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Open Access
INFLUENCE OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE ON PHARMACOKINETICS OF ENROFLOXACIN IN BROILER CHICKEN
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-11) CHELSIA, YATHATI; RAVI KUMAR, P (MAJOR); BHARAVI, K; RAMA DEVI, V
An experimental study was conducted on broiler chicken weighing around 2 kg to know the influence of sodium hypochlorite in drinking water on the oral pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin. The birds were divided into three groups with eight birds in each. Group I birds that were on normal drinking water received enrofloxacin orally at the dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Group II birds received sodium hypochlorite in drinking water (10 ml/100L) for seven days followed by enrofloxacin orally (10 mg/kg) on the seventh day. Group III birds also received sodium hypochlorite for seven days but enrofloxacin was given orally (10 mg/kg) 12 hours post withdrawal of sodium hypochlorite containing water. Blood samples from all the treated groups were collected from either left or right tarsal veins at 0 (blank), 0.16, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h post enrofloxacin dosing and plasma was separated and analyzed by HPLC method. It was observed that t1/2 and tmax did not differ significantly (p<0.05) in all the three groups under study. Elimination rate constant, β was observed significantly (p<0.05) increased in Group III (0.077±0.005 l/h) and Group II (0.071±0.009 l/h) birds compared to that in Group I (0.040±0.002 l/h) birds. There was a noticeable decline in Cmax of enrofloxacin in Group II (1.793±0.160 μg/ml) and Group III (1.958±0.147μg/ml) birds over Group I (2.153±0.245 μg/ml) birds, although not statistically significant (p<0.05). The AUC0-t was apparently decreased though statistically not significant (p<0.05) in both Groups II (31.587±4.241 μg/ml.h) and Group III (33.669±3.593 μg/ml.h) birds. AUC0-α recorded in Group II (32.978±4.087 μg/ml.h) birds was significantly (p<0.05) low when compared to that in Group I (50.648±6.111 μg/ml.h) birds. Thus, the influence of sodium hypochlorite exposure on total exposure to enrofloxacin across time is evident. Likewise, administration of enrofloxacin, 12 hours post withdrawal of sodium hypochlorite (Group III) also resulted in reduced AUC0-α (34.751±3.681 μg/ml.h) of enrofloxacin, though statistically not significant (p<0.05). The area under first moment curve (AUMC) and mean residence time (MRT) recorded in Group III (525.468±61.695 μg/ml.h2 and 15.088±0.431 h) and Group II (538.396±61.064 μg/ml.h2 and 16.484±0.748 h) birds were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those recorded in Group I (1407.185±216.254 μg/ml.h2 and 27.076±1.375 h) birds. Sodium hypochlorite exposure or its exposure till 12 hours before the administration of enrofloxacin could not retain the enrofloxacin molecules for a period similar to that observed in control Group I. Although there was no influence of sodium hypochlorite on the volume of distribution (Vd/F), the total body clearance of enrofloxacin observed in Group III (0.310±0.032 l/kg/h) and Group II (0.329±0.031 l/kg/h) birds was significantly (p<0.05) higher when compared to that in Group I (0.216±0.022 l/kg/h) birds. It can be attributable to altered environment in the renal mechanisms involved in elimination of enrofloxacin or it metabolite(s). The study revealed that, sodium hypochlorite administration altered the pharmacokinetics of the enrofloxacin and the effect of sodium hypochlorite persisted even after its withdrawal 12 hours before the administration of enrofloxacin.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF THE AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF NANOQUERCETIN IN ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-08) ASHOK REDDY, KANDADI; ADILAXMAMMA, K(MAJOR); RAVI KUMAR, P; SATHEESH, k
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden onset of potentially life-threatening kidney dysfunction and is a common disorder in dogs, cats and humans. The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effect of quercetin mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles (QZnO NPs) in AKI in rats. Rats were randomly categorised into seven groups, each group containing 3 males and 3 females. Rats of all groups were deprived of water for 24 hours before glycerol administration. Group I served as control group. In all other groups, AKI was induced by injecting 10 ml/kg body weight of 50% glycerol in sterile normal saline into the hind limbs. Half an hour after glycerol injection, the treatment groups III, IV, V, VI and VII received zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs)@ 50 mg/kg, quercetin @ 50 mg/kg, quercetin mediated nanozinc (QZnO NPs) @ 10 mg/kg, QZnO NPs @ 25 mg/kg and QZnO NPs @ 50 mg/kg respectively. Rats of group II did not receive any treatment and served as AKI control. The treatments were given after every 24 hours for 3 consecutive days and the animals were sacrificed on the 4th day. Blood biochemical profile was studied by estimating RBC, WBC, haemoglobin, creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin and globulin. Antioxidant profile of renal tissue was studied by measuring TBARS, SOD and GPx levels. Histopathology of renal tissue was studied by H&E staining. Further the apoptotic changes were also studied for bcl-2 protein expression. The present study revealed that ZnO NPs and quercetin reduced glycerol induced nephrotoxicity and treatment with QZnO NPs exhibited better nephroprotective action at low and medium doses (10 mg/kg b.wt. and 25 mg/kg b.wt. respectively) tested when compared with quercetin, ZnO NPs and QZnO NPs at higher dose (50 mg/kg b.wt.). The possible mechanism behind nephroprotection by QZnO NPs could be attributed to their free radical scavenging property. However, to understand the exact mechanism of nephroprotection by QZnO NPs, further studies are warranted.
Open Access
EFFECT OF SINGLE AND SHORT-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF QUERCETIN ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF ENROFLOXACIN IN BROILER CHICKENS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-01) LAKSHMINARAYANA, ALAVALA; RAVI KUMAR, P(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; RAMA DEVI, V
An experimental study on thirty broiler chicken weighing about 2.0 kg was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin along with quercetin either as co- administration or as short - term pre - treatment. The birds were divided into 3 groups of 10 birds each and were randomly administered enrofloxacin orally at dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight (group1), quercetin followed by enrofloxacin sixty minutes later (group 2) and quercetin for 10 days with enrofloxacin sixty minutes after the quercetin on the 10th day. Both enrofloxacin and quercetin were given orally at the dose rate of 10 and 15 mg/kg body weight (group 3). Blood samples from the treated groups were collected from either left (or) right tarsal veins at 0 (blank), 0.166, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h post dosing and plasma was separated and analysed for enrofloxacin by HPLC method. The HPLC method applied was found table accurate and precise and exhibited acceptable recovery statistics from plasma spiked samples. Enrofloxacin was detected in the birds of all three groups at all the tested time points The pharmacokinetic parameters observed in group 1 birds were in accordance with the previous reports on the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in broiler chickens. Elimination rate constant, β in group 2 (0.047±0.004 1/h) birds, in which quercetin was co-administrated with enrofloxacin, was significantly lower when compared to group 1(0.061±0.001 1/h) and 3 (0.079±0.004 1/h) birds. This was further reflected in singnificaly increased elimination half-life, t1/2 (15.642±1.085 h) in group 2 when compared with group 1(11.437±0.248 h) and 3 (9.105±0.641 h) birds. This could be attributed to the ability of quercetin to inhibit the hepatic metabolizing enzymes like CYP3A4 and efflux proteins like P-glycoprotein. Slowdown in the metabolic inactivation of enrofloxacin with subsequently lowered elimination from the body might have resulted in increased half-life. AUC0-∞ observed in group 2 (44.437±2.729 μg/ml.h) was significantly higher than that of group 3 (30.393±2.111 μg/ml.h), which indicated that the extent of absorption of enrofloxacin was high when co-administered orally with quercetin compared to enrofloxacin oral administration after short-term quercetin pre-treatment. The area under first moment curve (AUMC) and mean resident time (MRT) recorded in group 2 (1067.707±81.605 μg/ml.h2 and 23.876±1.030 h) was significantly higher than those recorded in groups 1 (654.193±65.964 μg/ml.h2 and 17.077±0.364 h) and 3 (480.580±53.213 μg/ml.h2 and 15.636±1.076 h). The clearance observed in group 2 (0.234±0.016 L/kg/h) was significantly lower when compared to group 3 (0.347±0.030 L/kg/h) but not with group 1(0.282±0.024 L/kg/h). It was observed from the study that enrofloxacin co-administered with quercetin in group 2 has exhibited higher t1/2, AUC0-∞, AUMC and MRT values. On the other hand, short – term treatment with quercetin in group 3 resulted in significantly higher elimination rate constant (β), significantly