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Open Access
EVALUATION OF POLYHERBAL COMPOUNDS AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL OCHRATOXICOSIS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006) SRIKANTH, M.K; SOMASEKHAR REDDY, K(MAJOR)
ABSTRACT: The antioxidant potential of certain polyherbal compounds namely, nephtone and immuplus were assessed for prophylactic and therapeutic management of an experimental model of oxidative stress induced by ochratoxin, at a toxic level of 2.5 ppm in feed. A total of one hundred and fifty sexed male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) of day old age were procured for the study. The chicks were randomly divided into ten groups, consisting of fifteen in each group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were maintained as basal diet control, nephtone control and immuplus control, respectively. Group 4 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed throughout 6 wks as toxic control without any treatment. Group 5 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed for the first 4 wks (28 days) of study and thereafter, maintained on basal diet for the next 2 wks (29 -42 days). Group 6 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed along with nephtone (@ 0.8 ml / 10 birds during first 2 wks; 1.6 ml / 10 birds during third and fourth week; 3.2 ml / 10 birds during the last 2 wks) in water, while group 7 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed along with immuplus (@ 50 mg / 10 birds for the first 4 wks and subsequently 100 mg / 10 birds during the last 2 wks). Groups 8, 9 and 10 were fed with ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed for the first 4 wks (28 days) of study and thereafter, group 8 was given nephtone, group 9 was kept on immuplus and group 10 on a combination of nephtone + immuplus till the termination of the experiment . Performance parameters were evaluated at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile (GSH-Px, GSH-R, catalase, GSH, and TBARS), biomarkers of hepatic damage (ALT), lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol), protein profile (total protein, albumin, globulins and A/G ratio) and immune status (HI titre) were estimated. The activity of TBARS and HI titre were estimated once, at the end of the 6th wk, while the remaining sero-biochemical parameters were evaluated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathological studies on liver, kidney, bursa, thymus and spleen were conducted at the end of the 6th wk. Antioxidant enzyme levels and biochemical parameters were significantly altered and the histopathological studies revealed extensive degeneration, desquamation of tubular epithelium and disrupted tubular architecture with intertubular haemorrhages in the kidney sections of ochratoxin control. Degenerative changes of hepatocytes and marked central vein congestion was also noticed in the liver in the ochratoxin toxic control. These parameters were normal in the controls (groups 1, 2 and 3) and other groups that were given nephtone and immuplus either prophylactically (groups 6 and 7) or therapeutically (groups 8, 9 and 10). Thus, it is concluded that nephtone and immuplus were effective as antioxidants in preventing and countering oxidative stress by facilitating restoration of antioxidant defense mechanism. Hence, their supplementation would reduce the incidence of economic losses due to mycotoxin-induced stress.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF CASSIA AURICULATA LINN SEED EXTRACT IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-02) VENKATA RAO, K.V.; ADILAXMAMMA, K(MAJOR); VENKATESWARLU, U; ESWARA PRASAD, P
Open Access
EVALUATION OF N-ACETYL CYSTEINE AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL TOXICITY DUE TO CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-12) JYOTHI, KAJA; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; RAMANA REDDY, Y
ABSTRACT: The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced toxicity. Female albino rats of Wistar Kyoto strain were divided into four groups and treated as follows: Group 1 served as basal diet control, groups 2, 3 and 4 received CYP on 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day. Group 2 served as toxic control. Group 3 was treated with NAC from 1st to14th day while group 4 received NAC from 7th to 14th day. SOD and catalase, biomarkers of cardiac and renal damage were recorded at the end of 1st and 2nd wk. At the end of 2nd wk estimation of TBARS, protein carbonyls, GSH of heart and kidney, Na+ K+ ATPase of heart, and histopathology of heart and kidney were done. The levels of CPK, LDH, troponins, BUN, serum creatinine, TBARS and protein carbonyls were significantly (P < 0.05) increased, while the activity of catalase, SOD and Na+-K+ ATPase, and concentration of GSH were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in CYP toxic group. NAC treatment for 14 days produced improvement on heart, while 7 days treatment has no recognizable effect. NAC could not produce any protective effect on kidney damage induced by CYP. Histological abnormalities were observed in CYP control group at the end of 1st and 2nd wk. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities in histopathology. Heart tissue of NAC treated rats showed lesions of mild intensity, while kidney lesions were unaffected. From this study, it is concluded that N-acetyl cysteine is protective against CYP-induced toxic effects in heart but not in kidney.
