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Open Access
STUDIES ON PREEMPTIVE ANALGESIC EFFECTS ON AMPUTATION OF HORN IN CATTLE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-04) PENCHALAIAH, P; SURESH KUMAR, R.V(MAJOR); HARA GOPAL, V; SRILATH, Ch
ABSTRACT: Twelve cattle undergoing amputation of horn procedures were randomly divided in to two groups. In group I animals surgery was performed following standard procedure and in group I1 meloxicam was administered at the dose rate of 0.2 mg per kilo gram body weight intravenously 30 minutes before anesthesia and surgery. Preemptive analgesic effects were evaluated by physiological, haematological, pulse oxymetric, and biochemical studies. Meloxicam did not alter rectal temperature and pulse rate values in the present study. Though the respiratory rates showed the significant rise in both the groups these were within the normal physiological range. Pulse oxymetric studies revealed no sigruficant changes in Sp02values in both the groups. Total erythrocyte values showed sigmficant reduction in group I whereas the changes were not sigruficant in meloxicam treated group. Both the groups showed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and lymphocytopenia, more sigruficantly in group I compared to group 11. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume values were sigruficantly reduced in group I compared to group LI. Biochemical parameters like cortisol, C-reactive protein and glucose were sigruficantly increased in group I where as meloxicam treated animals showed non sigruficant fluctuations. In conclusion meloxicam a selective COX-2 Inhibitor could be used satisfactorily as a preemptive analgesic to reduce post operative pain in amputation of horn in cattle.
Open Access
STUDIES ON THE URETHRAL HEALING USING BIOCASINGS WITH AND WITHOUT URETHROSTOMY IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1999-07) SREENU, MAKKENA; VENKATESWARA RAO, N(MAJOR); HARAGOPAL, V; SESHAGIRI RAO, A; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, T.S
ABSTRACT: Ninety six mongrel dogs were randomly divided into 2 groups of 48 animals of urethrotomy and urzthrostomy. Each group was further divided into four sub groups depending on the technique ci reconstruction. -4111 cm incision was created on urethra prescrotally in dl the animals. The urethral incision was left unsutured/ sutured to carp== cavernosum penis in control animals keeping catheter in situ. Gelatm fibrin and amnion were wrapped around the urethrotomy / urethrostomy sites. The urethral healing was evaluated by clinical, haematologicd biochemical, radiological, gross and histopathological studies. Ventral urethral incision caudal to ospenis was found to be u effective model for the evaluation of biocasings for urethral healing. Introduction of catheter pre-operatively and lateral retraction of retracror penis muscle helped in location of urethra and application of biocasings on to operated site; Suturing of muscles and the biocasings helped in securing the casings in positiod at the urethral incision. Processed gelatin, fibrin and amnion provided adequate strength to wrap around the operated site; Premedication of the dogs before injection of thiopentone sochum facilitated easy intravenous injection of anaesthetic with minimal restraint and potentiated the effect. Intermittent doses of thiopentone sodium produced adequate anaesthesia and muscle relaxation to perform surgery. Haemorrhage from the operative site was less in urethrostomy group when compared to urethrotomy group. Act of micturition was painful in the initial post operative days in all the dogs. Scrota1 oedema and subcutaneous ecchymosis were not a common observation. The rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory values showed significant increase during initial post-operative days in all dogs. Significant variation was noticed among the control sub groups and gelatin, amnion and fibrin in both the groups. Urine analysis revealed non-significant variation in pH value and specific gravity in both the groups. Non-significant variation in blood urea nitrogen levels were observed among control ; gelatin, fibrin, and amnion treated animals of both groups. A significant increase in serum creatinine values were observed in all the dogs. Inorganic phosphorus values showed an initial raise. A sigruficant decrease was noticed in total protein values of control and treated groups, which was more in control and gelatin treated animals. Total erythrocyte values, packed cell volume and haemoglobin values exhibited sigmficant decrease upto 5th post-operative day and 3rd post-operative day in urethrotomy and urethrostomy groups respectively. