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Open Access
EVALUATION OF POLYHERBAL COMPOUNDS AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL OCHRATOXICOSIS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006) SRIKANTH, M.K; SOMASEKHAR REDDY, K(MAJOR)
ABSTRACT: The antioxidant potential of certain polyherbal compounds namely, nephtone and immuplus were assessed for prophylactic and therapeutic management of an experimental model of oxidative stress induced by ochratoxin, at a toxic level of 2.5 ppm in feed. A total of one hundred and fifty sexed male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) of day old age were procured for the study. The chicks were randomly divided into ten groups, consisting of fifteen in each group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were maintained as basal diet control, nephtone control and immuplus control, respectively. Group 4 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed throughout 6 wks as toxic control without any treatment. Group 5 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed for the first 4 wks (28 days) of study and thereafter, maintained on basal diet for the next 2 wks (29 -42 days). Group 6 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed along with nephtone (@ 0.8 ml / 10 birds during first 2 wks; 1.6 ml / 10 birds during third and fourth week; 3.2 ml / 10 birds during the last 2 wks) in water, while group 7 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed along with immuplus (@ 50 mg / 10 birds for the first 4 wks and subsequently 100 mg / 10 birds during the last 2 wks). Groups 8, 9 and 10 were fed with ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed for the first 4 wks (28 days) of study and thereafter, group 8 was given nephtone, group 9 was kept on immuplus and group 10 on a combination of nephtone + immuplus till the termination of the experiment . Performance parameters were evaluated at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile (GSH-Px, GSH-R, catalase, GSH, and TBARS), biomarkers of hepatic damage (ALT), lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol), protein profile (total protein, albumin, globulins and A/G ratio) and immune status (HI titre) were estimated. The activity of TBARS and HI titre were estimated once, at the end of the 6th wk, while the remaining sero-biochemical parameters were evaluated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathological studies on liver, kidney, bursa, thymus and spleen were conducted at the end of the 6th wk. Antioxidant enzyme levels and biochemical parameters were significantly altered and the histopathological studies revealed extensive degeneration, desquamation of tubular epithelium and disrupted tubular architecture with intertubular haemorrhages in the kidney sections of ochratoxin control. Degenerative changes of hepatocytes and marked central vein congestion was also noticed in the liver in the ochratoxin toxic control. These parameters were normal in the controls (groups 1, 2 and 3) and other groups that were given nephtone and immuplus either prophylactically (groups 6 and 7) or therapeutically (groups 8, 9 and 10). Thus, it is concluded that nephtone and immuplus were effective as antioxidants in preventing and countering oxidative stress by facilitating restoration of antioxidant defense mechanism. Hence, their supplementation would reduce the incidence of economic losses due to mycotoxin-induced stress.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF CASSIA AURICULATA LINN SEED EXTRACT IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-02) VENKATA RAO, K.V.; ADILAXMAMMA, K(MAJOR); VENKATESWARLU, U; ESWARA PRASAD, P
Open Access
DERMAL TOXICITY EVALUATION OF Jatropha curcas IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-10) VANITHA, KAMMILI; VENKATESWARLU, U(MAJOR); RAVI KUMAR, P; SRILATHA, Ch
ABSTRACT: Jutropha curcas is a multipurpose tree of significant economic importance because of its several potential industrial and medicinal uses. The seed oil of J. curcas can be used as a diesel substitute. All parts of J. curcas are widely used in traditional medicine. However, seeds were reported to be toxic when given orally or applied externally. Most of its preparations have to be applied topically on the skin to achieve therapeutic benefits. Hence the present study was carried out with the aim of evaluating dermal toxicity and systemic toxicity of J, curcas leaves following topical application in rats. Aqueous leaf extract of J curcas was applied topically over the shaved area on the back @ 200, 400 and 800 mgkg b.W. for a period of 18 days to three groups of rats each consisting of 12 rats of either sex in equal proportion. Control group rats were applied with distilled water. Local toxicity of J. curcas leaves was assessed through gross and histopathological changes in the skin. Systemic toxicity resulting from dermal absorption of the extract was evaluated by monitoring the serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, .BUN, creatinine, glucose, total protein and albumin and haematological parameters like PCV, Hb, TEC and TLC on day 14 and day 28. All the animals were observed daily to detect signs of toxicity if any. Histopathological examination of vital organs was carried out at the end of 28 days study period. Results indicated that leaf extract exhibited local toxicity as well as systemic toxicity in liver, kidney, heart and brain. However, at the tested doses, the extract produced only mild toxicity without much sex difference in systemic toxicity. Local toxicity on the skin was slightly more severe in female rats.