lower (t1/2), apparently lower Cmax, apparently lower AUC0-t, significantly lower AUC0-∞, significantly lower AUMC, significantly lower MRT and significantly increased ClB when compared to those observed in quercetin co-administrated birds. These results indicate that though co-administration of single dose quercetin increased the half-life, area under curve and mean resident time of enrofloxacin, repeated administration of quercetin actually reduced the above kinetic parameters of enrofloxacin. Hence in the present study, it is possible that increased bioavailability of enrofloxacin with single dose quercetin might have resulted from inhibition of P-gp in the intestine. On the other hand the decreased bioavailability of enrofloxacin with repeated quercetin treatment might have resulted from induction of CYP3A activity. It can be concluded from the present study that single dose co – administration of quercetin enhances the bioavailability of enrofloxacin, while repeated administration of quercetin reduces the same.
Open Access
IN VIVO AND EX VIVO STUDIES ON AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF QUERCETIN ON STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES INDUCED BY CADMIUM IN UTERUS OF MICE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-01) JOSE, GISSA M.; BHARAVI, K(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; RAMA DEVI, V
Uterine abnormalities either hereditary or acquired are the major cause of infertility among reproductive females that leads to recurrent miscarriages, spontaneous abortions, pre-term labour, infertility etc. Cadmium is an important endocrine disruptor and reproductive toxicant causing uterine abnormalities. Quercetin, a powerful antioxidant flavonoid has the ability to scavenge the free radicals and also has heavy metal chelating property, smooth muscle relaxant property and estrogenic effect. The present study evaluated the structural and functional changes caused by cadmium in mice myometrium and also evaluated the ameliorative effect of quercetin on cadmium induced myometrial changes. The study was conducted in four groups. Group I considered as control with apparently healthy animals, group II consisted of animals that received cadmium @ 30ppm in drinking water for 30 days. The group III animals were treated with cadmium @30 ppm in drinking water and simultaneously with quercetin at 50 mg/kg bw orally for 30 days and group IV consisted of animals that received quercetin alone @ 50mg/Kg bw orally. Among each group, estrus was induced in half of the animals with estradiol benzoate whereas other animals were sacrificed when they were on non-estrus stage. After sacrifice uterine horn was isolated to use for functional studies using digital polygraph. The liver and kidney homogenate were used for estimation of tissue antioxidant markers like GSH and SOD and peroxidation marker like TBARS. The mice uterus, liver and kidney were collected for histopathological changes. The increased TBARS level and decreased SOD and GSH levels were observed in both liver and kidney of cadmium treated group compared to control indicating peroxidative damage by cadmium to various tissues of mice and it was reversed back in cadmium along with quercetin treated group compared to cadmium group that showed an antioxidant protective effect of quercetin on cadmium damage. The alerations in histological structure of liver, kidney and uterus in cadmium treated groups were rectified to normal architecture in cadmium along with quercetin treated animals. The mean EC 50 values of oxytocin contractile dose amplitude and frequency response in cadmium treated estrus mice were 9.344x10-13 and 8.864x10-13 respectively and it was significantly lower than control estrus mice. The simultaneous administration of cadmium along with quercetin to estrus mice increases the mean EC50 value of oxytocin induced amplitude of contraction from 9.344x10-13 to 1.306x10-12, but it was not comparable to control indicating protective effect of quercetin. The mean EC50 of oxytocin dose amplitude contractile response in cadmium along with quercetin treated non-estrus mice was lower than control and cadmium. The mean EC50 value of KCl induced amplitude and frequency of contractile response in cadmium along with quercetin treated estrus mice showed a higher value (8.81x10-4 and 8.401x10-4) compared to cadmium group (5.686x10-4 and 5.778x10-4) and also the KCl induced amplitude of contraction showed a significantly higher EC50 value than control group. Hence we can conclude that cadmium produces significant estrogen mimicking effect in estrus myometrium and quercetin was found to have non-uniform effects due to its contradictory actions on myometrium.