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate showed hghly significant increase upto seventh post operative day in gelatin group only. Total leucocyte counts were elevated significantly upto 5th post operative day in urethrotomy group and upto 7th post-operative day In urethrostomy group. Positive contrast urethrography using 15% barium sulphate provided good visualisation ofY urethra. Early urethrograms of urethrotomy group showed no leakage at the operative site; whereas urethrostomy group showed potential leakage of contrast media into periurethral space. In the later stages, control and gelatin wrapped urethra showed mucosal irregularities and stricture formation. The fibrin and amnion wrapped animals showed patent urethral lumen in urethrotomy group. The control and gelatin treated animals of urethrostomy group showed fistulation and mucosal irregularities, while fibrin and gelatin treated animals showed widening of the urethral lumen at the operative site. Grossly, all the dogs showed swelling, congestion, and edema at the operative site in early post operative days. As time advanced, these changes were not seen. Thick to filamentous adhesions at the operated site with the surrounding tissues were seen in all the dogs. Microscopically all the sections showed inflammatory reaction in the early post-operative days. The inflammatory reaction was severe in control and gelatin wrapped animals compared to fibrin and amnion treated group animals. Urethrotomy group showed stenosis of urethral lumen whereas urethrostomy group showed widening of urethral lumen at operated site. EpitheliaLization was complete by 14 to 30 days in both the groups. Based on the above observations made it is concluded that urethrotomy incision covered with fibrin and amnion proved to be better compared to control and gelatin treated groups. Urethrostomy groups had post-operative complications like leakage, fistula formation, and mucosal abnormalities. However these complications can be lessened by use of fibrin and amnion as evidenced by the result of the present study.
Open Access
STUDIES ON INTESTINAL INFARCTION IN BUFFALOE CALVES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1981) CHANDRA BABU, PANDLURU; RAMA KRISHNA, O(MAJOR); CHANDRAVATHY, Y.S; LAKSHMIPATHY, G.V
Open Access
EVALUATION OF LOCKING COMPRESSION PLATE AND THE CONVENTIONAL LIMITED CONTACT DYNAMIC COMPRESSION PLATE FIXATION TECHNIQUES FOR FEMORAL FRACTURE REPAIR IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-01) MANOHAR, P; DHANA LAKSHMI, N(MAJOR); SURESH KUMAR, R .V.; CHANDRASEKAR RAO, T.S
ABSTRACT : Twelve dogs presented to the college hospital with unstable femoral diaphyseal fractures which were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and survey radiography were taken as clinical material for the study. The breed, age, sex wise incidence, cause and type of fracture were studied. The dogs were equally divided into group I and II and the fractures were stabilized with selected indigenously made conventional Limited Contact-Dynamic Compression Plate (LC-DCP) along with normal DCP screws (Group I) and new Locking compression plate (LCP) along with locking screws (Group II) following standard AO/ASIF procedures. Selection of appropriate size of plate and screws according to age, body weight and type of fracture provided good fracture stability. In both the groups, no technical difficulties were observed while application of LC - DCP and LCP. The outcome of fracture stabilization and healing was evaluated with postoperative lameness grading, radiography and biochemical analysis. In both the groups, stabilization showed good clinical outcome with complete normal limb usage within seven weeks except in one case of group I where fixation failure with screw loosening and fragments separation was recorded by second week. In this case, the fracture was again stabilized with IMP and LC-DCP which was healed later. In group II, no implant failure or screw loosening was observed except in one case there was slight bending of plate without much disturbance to alignment. The overall average healing time in both the groups was 6-12 weeks. The fractures showed radiographically excellent postoperative healing of cortical union, absence of fracture lines with limited and also bridging callus. Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference (P < 0.01) in increase of serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium in group II when compared to group I whereas non significant difference was observed in phosphorus levels. Based on present study, it was concluded that both conventional LC-DCP and LCP were good for stabilization of unstable femoral fractures for early limb ambulance and excellent healing. However the application of LCP was found easier than LC-DCP with advantages like self tapping locking screws, less precontouring of plate and combi-hole for both fixed and angle fixation of screws. Although using LCP with locking screws was two times more expensive than using the LC-DCP with cortical screws, this LCP was more advantageous for offering excellent stabilization and early return to function in comminuted diaphyseal femoral fracture repair than LC-DCP.
