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20095
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Subject: Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2009 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HERBAL METHIONINE IN METHIONINE DEFICIENCY AND IRON INDUCED STRESS IN BROILERS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-12) SAI GOPAL, T; USHA RANI, M(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; ANAND KUMAR, A
    ABSTRACT: A total of 120 sexed male broiler chicks of Vencobb strain of day-old age were randomly divided into 8 groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on methionine deficient diet and groups 3, 5 and 7 were supplemented with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2, and synthetic methionine, respectively. Group 2 was maintained as iron added methionine deficient diet and groups 4, 6 and 8 were supplemented with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2, and synthetic methionine, respectively. All the groups were maintained on iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diet for a period of 6 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, protein profile and lipid profile were carried out at 2"d, 4'h and 6th week. At 5m week phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) index and at the end of 6th week histopathological studies were carried out. The methionine deficient and iron added methionine deficient diet groups had a significant (Pe0.05) reduction in body weight, GSH, activity of SOD and catalase, and PHA index, while FCR, and the concentration of TBARS, protein carbonyls and serum creatinine, and the activity of AST were significantly (Pc0.05) increased. Supplementation with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2 respectively in groups 3 and 5 resulted in a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of methionine deficient diet. Supplementation of herbal methionine at level 2 revealed the performance comparable with synthetic methionine supplementation. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver, kidney, spleen and bursa in all groups, while the groups, 5 and 7 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups 3, 5 and 7 revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that deficiency of methionine alone, and iron also induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbal methionine in test offered better performance. The beneficial effects of herbal methionine may be attributed to its antioxidant, anti-stress, hepato-protective principles and biological utilization was as good as synthetic methionine.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HERBAL NEONATAL CHICK CARE IN BROILERS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-11) CHANDRAVATHY, JADA; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; ANAND KUMAR, A
    ABSTRACT : A total of 130 sexed male broiler chicks, immediately after hatch, belonging to Vencobb strain were randomly divided into six groups consisting of twenty five chicks each in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, and fifteen each in groups 5 and 6. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet, group 2 on herbal neonatal chick care @ 6g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with basal diet up to 42nd day (6 wks). Group 3 was kept on herbal neonatal chick care @ 8g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with basal diet up to 42nd day (6 wks). Group 4 was given FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed for 42 days (6 wks). Group 5 was given herbal neonatal chick care @ 6g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with the FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed up to 42nd day (6 wks). Group 6 was given herbal neonatal chick care @ 8g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with the FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed up to 42nd day (6 wks). The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid profile, protein profile and HI titre in serum were estimated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathology and estimation of TBARS, GSH, protein carbonyls, HI and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) index were done at the end of 6th wk. The ferrous sulphate treatment in group 4 resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weights, protein profile, GSH (6th week), HDL cholesterol, HI titre and PHA index (6th week), while FCR, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, TBARS (6th week), ALT, CPK and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) increased at the end of 4th week and a similar trend was continued at the end of 6th week. Treatment with herbal neonatal chick care in groups 2, 3, 5 and 6 resulted in a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of ferrous sulphate toxic control group 4 at the end of 6th week. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver, kidney and other tissues in ferrous sulphate toxic control group 4. Groups 1, 2 and 3 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that ferrous sulphate induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbal neonatal chick care offered protection and proved beneficial in resisting the adverse effects of stressor