Open Access
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TOXICITY DUE TO IRON-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ITS COUNTERACTION BY CERTAIN HERBAL ANTIOXIDANTS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-09) RAMAKRISHNAN, V; SOMASEKHAR REDDY, K(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; NARASIMHA REDDY, Y
ABSTRACT: A total of 225 sexed male broiler chicks of day old age belonging to Vencobb strain were randomly divided into fifteen groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet and group 2 on FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed for 42 days (6 wks). Groups 3 to 11 were given FeSO4 containing diet for the first 4 wks (28 days) and subsequently treated respectively with Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Asparagus racemosus, Andrographis paniculata, Murraya kienigii, shilajit, Gymnema sylvestra, Allium sativum and Spirulina each at 0.1% level in feed till the end of 6th wk, while groups 12 to 15 were given the combination of W.somnifera + A.racemosus + A.panicualta, W.somnifera + M.koenigii + A.sativum, Spirulina + Shilajit + G.sylvestre and A.paniculata + O.sanctum + A.racemosus, respectively. In combinations, each herb was added at 0.05% level in feed for the remaining 2 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid profile and protein profile in serum, and PHA index were estimated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathological studies and estimation of TBARS, GSH and HI titre was done at the end of 6th wk. Iron treatment resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weights, weekly weight gain, albumin, HDL cholesterol, HI titre (6th week), PHA index and GSH (6th week), while total protein, globulin, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, TBARS (6th week), SOD, catalase, ALT, BUN and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) increased at the end of 4th week in groups 2 to 15 and all these parameters exhibited similar trend at the end of 6th week in iron toxic control group 2 that was maintained with out any treatment. Following the administration of herbs in test in groups 3 to 15, there was a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of iron toxic control group 2 at the end of 6th week. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver and other tissues in iron toxic control group 2. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that iron induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbs/herbal combinations in test offered better amelioration. The combination of W. somnifera + A. racemosus +A. paniculata was found superior as compared to the remaining herbs/combinations in test.
Open Access
A STUDY ON CADMIUM INDUCED TOXICITY AND EVALUATION OF EMBLICA OFFICINALIS, VITAMIN E AND STRESSROAK IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-09) SWAPNA, G; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); SOMASEKHAR REDDY, K; NARSIMHA REDDY, Y
THESES
Open Access
AN INSIGHT INTO THE TOXICITY OF DICLOFENAC ALONE AND UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN VARIABLES IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-09) HARITHA, C; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); SOMASEKHAR REDDY, K; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT : A total of 80 sexed male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) of a day old age were procured for the study. The chicks were randomly divided into eight groups consisting of ten in each group. All the birds were provided with feed and water ad libitum throughout the experiment. Group 1 was kept as basal diet control (1-32 days), group 2 on basal diet for 32 days + diclofenac (0.8 mg/kg body weight I/M) on day 24, 26, 28, 30 and 32, group 3 on basal diet for 32 days + cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg body weight I/M once daily) from day 20 to 23, group 4 on high protein, high calcium, low vitamin A (HPHC) diet (1-32 days), group 5 on basal diet+ diclofenac + cyclophosphamide (as per the schedule), group 6 on HPHC + diclofenac (as per the schedule), group 7 on HPHC + cyclophosphamide (as per the schedule) and group 8 on HPHC + diclofenac+ cyclophosphamide (as per the schedule). Diclofenac in combination with cyclophosphamide (groups 5 and 8) was given after confirming immunosuppression by performing HI and PHA tests. Studies on biomarkers of oxidative stress including antioxidant defenses, sero-biochemical parameters, histopathology and electron microscopy were done after 32 days of experiment. The results revealed a significant (P< 0.05) increase in the activity of TBARS (liver and kidney), SOD, catalase, GGT and ALT, and concentration of BUN, creatinine, total prteins and globulins (blood), while there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the concentration of GSH in liver and kidney, albumin, A/G ratio, PGE2 and immunological profile (blood) in the groups given diclofenac either alone or in combination with other variables. The histological examination of liver, kidney, spleen, bursa and heart revealed lesions of mild to marked severity in different combinations. Visceral gout was prominent in groups 6 and 8. From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that diclofenac has the toxic potential in poultry at sub-therapeutic doses and further the toxic effects are more pronounced under the influence of immunosuppressants and HPHC diet. These findings on diclofenac confirm the reports on vultures as far as the toxic effects are concerned, though the mortality in poultry is not very high at the dose tested, which may be due to the reason that both these species belong to two separate infraclasses (Eoaves and Neoaves, respectively). This is regarded as one of the deepest phylogenetic branches amongst living birds.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF CHLORPYRIFOS–INDUCED TOXICITY IN BROILERS AND ITS AMELIORATION BY CERTAIN HERBS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-09) BHARATHI, P; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); SOMASEKHAR REDDY, K; MADHURI, D
ABSTRACT: A total of 225 sexed male broiler chicks of day old age belonging to Vencobb strain were randomly divided into fifteen groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet and group 2 on chlorpyrifos (CPS) @ 100 ppm in feed for 42 days (6 wks). Groups 3 to 12 were given CPS containing diet for the first 4 wks (28 days) and subsequently treated respectively with Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Asparagus racemosus, Andrographis paniculata, Murraya kienigii, shilajit, Gymnema sylvestra, Allium sativum, Spirulina and ginseng each at 0.1% level in feed till the end of 6th wk, while groups 13 to 15 were given the combination of W. somnifera + A.racemosusi +A.paniculata, W.somnifera + M.koenigii+ A.sativum and Spirulina + shilajit + G.sylevestre, respectively. In combinations, each herb was added at 0.05% level in feed for the remaining 2 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid profile, protein profile and HI titre in serum, and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) index were estimated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathological studies and estimation of TBARS, GSH and AChE were done at the end of 6th wk. The CPS treatment resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weights, protein profile, GSH (6th week), HDL cholesterol, HI titre, PHA index and AChE (6th week), while FCR, total choleserol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, TBARS (6th week), SOD, catalase, ALT, BUN and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) increased at the end of 4th week in groups 2 to 15 and all these parameters exhibited similar trend at the end of 6th week in group 2 that was maintained with out any treatment. Following the administration of herbs in test in groups 3 to 15, there was a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of CPS toxic control group 2 at the end of 6th week. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver, brain and other tissues in CPS control group 2. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities in histopathology, while the treated groups revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that CPS induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbs/herbal combinations in test offered better amelioration. The combination of W. somnifera + A.racemosusi +A.paniculata was found superior as compared to the remaining herbs/combinations in test.