Open Access
EFFECT OF PIPERINE ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF ENROFLOXACIN IN BROILER CHICKENS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-11) NAGARJUNA, NALLAPANENI; DILIP REDDY, G(MAJOR); RAVI KUMAR, P; SATHEESH, K
The study was aimed to evaluate the effect of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin. It was aimed to study the effect of piperine co-administration and pre-treatment on the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in broiler chickens(Vencobb). Adult birds weighing around 2.0 kg were randomly assigned to their equal groups with 10 birds in each. The treatment protocol consisted of single oral dose of enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg b.wt) (group 1), single oral dose of piperine (15 mg/kg b.wt) followed by single oral dose of enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg b.wt) (group 2) and piperine (15 mg/kg b.wt) orally for ten days followed by enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg b.wt) on the 10th day (group 3). Blood samples were collected from either left (or) right tarsal vein at 0 (blank), 0.166, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h post dosing and plasma was separated for HPLC analysis. The plasma concentration-time data were analysed by non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in Cmax among the three groups. Elimination rate constant (β) observed in group 3 birds (0.044±0.0031/h) was significantly (p<0.05) lower when compared to group 1 (0.061±0.001 1/h) and 2 birds (0.066±0.001 1/h), which reflected the elimination half-life, t1/2 in group 3 (16.130±0.898 h), where significantly (p<0.05) higher value was observed when compared to groups 1 (11.437±0.248 h) and 2 (10.510±0.155 h). Tmax recorded in group 2 birds (7.600±0.267 h) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of group 1 (4.550±0.462 h). AUCs (AUC0-t and AUC0-∞) recorded in group 3 (56.551±2.035 µg/ml.h and 66.382±2.973 µg/ml.h) were significantly (p<0.05) high; implying more amount of drug was present for longer time in the body. The AUCs (AUC0-t and AUC0-∞) observed in group 2 (44.073±1.357 µg/ml.h and 46.294±1.457 µg/ml.h) were comparatively higher than group 1 (36.268±3.501 µg/ml.h and 38.104±3.637 µg/ml.h), indicating the effect of piperine in increasing the absorption over period of time. The area under first moment curve (AUMC) and mean resident time (MRT) recorded in group 3 (1711.716±140.298 µg/ml.h2 and 25.379±1.212 h) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those recorded in groups 1 (654.193±65.964 µg/ml.h2 and 17.077±0.364 h) and 2 (808.749±38.688 µg/ml.h2 and 17.391±0.384 h). The increased values indicate that high concentration of enrofloxacin was present in the circulation for longer time in piperine pre-treated birds. The clearance observed in group 3 (0.154±0.008 L/kg/h) was significantly (p<0.05) lower when compared to group 2 (0.218±0.007 L/kg/h) and further the clearance of group 2 was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of group 1 (0.282±0.024 L/kg/h). It can be concluded from the study that enrofloxacin administered after pre- treatment with piperine has exhibited higher t1/2, AUC, AUMC, MRT values and lower clearance values. The increase in plasma concentration of enrofloxacin in birds pre-treated with piperine could be attributed to the ability of piperine to enhance the intestinal absorption, to inhibit the metabolism in liver and to inhibit P-glycoprotein mediated drug efflux of during intestinal absorption. The increased AUC and half-life and decreased elimination rate constant could be helpful in designing formulations, that can be used in the treatment of resistant infections.