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE PROGENY OF DAMS TREATED WITH METHIMAZOLE, MONOCROTOPHOS AND LEAD ACETATE
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-12) VANITHA SREE, K; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; ANJANEYULU, Y
    ABSTRACT : The present study was aimed to evaluate the toxicological effects in the progeny of dams treated with methimazole, monocrotophos and lead acetate. Albino rats of Wistar Kyoto strain were divided into 5 groups and treated as follows: Group 1 served as sham control, 2 received methimazole, 3 received monocrotophos, 4 received lead acetate and 5 received combination of monocrotophos and lead acetate. Thyroid hormone profile was recorded on 14th day of gestation in dams. Average body weights were recorded at monthly intervals in pups born to test dams. On 21st day and 90th day, TBARS, protein carbonyls and GSH of liver and heart, histopathology of liver, heart and kidney were studied. Activity of Na+ K+ ATPase and Mg2+ATPase of liver and heart, and histopathology of brain and testis were studied on 90th day. T3, T4, RBC, Hb, HDL cholesterol, serum calcium, GSH, Na+ K+ ATPase and Mg2+ATPase were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in all the test groups, while TSH, TBARS, protein carbonyls, blood glucose, triglycerides, serum LDH, intra-testicular LDH, total WBC count and serum troponins were significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. Groups 5 (MCP + lead acetate) and 2 (methimazole) showed marked congestion and degenerative changes in heart, kidney, brain and testis, while thyroid gland showed moderate disruption of follicular epithelium. Groups 3 and 4 revealed mild abnormalities on histopathology. From this study, it is concluded that both monocrotophos and lead acetate might have a possible influence on thyroid gland of dams as the thyroid hormone levels, which play an important role in early peri-natal life in the proper development of foetus, were significantly altered and were comparable among the treatments in dams and the histological sections of thyroid obtained from progeny of MCP + lead acetate treated rats showed lesions comparable to those seen with methimazole.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL : WHETHER BENEFICIAL OR HARMFUL – AN INSIGHT
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-07) ALPHA RAJ, M; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); ADILAXMAMMA, K; RAJASEKHAR REDDY, A; ANJANEYULU, Y
    ABSTRACT : An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of high energy high hydrogenated vegetable oil diet in various stressor models. A total of 160 White Leg Horn layers of 18 weeks age were randomly divided into eight groups of 20 birds each. Groups 1, 3, 4 and 5 were maintained on basal diet and groups 2, 6, 7 and 8 on 5% vanaspati supplemented basal diet until the age of 42 weeks. At 42 weeks of age, groups 3 and 6 were treated with 1% ferrous sulphate in the diet, groups 4 and 7 were treated with chlorpyrifos @ 100 ppm and groups 5 and 8 were treated with cadmium @ 100 ppm in the basal diet for a period of 12 weeks. The performance parameters like body weights, weight gains, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg production and egg weight were recorded at monthly intervals. The sero-biochemical analysis of cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ration, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase and creatinine was carried out at monthly interval. Oxidant and antioxidant status was determined by estimation of TBARS and GSH in serum, liver and kidney, protein carbonyls in serum and vitamin C levels in liver and kidney. The immunological status of the birds was evaluated by HI titre against RD virus in serum and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) assay at the end of the experimental period. Histopathological studies were conducted on liver, kidney and brain at the end of the experimental period. The ferrous sulphate toxic control revealed significantly (p<0.05) higher FCR, serum creatinine, liver TBARS and phospholipids, and significantly lower egg production compared to normal group. Histopathology revealed congestion and bile duct hyperplasia in liver, intertubular haemorrhage and focal lymphoid aggregates in kidney and no detectable abnormalities in brain. The supplementation of vanaspati along with ferrous sulphate significantly (p<0.05) increased the egg production and serum ALP activity but decreased egg weight, FCR and HI titre compared to toxic control. The histopathology revealed similar changes of more severity besides tubular rearrangement of hepatic cells and degenerative changes in kidney. The CPS toxic control showed significantly (p<0.05) higher egg production, higher serum ALP activities and a non-significantly higher total lipids of liver and lower serum HDL compared to normal group. The histopathology revealed mild fatty changes, congestion and bile duct hyperplasia in liver, degenerative changes in kidney and congestion in brain. Supplementation of vanaspati along with CPS resulted in decreased egg production, decreased egg weight, HI titre but increased PHA index compared