Open Access
SURGICAL REPAIR OF SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURE OF FEMUR IN DOGS - A CLINICAL STUDY
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-10) GANGADHAR, M; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P(MAJOR); CHANDRASHEKHER, E.L; PRAMOD KUMAR, D
ABSTRACT: The present clinical study was conducted on 11 dogs with supracondylar fractures of the femur presented for treatment at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Bhoiguda and Campus Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Out of the 11 dogs, 6 dog were males and 5 were females. Out of 11 dogs 6 dogs (54.5%) were in the age group of 0-6 months and 2 dogs (18.18%) were in the age group of 6-12 months, and 2 dogs were in the age group of 12-18 months and 1 dog was (9.09%) more than two years of age. The causes were found to be automobile accident in 4 (36.36%) dogs, fall from a height in 5 (45.45%), stamping by its owner in 2 (18.18%) dogs. The dogs presented for treatment of supracondylar femoral fractures exhibited symptoms like sudden onset of pain and lameness immediately after a traumatic injury, swelling in the stifle area, dangling of the limb, non-weight bearing, abnormal angulation of the limb at the fracture site and crepitation. Radiography revealed that all the supracondylar femoral fractures were transverse fractures, except in one dog, where the fracture was found to be short oblique in orientation. The supracondylar fractures were treated with cross pinning in 10 dogs and intramedullary pinning combined with cross pinning in one dog. Post-operative radiographs taken immediately after the surgical correction and immobilization of the fractures revealed good anatomical reduction and immobilization of the fracture site in nine dogs and good alignment albeit with a perceptible gap at the fracture site in two dogs. The present clinical study indicated that supracondylar fractures of femur in dogs is most commonly encountered in young dogs, with a majority of them occurring in puppies below 18 months of age. The results of the present clinical study conclusively proved that cross pinning technique is well suited for the surgical repair of supracondylar fractures of femur in dogs. The techniques employed also fulfilled the concept of adaptation osteosynthesis that is meant to preserve and protect the growth plates or physis with the use of weak implants.The complications encountered were consequent to implant failure resulting from repeated trauma in one dog and hyperactivity and excessive excitable nature in two other dogs. The present study indicated that cross pinning technique is well suited for surgical repair of supracondylar fractures of femur in young dogs.
Open Access
A CLINICAL STUDY ON SURGICAL TREATMENT OF HUMERAL FRACTURES IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-06) VENKATAIAH, S; CHANDRASEKHAR, E.L(Major); RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P; PRAMOD KUMAR, D
ABSTRACT : The present clinical study was conducted on 18 dogs with humeral fractures presented for surgical treatment. Out of the 18 dogs, 14 were males and 4 were females. They were in the age group of 3 months to 7 years. Routine clinical examination, radiographic examination, surgical instruments and procedures were used for diagnosis and treatment of these dogs. Out of the eighteen dogs that were treated surgically, thirteen dogs with transverse humeral fractures underwent intramedullary pinning, three dogs with oblique fractures were treated with intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wiring. In the remaining two dogs, one with transverse supra condylar fracture, and one with inter condylar fracture, closed reduction and external coaptation (cast) was adopted. The causes were found to be automobile accidents in 6 dogs, fall from a height in 10 dogs, stamping by its owner in 1 dog and blunt trauma caused by a stranger in 1 dog. Study of the breed wise incidence revealed humeral fractures in 3 mongrels, 7 German Shepherds , 2 Labrador, 5 Spitz and 1 Pug. The symptoms of humeral fractures were found to be pain, swelling over the humerus area, loss of function and crepitation at the fracture site. In all the dogs, the function of the affected limb was lost and non-weight bearing and varying degrees of limb swelling was noticed. The dogs with