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ThesisItem Open Access Treatment of Tibial Fractures in Bovines With Rush Pins(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1972-02) Venkateswara Rao, Koduru; Venkateswara Rao, S(MAJOR)ThesisItem Open Access Treatment of Tibial Fractures in Bovines With Rush Pins(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 1972-02) Venkateswara Rao, Koduru; Venkateswara Rao, S(Major)ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF TYPE II EXTERNAL SKELETAL FIXATORS OF MODIFIED FRAME CONSTRUCTIONS FOR TIBIAL DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURE REPAIR IN DOGS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-07) KOTESWARA RAO, TANNERU; DHANA LAKSHMI, N (Major); SURESH KUMAR, R.V; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT : Twelve dogs presented to the College Hospital with unstable diaphyseal tibial fractures which were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopedic examination and survey radiography were taken as clinical material for the study. The breed, age, sex wise incidence, cause and type of fracture were studied. The dogs were equally divided into group I and II of six animals each. The fractures were stabilized with modified frame constructions of type II external skeletal fixators of positive profile end threaded half pins and smooth full pins of minimal type (group I) and modified frame constructions of type II external skeletal fixators of positive profile centrally threaded full pins of maximal type (group II) following standard procedures. Selection of appropriate size of pins, connecting rods and clamps according to age, body weight and type of fracture provided good fracture stability. In both the groups, modified AO mini clamps, Beta clamps with knurl rods and low cost acrylic and local epoxy putty modified connecting frames were used in small dogs. No technical difficulties were observed while application of these modified construction frames of type II external skeletal fixators in these animals. The outcome of fracture stabilization and healing was evaluated with postoperative lameness grading, pain score, radiography and biochemical analysis. In both the groups, stabilization showed good clinical outcome with complete normal limb usage within seven weeks except in one case of group I where fixation failure with smooth pin migration and destabilization of fixator and fragments separation was recorded by second week. In this case, the fracture was again stabilized by passing pins and tightening with clamps which was healed later. In group II, no migration and pin loosening of centrally threaded pins was observed except pin tract infection with pin bone interface wound formation. These complications not showed any disturbance on clinical weight bearing and healing of fracture. The overall average healing time in both the groups was 4 -12 weeks. The fractures showed radio graphically excellent postoperative healing of cortical union, absence of fracture lines with endosteal bridging callus. Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference (P < 0.01) in increase of serum alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus and C-reactive protein in group II compared to group I whereas non significant change was observed in calcium levels. Based on present study, it was concluded that both minimal and maximal modified type II external skeletal fixators with standard and low cost connecting frames according to fracture patient assessment were good for stabilization of unstable tibial fractures for early limb ambulance and excellent healing. However the application of positive profile centrally threaded pins with predrilling of pilot hole was found easier than end threaded half pins with advantages like good stability, less pain and more pin and cortical intact of bone.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON BOVINE TUMOURS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-07) VENKATESWARLU NAIK, B; SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major); DHANALAKSHMI, N; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT : The present research work dealt with „Clinical studies on bovine tumours‟ with special reference to their incidence, diagnosis and treatment. This study included both white and black cattle of different ages. A proforma was developed to arrive at the information and to carryout the research. Clinical cases presented to college hospital and hospitals in Chittoor and Guntur District formed the material for the present study. Out of the 1649 bovine cases studied, 541 were found to have space occupying lesions like abscess, cyst, haematoma, hernia etc. Among these 59 cases were diagnosed as tumours / neoplasms. In that, 46 were white cattle and 13 were buffaloes. Highest incidence of tumours were noticed in females (61%) compared with males (38.98%). Animals in the range of 6-9 years age showed highest incidence (i.e., 44.06%), and lowest incidence at 12 – 15 years of age (6.77%). HF cross bred animals had highest incidence of tumours i.e., 27.11%, followed by buffaloes (23.72%), Jersey (16.94%), non descript (15.25%), Ongole (13.55%) and lowest was in Hallikar breed (3.38 %). Histologically 13 different types of tumours were diagnosed. Papillomas were predominant in the present study followed by squamous cell carcinoma of eye and horn. Physiological parameters like temperature, respiration and pulse did not show much significant difference before and after surgery. Wide varities of tumours with different size, shape, location with symptoms like ulceration, bleeding, pedunculation, different degrees of tissue involvement were recorded. Fine needle aspiration biopsy, impression smear examination before the surgical procedure was found to be beneficial in diagnosing the tumorous condition. Though haematalogical and biochemical parameters showed a significant rise or a fall, the fluctuations were within the normal physiological limits. Surgical excision along with cryotherapy were found to be very effective in treating cases of tumours. Early diagnosis of tumorous conditions was made possible by their clinical presentation, fine needle aspiration biopsy, impression smears examination so that progress of growths could be avoided. Cytological, haematological, biochemical and histological examinations has proved to have prognostic value by which economic lossess to the farmers can be avoided.