Open Access
EFFECT OF VETEVERIA ZIZANIOIDES EXTRACTS ON CERTAIN BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS IN EUGLYCEMIC & ALLOXAN INDUCED HYPERGLYCEMIC RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007) INDIRA, GOGIREDDY; KALA KUMAR, B(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; RAJA SEKHAR REDDY, A
ABSTRACT: Veteveria zizanioides is a plant extensively grown in the tropics. The aqueous extract of roots is used as summer drink. The alcoholic and aqueous extract of the roots of Veteveria zizanioides was studied for its antihyper glycaemic, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and anti-oxidant activity. Alloxan @ 60mg/kg I/V into tail vein of wistar rats induced hyperglycaemia. A healthy control, alloxan control and standard treatment with insulin were maintained. Alloxan @ 60mg/kg body weight into tail vein of rats induced hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemic rats were assigned to 4 groups of alloxan control, alloxan + insulin, alloxan + alcoholic/aqueous extract @ 200mg/kg body weight for 8 weeks. Hypoglycemic activity of the extracts was assayed in normoglycemic rats. Fasting blood glucose, lipid profile and antioxidant profile were determined. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts reduced fasting blood glucose mg% in alloxanised rats. Alcoholic extract reduced LDL, cholesterol, but increased HDL whereas, TBARS decreased, GSH and catalase increased in plant extract treated rats 17 indicating anti-hyperglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity. Euglycemic rats treated with alcohol / aqueous extracts did not show hypoglycemia. From the experimental data it could be inferred that alcoholic / aqueous extract of Veteveria zizanioides has antidiabetic activity and alcoholic extract has mild hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity
Open Access
LEAD INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN POULTRY AND ITS AMELIORATION BY CERTAIN ANTIOXIDANTS AND ADAPTOGENS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-05) RATAN KUMAR, M; SOMASEKHAR REDDY, K(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; RAJASEKHAR REDDY, A; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT : A total of 225 day old sexed male broiler chicks of Vencobb strain were randomly divided into fifteen groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Groups 1,2,3,4 and 5 served as plain controls. Group 1 was maintained on based diet, 2 on poly herbal formulation (PHF) @ 1 g/kg feed, 3 on shilajith @ 100 mg/kg feed, 4 on amla @ 500 mg/kg feed and 5 on vit E (3000 mg/kg feed) + Se (0.3 mg/kg feed). Group 6 was maintained on lead @ 250 mg/kg feed for 42 days (6 weeks) and 7 on lead for 28 days and subsequently on basal diet with out lead for the remaining 2 weeks. Groups 8, 9, 10 and 11 were given lead along with PHF, shilajith, amla and vit E + Se, respectively throughout the experiment for 6 weeks. Groups 12, 13, 14 and 15 were given lead containing diet for the first 4 weeks (28 days) and subsequently treated with PHF, shilajith, amla and vit E + Se, respectively for the remaining 2 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile (GSH-Px, GSH-R and catalase), biomarkers of hepatic damage (ALT and ALP), renal damage (serum creatinine and BUN), lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol) in serum and protein profile (total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio) were estimated at the end of 4th and 6th week. Liver lipids, TBARS and HI titer, and the activity of Na+/k+ ATPase, Mg2+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase and CYP450 were estimated at the end of 6th week. Electron microscopy of kidney conducted at the end of 6th week revealed ruptured mitochondria and vacuolation in the proximal convoluted tubules in the toxic control group 6. Prominent lysosomal bodies were also observed along with distraction of brush border and narrowing of lumen. Few lysosomal bodies were found in the groups 13 and 14 (amla and vit E + Se treated groups, respectively), while PHF and shilajith treated groups (12 and 13, respectively) exhibited no specific cellular changes on electron microscopy. Performance parameters, antioxidant defense parameters, enzyme levels, sero-biochemical parameters, activity of membranes ATPases and CYP450 were significantly altered in the toxic control The sero-biochemical and histopathological parameters were normal in controls groups 1 to 5 and other groups that were given the drugs in test and showed good amelioration. Thus, it is concluded that lead induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the drugs in test viz., PHF, shilajith, amla and vit E + Se offered better amelioration.

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