humeral fractures carried the affected leg with the elbow dropped and with the paw resting on the dorsal surface. The dogs dragged the limb while walking. None of the dogs exhibited any neurological deficit. The dogs with mid shaft fractures of humerus showed considerable angular displacement of distal segment. In the 13 dogs that underwent intramedullary pinning for transverse mid shaft and distal shaft fractures of humerus, satisfactory alignment of fracture segments with good union was seen by a bridging callus with minimal periosteal reaction in 12 dogs at the end of 4 weeks of surgery. A large bridging callus with fine radiolucent line was observed in one dog on 30th postoperative day. In 3 dogs, proximal migration of pin was noticed . Normal healing ensued following removal of pins in all the dogs. Postoperative radiographic examination of 3 (16.66%) dogs that underwent intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wiring revealed normal bone healing with retention of oblique fracture ends in place, held snugly by the cerclage wire. Radiograph on 45th postoperative day showed good alignment of fracture, healed fracture with moderate callus formation and slight periosteal reaction at caudal surface of the fracture of humerus. Post reduction radiographic examination in 2 dogs with transverse supracondylar fracture of humerus in one dog and intercondylar fracture of humerus in another dog, treated by external coaptation revealed satisfactory fracture healing and good alignment of fracture. In the dog with supracondylar fracture, excessive callus around the fracture site was observed. Post reduction radiographic examination at 5 months in the other dog with wide separation of the condyles revealed normal bone healing. The following conclusions were drawn from the results of the present clinical study: 1. Out of the eighteen dogs in the present study, transverse fracture of humeral shaft was noticed in 13 dogs ( 72.22 %), oblique fractures of the humeral shaft in 3 dogs (16.67%) and supracondylar and intercondylar fractures of the distal humerus was noticed in one dog each. 2. These fractures were amenable to treatment with intramedullary pinning in cases of transverse shaft fractures of humerus and by intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wiring in oblique fractures. Supracondylar and intercondylar fractures healed well by coaptation and Robert Jone’s cast application. 3. No major complications were encountered. The minor complications in three dogs were proximal migration of the pin with a seromatous swelling that disappeared following removal of the pin, thus rendering the complications insignificant.
Open Access
A CLINICAL STUDY ON SURGICAL TREATMENT OF FEMORAL AND TIBIAL FRACTURES IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-11) MADHAVI, N; GIREESH KUMAR, V(MAJOR); RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P; PRAMOD KUMAR, D
ABSTRACT : The present clinical study was conducted on 26 dogs comprising of 18 dogs with femur fractures and 8 dogs with tibial fractures presented for treatment at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex Bhoiguda and Campus Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Among 18 dogs with femur fractures, 12 were males and 6 were females. Among 8 dogs with tibial fractures 5 were males and 3 were females. The results showed that Out of 18 dogs with femur fractures, 9 (50.00%) were in the age group of 0-6 months, 5 (27.78%) were in the age group of 6-12 months, 2 (11.11%) were in the age group of 12-18 months and 2 (11.11%) were more than 2 year of age. Out of 8 dogs with tibial fractures 4 (50.00%) were in the age group of 0-6 months, 2 (25.00%) were in the age group of 6-12 months and 2 (25.00%) were in the age group of 12-18 months. The causes of femoral and tibial fractures in 26 dogs were found to be automobile accident in 14 (53.85%) dogs, fall from a height in 9 (34.60%) dogs, dog bite in 1 (3.85%) dog and stamping by its owner in 2 (7.70%) dogs. Among 18 dogs studied for femur fractures, 8 (44.44%) dogs were mongrels, 3 (16.66%) were German shepherd, 2 (11.11%) were Spitz, 1 (5.56%) was Great Dane, 1 (5.56%) was Dalmatian, 1 (5.56%) was Rott Weiler, 1 (5.56%) was Dachshund and 1 (5.56%) was pug. Among 8 dogs studied for tibial fractures, 5 (62.50%) were mongrels, 1 (12.50%) was German shepherd