Open Access
STUDY ON EVALUATION OF SILYMARIN AND TERMINALIA CHEBULA AGAINST ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED HEPATO AND NEPHRO TOXICITY IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-12) GOPI, K.S.; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; RAJASEKHAR REDDY, A
ABSTRACT : The therapeutic efficacy and antioxidant potential of silymarin and Terminalia chebula (dried fruit aqueous extract) were studied against acetaminophen (APAP) @500mg/kg BW-induced oxidative stress, hepato and nephrotoxicity. A total of twenty four male Wistar kyoto rats of 3 month old age were procured for the study. The rats were randomly divided into four groups, consisting of six in each group. Acetaminophen @500mg/kg BW was administered orally to all the groups from day 1 to 3. Group1 was subsequently administered with distilled water (p/o) from day 4 to 14 and was considered as toxic control. Groups 2 and 3 were administered (p/o) with silymarin @25mg/kg BW and Terminalia chebula @125mg/kg BW, respectively from day 4 to 14. Group 4 was orally administered with silymarin @25mg/kg BW + T.chebula @125mg/kg BW from day 4 to 14. Biomarkers of hepatotoxicity (AST and ALT), nephrotoxicity (BUN and serum creatinine) and lipid profile (total cholesterol and triglycerides) were estimated on day 0, 4 (confirmation of toxicity) and 14 (at the end of treatment). Antioxidant profiles (TBARS, GSH, protein carbonyl, SOD and catalase), and enzymes like ATPases and cytochrome P450 were assessed at the end of experiment. Histopathological studies on liver and kidney were conducted at the end of the experiment. Antioxidant profile, ATPases and serobiochemical parameters were significantly altered and histopathological studies revealed degenerative changes, sinusoidal congestion and infiltration in liver and affected glomeruli and tubular degeneration were noticed in kidney of toxic control group. These changes were reversed in groups administered with silymarin, T.chebula and their combination. In conclusion, the results of the present investigation enunciated that Terminalia chebula has potent hepato and nephroprotective activity and in scavenging free radicals during acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress, replenishment of membrane bound enzymes (ATPases) and restoration oxidant and antioxidant balance. However, silymarin possessed superior antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect over Teminalia chebula also in increasing the cytochrome-P450 activity and restoring glutathione concentration. T.chebula has synergistic effect with silymarin, which was evident from tissue antioxidant profile in liver and kidney.
Open Access
STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF BT COTTON PLANTS INCORPORATED IN THE FEED OF SHEEP
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) ANIL KUMAR, B; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT: A total 32 Sheep of one-year age belonging to Deccani breed were randomly divided into four groups consisting of eight sheep in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet and 2 on non-Bt and Green fodder @ 1.5Kg each/Sheep, 3 on 50% Bt cotton+50% green fodder and 4 was maintained on Bt cotton plant material ad libitum and concentrate feed @300g/sheep/ day. All the groups of sheep were maintained for 90 days The introduction by recombinant DNA technology of new gene into cotton crop by animals has raised important questions about the safety of novel feeds. Studies have been therefore conducted to assess the safety of novel protein in the feed of sheep The performance parameters were recorded at monthly intervals, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid profile, protein profile, levels of Cry1Ac toxins in serum and haematolgical profile were also assessed. Screening for pesticide residues, concentration of gossypol and levels of heavy metals in cotton plants were estimated at the middle age of crop. Histopathological studies and estimation of TBARS, GSH, SOD and Catalase were done at the end of 90 days (3 months). Following 90 days of feeding, no adverse effects or mortality were observed during the conduct of experimental observation.There was no significant change in the growth parameters, serobiochemical profile, anti-oxidant defense profile and haematological parameters in Bt cotton plant material fed groups as compared to basal diet control and non-bt cotton fed group. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that feeding of sheep with Bt cotton plant material at different growth stages of plant did not produce any untoward effects on health.
