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20124
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Subject: Veterinary Surgery and Radiology × End date: 2012 × Start date: 2012 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF KETAMINE AND THIOPENTAL AS INDUCTION AGENTS FOR ISOFLURANE INHALATION ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-07) SRAVANTI, MADDIMADUGU; GIREESH KUMAR, V(MAJOR); RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P; PURUSHOTHAM, G
    ABSTRACT : The present clinical study was carried out on 12 dogs between 1 year to 10 years of age presented for ovariohysterectomy and castration. These dogs were randomly divided into two groups comprising of six animals in each group. All the dogs were uniformly premedicated. In the six dogs of group-I, anaesthesia was induced by intravenous administration of Ketamine at the rate of 5 mg/kg body weight. In dogs of group II, Thiopental sodium was used as an intravenous anaesthetic induction agent at the dose of 10 mg/kg body weight as a 2.5 per cent solution. Immediately after induction, the dogs of two groups were intubated and anaesthesia was maintained with 1.5% to 2% inhalation of Isoflurane during the entire surgical procedure. The anaesthetic effects like induction of anaesthesia, duration of anaesthesia, recovery time and physiological parameters like temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and Electrocardiograph (ECG) were studied before induction, during anaesthesia and after recovery from anaesthesia. Haematological parameters like TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, DLC and biochemical parameters like AST, ALT, BUN and Serum Creatinine were recorded before induction, during anaesthesia and after recovery. The results of the present study indicated that there was a significant difference between the induction time of Ketamine and thiopentone. Thiopentone differed significantly when compared to the use of ketamne as the induction agent where the induction time ranged from 50 to 128 seconds (mean 89.66 ± 6.74). It was also observed that while Ketamine at 5 mg/kg body weight induced anaesthesia deep enough to allow intubation in only four out of the six dogs. In the other two dogs, an additional dose of 1 mg/kg body weight was necessitated. Thiopentone uniformly induced anaesthesia deep enough to allow intubation in all the six dogs at the dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight as a 2.5 per cent solution, The anaesthetic protocols studied produced satisfactory and safe deep surgical anaesthesia in both the groups of dogs. However, in the dogs of groups I, maintenance of anaesthesia necessitated a concentration of 2% isoflurane in oxygen. The concentration of isoflurane was increased from 1.5% to 2 % as soon as the dogs showed some sluggish response to pedal and tail clamp reflexes, while in the dogs of group II of the six dogs necessitated only 1.5% isoflurane. In all the dogs of the two groups, recovery from anaesthesia was found to be smooth and uneventful. The dogs of group II recovered earliest from anaesthesia when compared to the group I. As far as the physiological parameters were concerned, the results showed that in all the dogs of groups I and II, anaesthesia resulted in a significant drop in the rectal temperature during and after anaesthesia as compared to the before induction. Although the heart rates between the groups were found to be differ from each other, they were still well within the normal range and hence were considered in consequential. The results showed that Ketamine induction caused a significant reduction of the respiratory rate in the dogs of group I during the maintenance of anaesthesia. The respiratory rate returned to normal as the dogs recovered from anaesthesia. Since these parameters caused no complications and since they returned to normalcy soon, the changes were considered to be clinically acceptable. The recovery from anaesthesia in all the six dogs of group II was considered good. In the dogs of group I, good recovery in four dogs and fair recovery in two dogs was recorded. Haematological examination revealed that there were no significant differences in the various parameters like TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, DLC in any of the two groups and the three intervals. This underscored the fact that all the anaesthetic protocols studied were safe and uneventful as far as these observations were concerned. The results of the present clinical study clearly revealed in all the dogs of the two groups that the various biochemical parameters studied, i.e., AST, ALT, BUN and Serum Creatinine remained within normal limits. Hence, this also conclusively proved that the two anaesthetic protocols studied were safe and did not result in any damage to the heart, liver and kidneys during the anaesthetic period. Electrocardiographic studies in the dogs of both the groups revealed no abnormalities in the sizes of P, QRS or T- waves, no changes in the cardiac axes and no arrhythmias of any kind in any dog of any of the groups. From the results of the present study, it was concluded that both the anaesthetic protocols produced satisfactory deep surgical anaesthesia in dogs. While 2.5% thiopentone was found to have produced sufficiently deep anaesthetic induction to allow intubation at the uniform dose of 10 mg/kg, Ketamine was found to be effective at 5 mg/kg in 4 dogs and two dogs required 6 mg/kg i/v. When anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone sodium @ 10 mg/kg body weight, the dogs could be maintained at 1.5% isoflurane inhalation in oxygen. When anaesthesia was induced with Ketamine (5 to 6mg/kg, i/v), maintenance of anaesthesia was best done with 2% Isofluorane. Both the anaesthetic protocols studied in the present study resulted in minimal, clinically insignificant changes in the various physiological, biochemical and electrocardiographic parameters.