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON LAPAROHYSTEROTOMY AND NEONATAL RESUSCITATION IN SMALL RUMINANTS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-05) DEVI PRASAD, VADDADI; SREENU, MAKKENA (Major); SURESH KUMAR, R.V; CHANDRA SEKHARA RAO, T.S; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT: The present study entitled “Clinical studies on laparohysterotomy and neonatal resuscitation in small ruminants” was conducted to evaluate different techniques of performing laparohysterotomy and neonatal resuscitation in small ruminants suitable to the field conditions. In the present study, the incidence of dystocia in sheep was found to be 87.03% and in goat it was 12.96%. Comparatively, incidence of dystocia was more in pleuriparous compared to the primiparous animals. Many cases of dystocia warranting laparohysterotomy were found to be associated with female foetuses. The main indication for which laparohysterotomy performed was, the insufficient dilatation of cervix followed by gross oversize of foetus, postural abnormalities, foetal emphysema and uterine torsion. Real time B-mode trans abdominal ultrasonography was found to be rapid and highly useful in knowing the viability status of the foetus. Spinal anaesthesia using two per cent lignocaine hydrochloride at lumbosacral space provided optimal analgesia, muscle relaxation and hind limb restraint. Linear infiltration had the disadvantages of improperly desensitized peritoneum and development of toxicity. Post anaesthetic depression was marked in both linear infiltration and ketamine diazepam anaesthesia. The mid ventral incision was proved to be best, due to its advantages like ease of performance, less haemorrhage, provision of good working place for exteriorization and detorsion. The disadvantages of the right and left ventro lateral oblique incisions were the prolapse of intestines at the site of operation, less working space, difficulty in exteriorization. The conspicuous haematological changes in all the animals, were decreased total erythrocytes count, haemoglobin, and packed cell volume; leucocytosis with neutrophilia and lymphocytopoenia. The biochemical parameters revealed increased levels of glucose and plasma cortisol and decreased levels of cholesterol and plasma proteins. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples of uterus showed coagulation necrosis, vacuolation, hypertrophy endometrial glands; hyalinization of blood vessels, oedema and necrosis of myometrium. The antibiotic sensitivity test revealed sensitivity of samples to enrofloxacin and gentamicin. Among the neonatal resuscitation procedures, the best method of clearing airways was nasal and pharyngeal suctioning and heimlich’s manoeuvre. Apnoea was best treated by external cardiac massage with oxygen supplementation. Hypoxia and hypothermia were corrected by placing the neonate in an incubator that had oxygen supply and a light source. The neonatal hypoglycemia could be best treated by injection of glucose solution intraperitoneally.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDY ON OCULAR DISEASES OF SURGICAL IMPORTANCE IN DOGS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2009-05) BHARATHI, SEELAM; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P. (Major); GIREESH KUMAR, V; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, T.S; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT: The present study was conducted on 110 clinical cases presented to Campus Veterinary Hospital, Rajendranagar, and Veterinary Hospital, Bhoiguda, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad from September 2006 to February 2009. Of the ocular diseases encountered, 20% of the cases were diseases of the eyelids, 6.36% were diseases of conjunctiva, 38.18% were diseases of cornea, 1.81% were diseases of the sclera, 4.54% were cases of glaucoma, 13.63% were cases of cataract, 1.81% were diseases of retina, 8.18% were diseases of globe and 5.45% accounted for congenital diseases. Out of 110 dogs with eye diseases, 32 cases were seen in the age group of 0-2 years (29.09%), 25 cases were recorded in the age group of 2-4 years (22.71%), 14 cases were seen in the age group of 4-6 years (12.72%), 17 cases in the age group of 6-8 years (15.45%), 6 cases in the age group of 8-10 years (5.45%), 7 cases in the age group of 10-12 years ( 6.36%) and 9 cases were seen in the age group of 12 years and above (8.18%). The number of cases recorded in Spitz breed were a highest of 37 cases (33.63%), in non-descript breeds 17 cases were recorded (15.45%). 