Open Access
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TOXICITY CAUSED BY CADMIUM-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ITS COUNTERACTION BY CERTAIN HERBS AND HERBAL COMBINATIONS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-09) Bharavi, K; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; Rajasekhar Reddy, A; Rama Rao, S.V
ABSTRACT : A total of 225 male broiler chicks of day old age belonging to Vencobb strain were randomly divided into fifteen groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet and group 2 on cadmium @ 100 ppm as cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in feed for 42 days (6 wks). Groups 3 to 12 were given cadmium containing diet for the first 4 wks (28 days) and subsequently treated respectively with Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Asparagus racemosus, Andrographis paniculata, Murraya kienigii, shilajit, Gymnema sylvestra, Allium sativum, Spirulina and ginseng each at 0.1% level in feed till the end of 6th wk, while groups 13 to 15 were given the combination of Spirulina + shilajit + G.sylevestre, W. somnifera + A.racemosus +A.paniculata and W.somnifera + M.koenigii+ A.sativum, respectively. In combinations, each herb was added at 0.05% level in feed for the remaining 2 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid profile, protein profile and HI titre in serum, and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) index were estimated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathological studies and estimation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutahtione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were done at the end of 6th wk. The cadmium treatment resulted in a significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weights, protein profile, GSH (6th week), haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre and phytohaemagglutination (PHA) index (6th week), while feed conversion ration (FCR), total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, TBARS (6th week), SOD, catalase, alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) increased at the end of 4th week in groups 2 to 15 and all these parameters exhibited similar trend at the end of 6th week in group 2 that was maintained with out any treatment. Following the administration of herbs in test in groups 3 to 15, there was a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of cadmium control group 2 at the end of 6th week. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver, kidney, spleen and bursa fabricius in cadmium control group 2, where as group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that cadmium induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbs/herbal combinations in test offered better amelioration. The combinations of herbs found relatively superior as compared to the remaining groups in test
Open Access
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL STRESS AND ITS AMELIORATING EFFECT BY CERTAIN HERBS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-07) RAJASEKHAR RAO, Ch; USHA RANI, M(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; AMEER HAMZA, A
ABSTRACT : A total of 225 sexed male broiler chicks of day old age belonging to Vencobb strain were randomly divided into fifteen groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet and group 2 on physical stress through over crowding, handling, abnormal climatic conditions etc. Groups 3 to 11 were given induced physical stress for the first 4 wks (28 days) and subsequently treated respectively with Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Asparagus racemosus, Andrographis paniculata, Murraya koenigii, Shilajit, Gymnema sylvestre, Allium sativum and Spirulina each at 0.1% level in feed till the end of 6th wk, while groups 12 to 15 were given the combination of W.somnifera + A.racemosus + A.paniculata, W.somnifera + M.koenigii + A.sativum, Spirulina + Shilajit + G.sylvestre and A.paniculata + O.sanctum + A.racemosus, respectively. In combinations, each herb was added at 0.05% level in feed for the remaining 2 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid profile and protein profile in serum, and PHA index were estimated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathological studies and estimation of TBARS, GSH and HI titre was done at the end of 6th wk. Physical stress resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weights, weekly weight gain, albumin, HDL cholesterol, HI titre (6th week), PHA index and GSH (6th week), while total protein, globulin, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, TBARS (6th week), SOD, catalase, ALT, BUN and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) increased at the end of 4th week in groups 2 to 15 and all these parameters exhibited similar trend at the end of 6th week in physical stress control group 2 that was maintained with out any treatment. Following the administration of herbs in test groups 3 to 15, there was a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of physical stress control group 2 at the end of 6th week. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver and other tissues in physical stress control group 2. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that physical stress induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbs/herbal combinations in test offered better amelioration. The combination of W. somnifera + A. racemosus +A. paniculata was found superior as compared to the remaining herbs/combinations.