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A CLINICAL STUDY OF LONG BONE FRACTURES IN SHEEP AND GOATS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-05) VIJAY KUMAR, MORA; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P(MAJOR); BHARATHI, S; SANTHI LAKSHMI, M
    ABSTRACT: The present study was carried out on 45 clinical cases of long bone fractures in sheep (7) and goats (38) of either sex aged between 2 months to 7 years, referred for treatment to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Campus Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Routine clinical examination followed by radiography was used for diagnosis. Out of the 45 cases that were taken up for study, 15 animals (9 metacarpal, 4 metatarsals and one each of radius-ulna and tibia fractures) were treated by application of Plaster of Paris cast. Post-operative radiographic examination showed good alignment and apposition of the fracture fragments in all the cases treated with application of POP cast. Minimal complications were encountered, i.e., transient disuse atrophy in one case. 13 cases (8 were metacarpal fractures followed by 2 metatarsals, 2 cases of radius-ulna and 1 tibia), were treated by application of, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) splints and bandage was used to externally immobilize fractures in 13 cases (8 metacarpal, 2 metatarsals, 2 radius-ulna and 1 tibial fracture). PVC splints and bandage application resulted in satisfactory alignment and fracture healing in 9 cases while in 4 cases the alignment was not exact but satisfactory fracture healing occurred with callus formation and mild periosteal reaction in most of the cases, inspite of inexact alignment. Mild pressure sores and muscle contracture occurred in one goat, but these symptoms resolved once the goat started using the limb, following removal of the PVC splints. Modified Thomas splints were constructed with aluminum rods of 8 mm diameter to suit individual animals. These splints were used to treat 5 animals (4 tibial fractures and 1 femur fracture). Good alignment with satisfactory fracture healing followed in 4 animals, while in one case, mal union was noticed by the second week of application. However, even this animal could use the limb satisfactorily. Free-form External Skeletal Fixation (ESF) was used in 10 cases (2 sheep and 8 goats) with open fractures. ESF was applied to immobilize 4 metatarsal, 3 tibial, 2 metacarpal and one radius-ulna fractures. The ESF assembly was constructed using an aluminum rod and epoxy compound (M-seal) to act as a connecting bar, to economize. Results showed that the ESF was easy to use, economic in cost and served the purpose of immobilizing open fractures well. Post operative clinical and radiographic evaluation showed good fracture healing with good endosteal and minimal periosteal callus formation. ESF allowed early weight bearing and prevented associated muscle atrophy. In one animal with open fracture of tibia, slight outward deviation was observed. However, this animal had satisfactory weight bearing and pain free locomotion during the post-operative period. No evidence of infection, discharge or swelling was seen in any animal. At the time of removal of the ESF, the proximal pin was found to be loose in all the animals. However, this did not cause any hindrance to fracture healing. The two cases with fracture of the femur, healed well and recovered uneventfully following internal fixation with intramedullary pinning in one case and intramedullary pinning combined with full Cerclage wiring in the other. The Steinman pins were removed on the 45th and 48th post-operative day following good fracture healing and pain free limb usage by the animals. The complications encountered in the animals of the present study were considered minimal and transient to be of any significance.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A CLINICAL STUDY ON TREATMENT OF LONG BONE FRACTURES USING EXTERNAL SKELETAL FIXATION IN DOGS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-02) VARGHESE SAMUEL MATHAI; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P(MAJOR); GIREESH KUMAR, V; PURUSHOTHAM, G