12 cases were recorded in Pug (10.90 %), 10 cases in Labrador Retriever, (9.09 %), 8 cases in German Shepherd Dogs, (7.27%) and six cases in Terrier breed were recorded ( 5.45%). Five cases each (4.54%) were recorded in Boxer and in Cross bred breeds of dogs, while in Neapolitan Mastiff and Great Dane, three cases were recorded (2.72%). In Beagle, Doberman, Dachshund, and Cocker Spaniel breeds, one case each were recorded (0.90%). No sex predilection was seen in the cases undertaken for this study. Classification of the diseases was according to the anatomical part affected. Six cases of eyelid lacerations, eight cases of eyelid tumours, and seven cases of prolapse of Harderian gland were treated surgically, which healed without any major complications. Eyelid lacerations and eyelid tumours were treated surgically. Histopathology of the eyelid tumours revealed trichoepithelioma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous ductal adenoma, sebaceous epithelioma, papilloma and hemangiosarcoma in one case each. Surgical excision of the Harderian gland was performed in three cases and repositioning of the Harderian gland was performed in three dogs. Recurrence of the prolapse was noticed after seven days. Surgical excision of Harderian gland was performed in all cases, which recovered without any complications by the end of two weeks. Seven cases of conjunctivitis were treated according to the culture and antibiotic sensitivity test results. In six cases, Staphylococcus species and Klebsiella in one case were found to be the causative organisms. Ciprofloxacin was the antibiotic of choice as per culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests, followed by cefotaxim, ceftriaxone and gentamicin. All the cases responded to treatment with topical antibiotics, and were free of symptoms by the end of one week. Of the fourteen cases of keratitis recorded in this study, vaccination against DHLP and Candida species was the cause in one case each for the disease. In the other cases, cause could not be identified. Treatment by both oral and topical administration of the drug of choice resulted in complete recovery in 50% of dogs. Nine cases of superficial corneal ulcers were treated by topical administration of most effective antibiotic based on the culture and antibiotic sensitivity test result. In two dogs with pannus, the results were unsatisfactory. In other dogs, response to treatment was seen as increase in ocular comfort. Six cases of deep corneal ulcers were treated by placing nictitating membrane flaps, and six cases were treated by placing temporary tarsorrhaphy sutures. At the end of 30 days, the corneal ulcers were seen healed well by both the procedures. Seven cases of corneal laceration were treated by suturing the cornea with 6-0 surgical silk. Third eyelid flap was applied as additional support. Healing was seen in six cases by the end of 10 days. Eight cases of mature cataract were selected for surgical treatment based on the temperament of the dog and maturity of the cataract. Ultrasonography was performed in all cases. In six cases, extracapsular lens extraction with the help of cryoprobe was performed and in two cases, foldable lens was implanted. In one case where the lens was loosely attached, the lens was removed along with its capsule, i.e., intracapsular lens extraction was performed. At the end of one year, corneas were almost completely cleared of opacity. Scanning electron microscopy of the extracted lens revealed opaque lenticular fibres, and in some areas degenerative lesions were seen in the lens substance proper. Transmission electron microscopy did not reveal any particular pathology of lens. The cases of retinal atrophy were not treated, as the dogs were blind on presentation. One case of glaucoma responded for medical treatment. Vision was restored in three cases of traumatic proptosis. The congenital diseases recorded were bilateral macropalpebral fissure in a Cocker Spaniel, bilateral ventro-lateral squint in a Spitz cross, anophthalmos and microphthalmos in a Spitz, and Dermoid cysts in two Labrador Retrievers and in one Cross bred dog. The Dermoid cysts were excised surgically and healing occurred without any complications.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON CANINE MAMMARY TUMORS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2009-05) VEENA, PODARALA; SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major); Raghavender, K.B.P; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, T.S; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT: The present clinical study was conducted on 72 dogs with canine mammary tumors. 71 dogs were females and one dog was a male. Highest incidence of CMTs was observed in the age group of 10-12 years. Majority of the cases reported were nulliparous followed by pleuriparous and uniparous. Spitz was the most commonly affected dog breed. Inguinal pair was the most commonly affected gland. All the tumors varied widely in size ranging from 2 - 12 cms. Most of the tumors were nodular and a few were cystic in nature. All the cases with ulcerations were found to be malignant. Physiological parameters and hematological parameters were evaluated and no significant difference was found between the groups. Thoracic radiographs revealed distant metastases in 9 dogs as well defined nodules or masses (cannon balls), solitary nodule, multiple small nodules and diffuse interstitial pattern. Ultrasonography found helpful to rule out abdominal 27 metastases and to know the presence of anechoic fluid filled cystic spaces. Electron microscopic studies disclosed no viral etiology in mammary carcinogenesis. Diagnostic cytology techniques like FNAB, NAF cytology established the malignancy in tumors. C-reactive protein values and AgNOR counts differentiated the malignant tumors from the benign tumors. The mean AgNoR count for all individuals varied from 2.38 to 8.32. Histopathological examination revealed 18 benign and 54 malignant CMTs. Adenocarcinomas were the most frequently encountered malignant CMTs. Immuno histochemical studies were carried out on 24 malignant CMTs and majority of the tumors (75%) were found to have hormonal receptor positive expression. Majority of adenocarcinomas (70%) were expressing PR positivity. Proliferative markers like P53, C-erb B2 oncogene expression was studied and found in 20.83% and 25% of malignant CMTs respectively. Treatment modalities like surgical excision / chemotherapy / surgery and chemotherapy / surgery and hormonal therapy were adopted. In chemotherapy, neutropenia was observed. Lethargy, vomition, anorexia were the side effects of chemotherapy observed which subsided by administration of supportive therapy. Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide were the anti cancer drugs used in the chemotherapy. Dogs with hormonal receptor positive CMTs were given hormonal therapy with tab. Tamoxifen. In the present study a combination of surgical excision of CMTs and adjunctive hormonal therapy gave the best results with no recurrence of the tumor mass compared to the other treatment modalities. Majority of the animals had no recurrence of tumor growth. Chemotherapy along with surgical excision of CMTs gave better results with 72% of disease free interval. Surgical excision remains the best treatment modality, still unprecedented for the treatment of localized or low grade or benign tumors. Variable results and toxic side effects were recorded in the treatment of CMTs with chemotherapy alone and found to be palliative.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INFLUENCE OF PHENOTHIAZINE AND BENZODIAZEPINE TRANQUILIZERS ON PROPOFOL ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2003-09) MALLIKARJUNA RAO, Ch; HARA GOPAL, V (Major); SURESH KUMAR, R.V; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT : Twelve dogs were utilized to study the effects of propofol on induction and maintenance after premedication with triflupromazine hydrochloride and diazepam. The animals were divided into two groups of six animals in each group. Triflupromazine hydrochloride@ 1 mg/ kg body weight and diazepam @ 0.5 mg/kg body weight were given intravenously in group I and group II respectively. Propofol was given intravenously @ 5mg/kg body weight after premedication and maintained by continuous infusion of propofol @ 0.4 mg/kg/minute in 5 per cent dextrose normal saline in both the groups. Induction was smooth and excellent in both the groups. Diazepam premedicated animals showed good muscle relaxation and abolition of all reflexes were noticed early than group I. The recovery from anaesthesia was smooth without any postanaesthetic complications in both the groups. Rectal temperature and respiratory rate did not show any significant changes between two groups. Heart rate did not show any significant fall in group I and significant fall up to 15 minutes in group II followed by gradual increase to near normally in remaining period. Sp02 values were within normal range during the entire period of observation. Electrocardiographic findings revealed no arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities in both the groups. The various haematological parameters like packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin(Hb) values did not show any significant decrease. Significant difference between two groups in packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin(Hb) were noticed. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) did not show any significant changes in both the groups. Changes in the Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values were not significant and within normal range in both the groups.ThesisItem Open Access HALOPERIDOL AS AN ADJUNCT TO BARBITURATE AND NON-BARBITURATE ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2003-09) PRAKASH KUMAR, B; R.V.SURESH KUMAR, R.V (Major); HARA GOPAL, V; SRILATHA, ChABSTRACT : Twelve healthy female dogs brought for animal birth control programme were divided into two groups of six animals each to study the effects of haloperidol as an adjunct to thiopentone sodium and ketamine hydrochloride. Haloperidol was given intravenously @ 0.87 mg/kg body weight in both the groups. All the dogs assumed sternal recumbency following haloperidol administration but were responding to painful stimuli. This was followed by administration of thiopentone sodium @ 20 mg/kg body weight and ketamine hydrochloride @ 10 mg/kg body weight in group I and group II respectively. The induction was smooth and rapid in group I but was delayed in group II. The mean duration of anaesthesia was 41.0 ± 0.94 minutes in group I where as it was 28.0 ± 4.09 minutes in group II which required incremental dose of ketamine approximately at 30 minutes of observation period. The recovery was smooth in group I, but associated with micturition, shivering and moderate vocalization in group II. Respiratory or heart rates showed significant decrease while temperature showed non-significant decrease in both the groups. PCV, Hb, ESR and TLC values decreased non-significantly in both the groups. BUN and creatinine levels showed transient non significant increase in group I and II. SpO2 values remained within the physiological limits in both the groups. ECG studies did not reveal any significant changes in PQ, PR, QRS complexes except primary T wave changes in two animals. The study suggests that the combination of haloperidol with thiopentone and ketamine were compatible and safe and are recommended for clinical use in dogs.