and 2 (25.00%) were Spitz. Mediolateral and anteroposterior radiographs of femur and tibia were taken to diagnose the type of femoral and tibial fractures. The type and the site of the fracture on the femur and tibia were noted from the radiographs. Postoperative (check x-ray) was taken immediately after surgical reduction of fracture. Post reduction radiographs were taken on day 15, 30, 45, and 60, whenever possible, to evaluate the healing process. The 26 dogs that formed part of the present study were subjected to different surgical procedures depending on the fracture configuration and site of fracture. Out of 18 dogs with femur fracture, Intramedullary pinning was performed in 10 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fractures and transverse distal metaphyseal fractures of femur and Intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wiring was performed in 3 dogs with oblique diaphyseal fracture of femur. 2 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fractures were repaired by stack Intramedullary pin fixation while cross pinning was employed in the treatment of supracondylar fracture of femur in 3 dogs. Out of 8 dogs with tibial fractures, closed reduction with external coaptation was used for reduction of simple, transverse, stable diaphyseal fracture in 2 dogs Intramedullary pinning was performed in 2 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fracture, Intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wiring as adopted in 2 dogs with oblique fracture and stack pinning procedure was employed for reduction of oblique fractures of proximal tibia in 2 dogs. The present study elucidated that Intramedullary pinning resulted in good fracture healing in 7 dogs Out of the 10 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fractures and transverse distal metaphyseal fractures of femur. This pointed to the suitability of Intramedullary pin fixation in the treatment of transverse diaphyseal fractures and transverse distal metaphyseal fractures of femur. Malunion in one dog with transverse diaphyseal fracture of femur and migration of Intramedullary pin in 2 dogs with transverse distal metaphyseal fractures of femur were observed. All the 3 dogs oblique diaphyseal fracture of femur combined with cerclage wiring recovered well. The two dogs with transverse diaphyseal fracture of femur operated by stack pin fixation started bearing weight on the operated limb from 3rd postoperative day. Both the dogs recovered uneventfully. All the 3 dogs with supracondylar fractures of femur were repaired by cross pinning procedure. Among the 3 dogs, the two dogs were active and started bearing weight on the operated limb from the next day of operation. In one dog although one of the cross pins migrated downward distally from its position in the cortex by 3 weeks after surgery, the fracture alignment was maintained well and the second pin was firmly holding the segments. The dog showed gradual improvement in weight bearing after pin removal and returned to function of the limb by 4 weeks after surgery. Among the 8 dogs with tibial fractures, 2 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fracture were treated by closed reduction with external coaptation, 2 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fracture were treated by Intramedullary pinning, 2 dogs with oblique diaphyseal fracture were treated by Intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wire and 2 dogs with short oblique fracture of proximal tibia were treated by stack pinning. All the dogs started bearing weight on the affected leg from the 3rd day after treatment. In the two dogs treated by closed reduction with external coaptation, the cast was removed when the dogs showed clinical bone union and full weight bearing on the affected leg. In the remaining 6 dogs, the pins were removed after confirming the clinical bone union. Recovery was uneventful in all the 8 dogs. The complications encountered during the present study included migration of Intramedullary pins in 2 cases which responded well to the treatment by application of Schroeder Thomas Splint, migration of one of the cross pins at 21 days of surgery in one dog which recovered with satisfactory bone healing and malunion in one dog with migration of Intramedullary pin recovered uneventfully after removal of the pin.
