A CLINICAL STUDY ON SURGICAL TREATMENT OF FEMORAL AND TIBIAL FRACTURES IN DOGS
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Date
2007-11
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SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA
Abstract
ABSTRACT :
The present clinical study was conducted on 26 dogs comprising of 18 dogs with femur fractures and 8 dogs with tibial fractures presented for treatment at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex Bhoiguda and Campus Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Among 18 dogs with femur fractures, 12 were males and 6 were females. Among 8 dogs with tibial fractures 5 were males and 3 were females. The results showed that Out of 18 dogs with femur fractures, 9 (50.00%) were in the age group of 0-6 months, 5 (27.78%) were in the age group of 6-12 months, 2 (11.11%) were in the age group of 12-18 months and 2 (11.11%) were more than 2 year of age. Out of 8 dogs with tibial fractures 4 (50.00%) were in the age group of 0-6 months, 2 (25.00%) were in the age group of 6-12 months and 2 (25.00%) were in the age group of 12-18 months.
The causes of femoral and tibial fractures in 26 dogs were found to be automobile accident in 14 (53.85%) dogs, fall from a height in 9 (34.60%) dogs, dog bite in 1 (3.85%) dog and stamping by its owner in 2 (7.70%) dogs. Among 18 dogs studied for femur fractures, 8 (44.44%) dogs were mongrels, 3 (16.66%) were German shepherd, 2 (11.11%) were Spitz, 1 (5.56%) was Great Dane, 1 (5.56%) was Dalmatian, 1 (5.56%) was Rott Weiler, 1 (5.56%) was Dachshund and 1 (5.56%) was pug. Among 8 dogs studied for tibial fractures, 5 (62.50%) were mongrels, 1 (12.50%) was German shepherd and 2 (25.00%) were Spitz.
Mediolateral and anteroposterior radiographs of femur and tibia were taken to diagnose the type of femoral and tibial fractures. The type and the site of the fracture on the femur and tibia were noted from the radiographs. Postoperative (check x-ray) was taken immediately after surgical reduction of fracture. Post reduction radiographs were taken on day 15, 30, 45, and 60, whenever possible, to evaluate the healing process. The 26 dogs that formed part of the present study were subjected to different surgical procedures depending on the fracture configuration and site of fracture. Out of 18 dogs with femur fracture, Intramedullary pinning was performed in 10 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fractures and transverse distal metaphyseal fractures of femur and Intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wiring was performed in 3 dogs with oblique diaphyseal fracture of femur. 2 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fractures were repaired by stack Intramedullary pin fixation while cross pinning was employed in the treatment of supracondylar fracture of femur in 3 dogs. Out of 8 dogs with tibial fractures, closed reduction with external coaptation was used for reduction of simple, transverse, stable diaphyseal fracture in 2 dogs Intramedullary pinning was performed in 2 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fracture, Intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wiring as adopted in 2 dogs with oblique fracture and stack pinning procedure was employed for reduction of oblique fractures of proximal tibia in 2 dogs. The present study elucidated that Intramedullary pinning resulted in good fracture healing in 7 dogs Out of the 10 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fractures and transverse distal metaphyseal fractures of femur. This pointed to the suitability of Intramedullary pin fixation in the treatment of transverse diaphyseal fractures and transverse distal metaphyseal fractures of femur. Malunion in one dog with transverse diaphyseal fracture of femur and migration of Intramedullary pin in 2 dogs with transverse distal metaphyseal fractures of femur were observed. All the 3 dogs oblique diaphyseal fracture of femur combined with cerclage wiring recovered well. The two dogs with transverse diaphyseal fracture of femur operated by stack pin fixation started bearing weight on the operated limb from 3rd postoperative day. Both the dogs recovered uneventfully. All the 3 dogs with supracondylar fractures of femur were repaired by cross pinning procedure. Among the 3 dogs, the two dogs were active and started bearing weight on the operated limb from the next day of operation. In one dog although one of the cross pins migrated downward distally from its position in the cortex by 3 weeks after surgery, the fracture alignment was maintained well and the second pin was firmly holding the segments. The dog showed gradual improvement in weight bearing after pin removal and returned to function of the limb by 4 weeks after surgery. Among the 8 dogs with tibial fractures, 2 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fracture were treated by closed reduction with external coaptation, 2 dogs with transverse diaphyseal fracture were treated by Intramedullary pinning, 2 dogs with oblique diaphyseal fracture were treated by Intramedullary pinning combined with cerclage wire and 2 dogs with short oblique fracture of proximal tibia were treated by stack pinning. All the dogs started bearing weight on the affected leg from the 3rd day after treatment. In the two dogs treated by closed reduction with external coaptation, the cast was removed when the dogs showed clinical bone union and full weight bearing on the affected leg. In the remaining 6 dogs, the pins were removed after confirming the clinical bone union. Recovery was uneventful in all the 8 dogs.
The complications encountered during the present study included migration of Intramedullary pins in 2 cases which responded well to the treatment by application of Schroeder Thomas Splint, migration of one of the cross pins at 21 days of surgery in one dog which recovered with satisfactory bone healing and malunion in one dog with migration of Intramedullary pin recovered uneventfully after removal of the pin.
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