    ABSTRACT : The present clinical study was undertaken in 12 dogs presented with long bone fractures for treatment at Campus Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad and Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Bhoiguda, Secunderabad during the year 2010-2011. Routine clinical examination followed by radiography was used for diagnosis. Out of the 12 dogs studied, 3 dogs had open fractures and the remaining 9 dogs had closed fractures. Two of the 3 open fractures were seen in radius-ulna and the third case involved tibia. Out of the 9 cases of closed fractures, 8 were simple transverse fractures and one comminuted fracture. These 12 dogs were randomly assigned to groups I and II, irrespective of the age, sex or breed. The first group was treated with Type 1a linear external skeletal fixator and the second group with free-form external skeletal fixator. Only fractures of femur, tibia-fibula, humerus and radius-ulna were included in the present study. Group I dogs were treated with Type 1a stainless steel linear external skeletal fixator. Dogs in group II were treated with Free-form external skeletal fixator using epoxy compound as the connecting bar. Inj. Ceftriaxone sodium was administered at a rate of 20mg/kg body weight as intravenous injection for the first ten days postoperatively. Inj. Meloxicam was administered preoperatively for pain relief at the dose rate of 0.2 mg per kg intramuscularly and continued postoperatively for 4 days once a day. The limb was bandaged with modified Robert Jones bandage with an inner layer of bandage between the fixator and the skin in both the group of dogs. The inner layer was replaced every alternate day until the pin tracts had stopped discharging. The suture lines as well as the pin entry points were cleaned with normal saline and Povidone-iodine was infused through the pin tracts during the entire post operative period. Clinical evaluation was routinely carried out at periodical intervals for swelling, exudation, weight bearing and stability of the implant in all the dogs of the two groups. Post-operative radiographs were obtained immediately after surgery and at the end of 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th week for evaluation of the fracture healing. From the results of the present clinical study it was concluded that both the types of external skeletal fixation were useful in treatment of long bone fractures in dogs. However, the linear external skeletal fixator was considered more versatile since it allowed post-operative adjustment. The free-form external skeletal fixator did not allow any adjustment following its application. However, free-form external skeletal fixator facilitated its application even in those cases where the half pins could not be placed in a linear fashion. In addition, it was felt that the use of free-form external skeletal fixator in young, rapidly growing puppies needed further evaluation. Free-form external skeletal fixator was found to be relatively inexpensive and required lesser instrumentation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON AUGMENTATION CYSTOPLASTY USING ACELLULAR MATRIX OF SWIM BLADDER IN RABBITS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2012-12) LAVANYA, KILLI; SREENU, MAKKENA (Major); DEVIPRASAD, V; SURESH, K
    ABSTRACT: The present study on augmentation cystoplasty was conducted in rabbits to compare the suitability of auto grafts,fresh and acellular swim bladder graft for its healing based on different parameters. . Fresh swim bladders collected from fish were decellularized using 1M sodium chloride solution and 0.5% Triton X-100 under gentle agitation which effectively removed the cellular material from the tissue and was confirmed by Haematoxylin & Eosin .Histologically swim bladder contains an outer fibromuscular layer, muscularis mucosae below the submucosa and internal layer of cuboidal secretory epithelium A total of 24 rabbits of either sex divided in to three groups were used for urinary bladder wall reconstruction with auto grafts,fresh and acellular swim bladder graft after creating a defect . Glycopyrolate as premedicant and Xylazine – Ketamine mixture provided smooth induction and sufficient plane of anaesthesia in rabbits. Parenteral administration of enrofloxacin and daily dressing of the wound with 5% povidone iodine minimized the complications of wound healing. There was a significant rise (P < 0.05) in the rectal temperature, respiratory and heart rate values in the initial postoperative days in all the animals . A significant decrease (P < 0.05) in haemoglobin and PCV in the initial postoperative days in all the animals.Significant increase (P < 0.05) in creatinine levels at 14 th day in groups I and III while in group II there was a nonsignificant rise on 3rd and 5 th day followed by a significant increase up to day 14. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in urea levels at 1 st day in all the groups and a non significant increase in levels upto 13 th post 3rd,7th and 14 th day in all the groups . Cystograms showed inconsistent augmentation effect in auto and fresh swim bladder graft animals while it was considerable with acellular graft group. The cutaneous wound healed by 12-15 days.Grossly, grafted site showed various forms of adhesions in all the animals, The graft showed intactness amd as time progresses . Histologically all the sections showed inflammatory cells at the host graft interface at the early phase of observation and as time progresses marked fibroblastic activity formation of thin fibrous tissue and neocapillaries are the findings in acellular graft group. In conclusion the acelluar swim bladder was well accepted by the host tissue and is ideal for augmentation cystoplasty rabbits followed by auto graft and fresh swim bladder graft. .Because of early degradation of scaffold with deposition of native tissue, proliferation of epithelium, along with high degree of angiogenesis and lesser inflammatory reaction, acellular swim bladder graft can be graded superior to autograft and the fresh swim bladder grafts.