Open Access
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES ON UNPROCESSED AND PROCESSED PONGAMIA PINNATA SEED CAKE IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-02) SIRISHA, K; KALA KUMAR, B.D.P(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; MADHAVA RAO, T; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT : The present study was aimed to evaluate the toxic and protective effects of unprocessed and processed Pongamia pinnata seed cake in rats, which were divided into 3 groups as follows: Group 1: sham control, group 2: unprocessed Pongamia pinnata seed cake included at the level of 9% in the feed (toxic control) and group 3: processed (solvent extracted-isopropyl alcohol) Pongamia pinnata seed cake (detoxified cake) included at the level of 9% in the feed. Average body weights were recorded at weekly intervals and on 28th day, organs were collected for estimation of TBARS, protein carbonyls and GSH in kidney, liver and testes homogenates and estimation of epididymal sperm count from testes collected. Sero-biochemical parameters like ALT, total proteins & globulins, total cholesterol, HDL & LDL cholesterol, creatinine and LDH were estimated at fortnight intervals. Haemotological parameters (RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV) were also estimated at fortnight intervals. Serum troponins, PHA assay and testicular LDH were estimated at the end of the experiment. Histopathology of heart, liver, kidney, spleen and testis was also studied at the end. Mean body weight gain, GSH, total proteins and globulins, PHA assay and sperm count were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in toxic control group (group 2), while TBARS, protein carbonyls, serum LDH, intra-testicular LDH, serum ALT, creatinine, total cholesterol and serum troponins were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in group 2. There was no significant difference in TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, mean body weight gain (in the 1st week) in group 2. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. Group 2 showed interfibrillar haemorrhages, congestion and edema with disruption of cardiac myofibres in heart, marked degenerative changes in tubular epithelial cells and marked dilatation of tubules in kidney, marked central vein congestion and marked bile duct hyperplasia in liver, congestion and thickening of trabecular arteries in spleen and finally marked congestion and edema with disrupted cell wall in seminiferous tubules of testes. Group 3 showed mild lesions in heart, kidney, liver, spleen and testis. From this study, it is concluded that unprocessed Pongamia pinnata seed cake induces toxicity to heart, kidney, liver, spleen and testes, and group 3 showed restoration in all the parameters studied, suggesting reduced toxic potential of processed seed cake.
Open Access
A STUDY ON THE TERATOGENIC EFFECTS AND ORGAN TOXICITY OF NIMESULIDE AT DIFFERENT DOSE LEVELS IN PREGNANT AND PROGENY RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-10) SWAPNIL VIJAYKUMAR JINTPURE; USHA RANI, M(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT: The present study was aimed to evaluate the teratogenic effects and organ toxicity in the dams and their progeny treated with nimesulide in gestation period at different dose levels. Seventy two female albino rats of Sprague dawley strain were divided into 3 groups and treated as follows. Group 1 served as control, group 2 received nimesulide @ 20 mg/kg body weight and group 3 received nimesulide @ 60 mg/kg body weight via intramuscular route from day 7th to 17th day of gestation. In each group, half of the pregnant rats were subjected to caessarian section on 19th day of gestation (caessarian group namely “A”) and the remaining half of the pregnant rats were allowed for normal parturition (normal parturition group namely “B”). Average body weights were recorded at weekly intervals in dams of caessarian, normal parturition group and in progeny of normal parturition group up to weaning day. On 19th day, half of pregnant dams in each groups were subjected to caessarian for uterine weights with progeny, resorption sites, inborn progeny body