Open Access
DERMAL TOXICITY EVALUATION OF Jatropha curcas IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-10) VANITHA, KAMMILI; VENKATESWARLU, U(MAJOR); RAVI KUMAR, P; SRILATHA, Ch
ABSTRACT: Jutropha curcas is a multipurpose tree of significant economic importance because of its several potential industrial and medicinal uses. The seed oil of J. curcas can be used as a diesel substitute. All parts of J. curcas are widely used in traditional medicine. However, seeds were reported to be toxic when given orally or applied externally. Most of its preparations have to be applied topically on the skin to achieve therapeutic benefits. Hence the present study was carried out with the aim of evaluating dermal toxicity and systemic toxicity of J, curcas leaves following topical application in rats. Aqueous leaf extract of J curcas was applied topically over the shaved area on the back @ 200, 400 and 800 mgkg b.W. for a period of 18 days to three groups of rats each consisting of 12 rats of either sex in equal proportion. Control group rats were applied with distilled water. Local toxicity of J. curcas leaves was assessed through gross and histopathological changes in the skin. Systemic toxicity resulting from dermal absorption of the extract was evaluated by monitoring the serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, .BUN, creatinine, glucose, total protein and albumin and haematological parameters like PCV, Hb, TEC and TLC on day 14 and day 28. All the animals were observed daily to detect signs of toxicity if any. Histopathological examination of vital organs was carried out at the end of 28 days study period. Results indicated that leaf extract exhibited local toxicity as well as systemic toxicity in liver, kidney, heart and brain. However, at the tested doses, the extract produced only mild toxicity without much sex difference in systemic toxicity. Local toxicity on the skin was slightly more severe in female rats.
Open Access
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TOXICITY DUE TO IRON-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ITS COUNTERACTION BY CERTAIN HERBAL ANTIOXIDANTS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-09) RAMAKRISHNAN, V; SOMASEKHAR REDDY, K(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; NARASIMHA REDDY, Y
ABSTRACT: A total of 225 sexed male broiler chicks of day old age belonging to Vencobb strain were randomly divided into fifteen groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet and group 2 on FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed for 42 days (6 wks). Groups 3 to 11 were given FeSO4 containing diet for the first 4 wks (28 days) and subsequently treated respectively with Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Asparagus racemosus, Andrographis paniculata, Murraya kienigii, shilajit, Gymnema sylvestra, Allium sativum and Spirulina each at 0.1% level in feed till the end of 6th wk, while groups 12 to 15 were given the combination of W.somnifera + A.racemosus + A.panicualta, W.somnifera + M.koenigii + A.sativum, Spirulina + Shilajit + G.sylvestre and A.paniculata + O.sanctum + A.racemosus, respectively. In combinations, each herb was added at 0.05% level in feed for the remaining 2 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid profile and protein profile in serum, and PHA index were estimated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathological studies and estimation of TBARS, GSH and HI titre was done at the end of 6th wk. Iron treatment resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weights, weekly weight gain, albumin, HDL cholesterol, HI titre (6th week), PHA index and GSH (6th week), while total protein, globulin, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, TBARS (6th week), SOD, catalase, ALT, BUN and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) increased at the end of 4th week in groups 2 to 15 and all these parameters exhibited similar trend at the end of 6th week in iron toxic control group 2 that was maintained with out any treatment. Following the administration of herbs in test in groups 3 to 15, there was a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of iron toxic control group 2 at the end of 6th week. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver and other tissues in iron toxic control group 2. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that iron induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbs/herbal combinations in test offered better amelioration. The combination of W. somnifera + A. racemosus +A. paniculata was found superior as compared to the remaining herbs/combinations in test.

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