to toxic control. The histopathology showed marked fatty changes in liver, haemorrhages in kidney and vacuolation in brain. The cadmium toxic control revealed a significantly (p<0.05) lower body weight, weight gain, egg production and egg weights, but significantly increased the FCR, serum ALP and ALT acitivities, creatinine and TBARS of liver and kidney. The GSH and vitamin C levels of kidney were reduced. Paradoxically, the HDL and HI titre were significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to normal group. The histopathology revealed congestion, lymphoid aggregates and degenerative changes in liver, haemorrhages and congestion in kidney and brain. The supplementation of vanaspati along with cadmium resulted in a significant decrease of liver GSH and decrease of HI titre compared to toxic control. The histopathology revealed similar pathological changes but of more severity along with fibrosis in liver, kidney and brain. The overall effect of vanaspati supplementation revealed significantly (p<0.05) increased egg production and PHA index, and decreased egg weights, FCR, serum cholesterol, albumin, TBARS of liver and kidney, GSH of liver and HI titre compared to basal diet fed group. Thus, it is concluded that ferrous sulphate, chlorpyrifos and cadmium induce biological damage by means of oxidative stress and organ damage. However, cadmium was more potent followed by ferrous sulpahte and chlorpyrifos. After accounting for increased calorie intake, the supplementation of vanaspati was not effective in reducing the toxicity of different stressors and accentuated the toxicity in certain conditions. Further, vanaspati supplementation resulted in abnormal immunological response. In view of the above findings, it is concluded that hydrogenated vegetable oil is harmful and regular use will lead to adverse consequences.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ADDITION OF A HERB TO A STATIN: A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE INTERACTION? EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON DYSLIPIDAEMIAS IN RATS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-03) DILIP REDDY, GUNTURU; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; ANAND KUMAR, A; RAJASEKHAR REDDY, A
    ABSTRACT : A total of 56 male Sprague dawley rats of uniform weight and age were randomly divided into seven groups consisting of eight rats in each group after an acclimatization period of 3 weeks to evaluate the interaction of atorvastatin with garlic in induced dyslipidaemia. Group 1 served as plain control, while groups 2 and 3 were fed with high fat and high cholesterol diet throughout the experimental period. Groups 4,5,6 and 7 received 1% (100% dose), 0.5% (50% dose), 0.25% (25% dose) and 0.75% (75% dose) fresh garlic w/w in feed, respectively in addition to the high fat and high cholesterol diet and administered with 10 (100% dose), 5 (100% dose), 7.5 (100% dose) and 2.5 (25% dose) mg/kg atorvastatin respectively, while group 3 served as atorvastatin control, which received 10 mg/kg atorvastatin per day orally for 12 weeks. Blood collection was carried out at every two weeks interval for plasma biochemical analysis of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and creatinine and aspartate transaminase (AST). Single dose and multiple dose pharmacokinetic studies were performed at the beginning of the first dose and at the end of last dose of atorvastatin, respectively in groups 3 to 7. At the end of the experiment, liver and kidneys were collected for assay of TBARS, glutathione and SOD. Histological, histochemistry and electron microscopy studies were conducted on different organs at the end. All the treatment groups exhibited significant improvement in dyslipidaemic condition when compared with group 2 from 2nd week of treatment by reducing the TC, TG and LDL-C levels with subsequent increase in HDL-C levels. Group 4 was highly effective in correcting dyslipidaemia due to the synergistic pharmacodynamic actions of herb and drug. Plasma atorvastatin concentrations during multiple dose PK studies were significantly higher than single dose counterparts. PK parameters showed a significant increase in the garlic treated groups with high values of Cmax, AUC, AUMC, MRT and half-life which could be attributed to the inhibitory activity of garlic on drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes. High concentration of the drug in plasma in group 4, 5 and 3 resulted in toxicological manifestations in liver and kidney, which was evident from the increased plasma creatinine concentration, AST activity and oxidative stress. Histopathological studies on liver, kidney revealed moderate to severe damage in groups 4 and 5, which also exhibited mitochondrial damage on transmission electron microscopy. From this study, it can be concluded that garlic and atorvastatin exhibited positive pharmacodynamic interaction in reducing dyslipidaemias. The pharmacokinetic studies revealed that garlic increased the pharmacokinetic parameters and the toxicological studies indicated that high dose of atorvastatin + garlic has negative safety profile. Further studies are warranted to address the pharmacokinetic interactions of statin and garlic in detail.