weight, litter size, live and dead numbers, male: female progeny numbers, skeletal staining of progeny with Alizarin-Red S, Alcian blue-Alizarin Red S stains and soft tissue developmental anomalies. The remaining half, allowed for normal parturition and recorded inborn progeny body weights, litter size, live-dead numbers, male: female progeny numbers and other abnormalities, if any. Serum biochemical profiles (Albumin, ALP, ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine, GGT and total protein) were recorded on 19th day of gestation in dams of caessarian group and the same serum biochemical profiles and haematology (RBC, WBC and haemoglobin) was recorded on post natal day 21 in progeny of normal parturition group. TBARS and GSH were estimated on 19th day in liver and kidney homogenates. Histopathology of kidney, liver, stomach and ovary were studied in dams of caessarian group on 19th day and liver, kidney and heart in progeny of normal parturition group on weaning day. The study showed no evidence of teratogenicity by skeletal staining, uterine weights with progeny, resorption sites, litter size, inborn progeny body weights, male: female progeny numbers, live and dead numbers, and weekly body weights in progeny upto weaning. There was a significant difference in serum biochemical profiles of dams and was more evident in nimesulide treated at 60 mg/kg body weight. Further, there was no significant difference in the haematological parameters and serum biochemical profiles of progeny except an increase in BUN and creatinine, which was more evident in group 3 as compared to groups 2 and 1. Treatment with nimesulide at higher dose induced oxidative stress and tissue damage of liver and kidney as evident from increased levels of MDA and decreased levels of GSH, histopathology of liver, kidney and stomach of dams and kidney of progeny of normal parturition group. It is concluded that nimesulide at 60 mg/kg body weight in pregnant dams showed more significant damage to liver and kidney as from light microscopic findings of liver, kidney, stomach and ovary as compared to the dose of 20 mg/kg body weight and control.
Open Access
SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ENROFLOXACIN CONJUGATED NANO ZINC OXIDE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-05) Mulla Hussain Basha; Bharavi, K(MAJOR); Srinivasa Rao, G; Annapurna, P
ABSTRACT : Antimicrobial resistance is a major concern in veterinary medicine. In this study, the successful conjugation of enrofloxacin with amine functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) was described and its antibacterial activity was evaluated against standard MTCC cultures and clinical isolates. ZNP were synthesized using microwave-assisted method using zinc acetate dihydrate. 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APTES) was used to amine functionalize ZNP using co-condensation technique. Enrofloxacin was conjugated with amine functionalized ZNP using 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). ZNP, enrofloxacin and enrofloxacin conjugated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ECZN) the conjugate were analyzed by using various techniques like UV-Vis spectrophotometery, Dynamic light scattering (DLS),Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis to assess the nano size and conjugation. The antibacterial activity of ECZN was evaluated using microtitre dilution method using standard MTCC cultures (S.aureus - MTCC 3160, S.pyogenes - MTCC 1927, S.typhimurium -MTCC 3224, E.faecalis - MTCC 9845, E.coli - MTCC 443, P.aeruginosa -MTCC 3542 and K.pneumoniae - MTCC 432) and clinical isolates (E.coli, Salmonella sps, and S. aureus). ZNP were spherical with uniform distribution and a diameter of 20 nm. The particles showed a characteristic peak at 380 nm with a hydrodynamic radius of 28.3 nm, zeta potential of -29.7 mV. The FTIR spectra of ZNP exhibited characteristic peaks at 3398.57 (3400) cm−1, 1553.79 (1632) cm−1. Successful amine functionalization of ZNP was confirmed by the observation of deep purple colour in ninhydrin test. The FTIR spectra of amine functionalized ZNP shows a characteristic peak at 3307.29 cm−1 (due to the