Open Access
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF UDDER TEAT IN BUFFALOES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-10) RAMBABU, KALAKA; SREENU, MAKKENA; SURESH KUMAR, R.V.; CHANDRA SEKHARA RAO, T.S
ABSTRACT: The present study was carried on clinical cases related to affections of udder and teats referred to TVCSC, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram. The cases were randomly selected following thcrough clinical examination .Ultrasonography was conducted by restraining the buffaloes in trevis to record normal and pathological condition of udder and teat disorders in buffaloes by using a 7.5MHz linear array transducer. Among the udder lesions highest incidence of udder oedema was recorded followed by mammitis, atrophy and fibrosis, abscess, haematoma and varicosity with an overall incidence of 4.2 % udder lesions . The incidence of teat lesions was 2.5 1% with a highest incidence of intralurninal obstructions followed by polythelia, oligothelia, teat lacerations /fistulas and intralurninal foreign bodies, allergic mastitis and papillomas /neoplasms , fused teats and pox lesions. Four methods viz., direct contact method , gel application. water bath method and stand off method were compared for ultrasonography of udder and teats . In direct contact method the application of the transducer on to teat or udder surface was easy but the shape of the teat was altered. Gel application method improved the contact of the transducer to record ultrasonographic images. The udder and teats were dipped in a water bath made of polyethelene bag/condom filled with water for ultrasonographic examination. Gel filled condom was used as standoff pad to examine the udder and teat ultrasonographically. Among all the methods water bath and gel application methods showed better visualization of udder and teat with almost all anatomical structures. The normal sonographic appearance of gland parenchyma , gland sinus, teat wall, teat sinus, teat canal and rosette of Furstenberg were recorded. Udder lesions like marnmitis, oedema. varicosity, haematoma, abscess, atrophy and fibrosis were recorded ultrasonographically. They appeared with different echogenecity. Sonographic diagnosis of teat lesions includes thelitis, intraluminal obstructions, intraluminal foreign bodies, trauma / fistula, teat stenosis, atresia and fibrosis. Ultrasonographic measurement of teat diameter, teat wall thickness, teat cistern diameter and teat canal length was done in lactating and non lactating buffaloes to know the functional status of the teat. To conclude ultrasonography could be used as non invasive diagnostic tool to identifii the lesions of udder and teats in buffaloes.
Open Access
A CLINICAL STUDY OF UROLITHIOSIS IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-05) SRAVANTHI, P; CHANDRASEKHAR, E.L(Major); RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P; PROMOD KUMAR, D
ABSTRACT : The present clinical study was conducted on 10 dogs presented for treatment of canine urolithiasis. The mean age of the incidence was found to be 7 years. All the 10 dogs presented for treatment were male dogs. Out of 10 dogs, 6 dogs were Spitz breed (50%), 2 dogs were German shepherd (20%), one dog was Dachshund (10%) and Mongrel (10%). Out of 10 dogs presented, in 6 dogs urethral calculi were found, in 3 dogs cystic calculi were found and in one dog renal calculi were encountered. No cases of ureteral calculi were encountered. Radiography and ultrasonography were found to be effective diagnostic aids in confirmation of urolithiasis. Out of 9 dogs treated surgically, in 5 dogs cystotomy was performed after retrograde hydropropulsion, in 2 dogs scrotal urethrostomy was performed and in two dogs urethrotomy was performed. No surgical treatment was attempted in one dog with renal calculi. All the cases of urolithiasis recovered uneventfully after surgery with minimal post operative complications. In 2 dogs recurrence of calculi was observed after surgery. They were not treated since they were asymptomatic. It was concluded that surgery was an appropriate choice of treatment for preventing the clinical symptoms associated with calculi. Analysis of the calculi recovered by surgery revealed that 55.56 % were calcium oxalate calculi, 33.33% were magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi and 11.11% were calcium oxalate + ammonium urate calculi. Scanning electron microscopy revealed bar shaped crystals in calcium oxalate calculi,rock like crystals in magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi and spindle shaped crystals in calcium oxalate + ammonium urate calculi The following conclusions were drawn from the results of the present clinical study 1. The average age of incidence of Urolithiasis in dogs was found to be 7 years. 2. The condition was most common in Spitz breed of dogs. 3. The condition was found to be more common in male dogs. Although no case was encountered in female dogs in this study, from the available literature, it was found that it is less common in female dogs. 4. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations were confirmative of the condition. 5. Analysis of the calculi revealed that calcium oxalate calculi were the predominant type in this area followed by magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi and combined calcium oxalate and ammonium urate calculi. 6. Scanning electron microscopy helped in identification of the crystal type and its deposition around the nuclei. There may be multiple nuclei in some cases.

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