 and 0.003 k 0.064, respectively. The genetic distance was least between Kadaknath and Aseel (0.023) and highest between IWH and Aseel (0.160). Kadaknath and Aseel were closer with maximum genetic identity index (0.977) while IWH and Aseel were more wide apart with least identity index (0.852). Phylogenetic analysis grouped IWH and IWK strains in to one cluster and Kadaknath and Aseel breeds in to another cluster. All the loci except MCW 048 deviated significantly from equilibrium frequency in at least one of the populations, while all the loci except MCW 007 and MCW 048 departed from the equilibrium frequency on overall basis.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF PROCESSED COMPLETE RATIONS CONTAINING VARIOUS ROUGHAGES IN GROWING MALE SHEEP
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-11) SUDHEER BABU, ARUMBAKA; SRINIVASA RAO, D(MAJOR); RAMANA REDDY, Y; NAGALAKSHMI, D; SUDHAKAR, K
ABSTRACT: Three complete rations (T1, T2 and T3) formulated, using jowar stover, maize stover and sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) (at 50% level) processed into expander extruded pellets were evaluated in a completely randomized design (CRD) using 3 groups of growing ram lambs, each group comprising of 6 lambs in a growth cum metabolic trial for 120 days. DM intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 and T3 than T1. The nutrient digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NFE were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 followed by T2 which was in turn higher (P<0.05) than T1. The digestibilities of NDF and cellulose were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 and T2 than T1. The ADF digestibility was significantly higher in T2 than T3 which was in turn higher (P<0.05) than T1.There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in hemi cellulose digestibility. All the lambs were on positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorous balance. Nitrogen and phosphorous balance were comparable, while Ca balance was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 than T2.The DCP content of T2 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than T1 and T3. The TDN content of T3 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than T2 followed by T1. The lambs of T1, T2 and T3 grew with an average daily gain (ADG) of 70.16±9.83, 77.33±4.16 and 81.25±4.98 g, respectively and were statistically comparable. The feed conversion efficiency was also similar among groups and ranged between 9.51±0.69 to 10.15±1.26. Cost of feed/kg was lower for T3 due to the inclusion of SSB. The mean live weight (kg) at slaughter and empty body weight (kg) in different treatment groups were statistically non significant (P>0.05). No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed among the treatment groups for dressing percentage on live weight basis or on empty body weight basis, percentage of edible offals and non edible offals, proportion of different wholesale cuts, lean percent, bone percent and meat: bone ratio. The fat proportion in carcass of ram lambs fed with maize stover based expander extruded pellets (T2) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than lambs fed with T1 or T3. Thus, it can be concluded that sweet sorghum bagasse can be incorporated in the complete rations of sheep at 50 % level by replacing conventional roughages such as jowar stover and maize stover, processed as expander extruder pellets without affecting the performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics.

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