presence of O–H and –N–H stretching of NH2 group); 2967.24 cm−1 (due to the asymmetric C–H stretching of the CH2 group of APTES); 1626.18 cm−1 and 1461.78 cm−1 (due to NH2 scissoring of primary amine). The conjugation of enrofloxacin with amine functionalized ZNP (efficacy: 1.18 mg%) was confirmed by UV-Vis spectra and FTIR Native enrofloxacin exhibited two characteristic peaks at 280 nm and 321 nm. After conjugation with ZNP, the second peak slightly shifted to 375 nm while the first peak remained the same. In the FTIR spectra ECZN showed peaks obtained in the region of 1400–1550 cm−1 which were similar to enrofloxacin peaks, while 896.47 cm−1 signified Zn– O stretching. The MIC (μg mL-1) of enrofloxacin was significantly (P<0.05) reduced against respective MTCC culture in combination with ZNP (enrofloxacin in native form vs enrofloxacin in ECZN) (S.aureus – 0.106 vs 0.0637*; S.pyogenes – 0.065 vs 0.0245*; S.typhimurium – 0.032 vs 0.0051*; E.faecalis – 0.021 vs 0.0083*; E.coli – 0.047 vs 0.0187*; P.aeruginosa – 2.611 vs 0.1444*; K.pneumoniae – 0.0.65 vs 0.0944*). Against clinical isolates, the MIC of native vs ECZN (actual enrofloxacin concentration) were comparable (E.coli – 0.0975 vs 0.083; Salmonella sps – 0.079 vs 0.069; S.auerus – 0.111 vs 0.086). However, the MIC of ECZN against both standard cultures and clinical isolates was significantly (P<0.05) lower than ZNP. In conclusion, enrofloxacin could be successfully conjugated with amine functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles. The antibacterial efficacy of ZNP was improved in the combination with enrofloxacin against standard MTCC cultures and clinical isolates. In future, ways to improve the efficacy of enrofloxacin conjugation with zinc oxide nanoparticles and spectrum of activity could be explored.
Open Access
PHARMACOKINETIC STUDIES ON BETAINE IN BROILER CHICKENS INFECTED WITH COCCIDIA
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-04) USHA, N; Ravi Kumar, P(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; Rama Devi, V
ABSTRACT: Betaine is a commercially used anti coccidial agent in poultry. Present study was aimed to know the pharmacokinetics of betaine hydrochloride in healthy and coccidia infected birds. Three week old birds were divided into three groups of five birds each. Group I and II consisted of normal healthy birds, while group III birds were experimentally infected with coccidia before the commencement of study. Group II and III birds received betaine hydrochloride @ 100 mg.kg-1 orally once, while group I birds received dextrose normal saline (DNS). Blood samples were collected from all the birds at pre determined time intervals to know the plasma concentration of betaine and to calculate various pharmacokinetic parameters using PKSolver, version.2.0. Betaine concentration ranged from 0.298±0.017 to 0.504±0.0115 mg.ml-1 and these represent the endogenous betaine levels. In group II healthy birds that received betaine hydrochloride once orally, plasma betaine concentration ranged from 0.455±0.041 to 1.186±0.204 mg.ml-1, while in group III coccidia infected birds it ranged from 0.435±0.088 to 1.233±0.264 mg.ml-1. The analysis of plasma concentration versus time data revealed that the AUC0-t and AUMC0-t values in healthy and coccidia infected birds were 11.138±1.54 mg.mL-1*h and 66.60±8.26 mg.mL-1*h2 while in coccidia infected birds they were 8.653±0.91 mg.mL-1*h and 45.49±4.54 mg.mL-1*h2 with non-significant difference. However MRT, t1/2 were found significantly decreased in coccidia infected birds (5.28±0.165 h; 3.66±0.11 h) compared to those observed in healthy birds (6.06±0.14 h; 4.20±0.101 h). The ß was observed to be significantly increased in coccidia infected birds (0.190±0.006 h-1) compared to that of healthy birds (0.16±0.003 h-1). The study further revealed increased Vdss (0.65±0.082 L.kg-1) and ClB (0.122±0.014 L.kg-1h-1) value in coccidia infected birds compared to healthy birds (0.636±0.13 L.kg-1; 0.102±0.01 L.kg-1h-1). The study revealed that presence of coccidial infection significantly altered the pharmacokinetics of orally administered betaine in poultry.

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