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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PATHOLOGY OF ENDOSULFAN TOXICITY IN BROILERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-02) SUNEETHA, D; SRILATHA, Ch(MAJOR); SUJATHA, K; CHANDRA SEKHARA RAO, T.SThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON LEAD TOXICITY IN FEMALE RATS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH Emblica officinalis (AMLA) AND Linum usitatissimum (FLAXSEED)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-10) AMITAVA PAUL; SUJATHA, K(MAJOR); SRILATHA, Ch; VINOD KUMAR, NABSTRACT: Heavy metal Lead is one of mankind’s oldest environmental and occupational toxins found in almost all phases of biological systems. It is known to cause many adverse effects in man and animals. The major organs affected in the body in lead toxicity include nervous system, renal system, hematologic, cardiovascular and immune system. The deleterious effects of lead on reproductive system both in males and females are also a well-known fact. Animal models are widely used to characterize lead toxicity and to study the ameliorating effects of many herbs. In the current investigation, Emblica officinalis (AMLA) and Linum usitatissimum (FLAXSEED) are being investigated for their protective effect on lead induced toxicity with a major focus on reproductive system of female wistar rats. The present study was carried out by procuring 108 female adult wistar albino rats that were randomly assigned to 6 groups with 18 rats in each group. Group I served as vehicle control and they received distilled water, whereas animals in Group II, III, IV, V and VI received lead acetate @ 60 mg/ kg b.wt., Emblica officinalis @ 100 mg/ rat/ day, Linum usitatissimum @ 300 mg/ kg b.wt, lead acetate @ 60 mg/ kg b.wt + Emblica officinalis @ 100 mg/ rat/ day, lead acetate @ 60 mg/ kg b.wt + Linum usitatissimum @ 300 mg/ kg b.wt. respectively for 45 days. Six rats from each group were sacrificed at fortnight intervals. In the present study no mortality was observed in any of the treated group. Across the groups, lead related clinical signs attributable to neurotoxicity were seen. Significant (P<0.05) reduction was recorded in TEC, PCV, Hb and Percent lymphocyte count and significant increase in Percent neutrophil count and TLC was observed in lead treated group (II) in relation to group I. These counts were significantly improved in ameliorated groups (V and VI), when compared to lead treated group (II). Serum biochemical analysis revealed significant decrease (P<0.05) in total protein and increase in SGPT, SGOT, cholesterol, creatinine, ALP and LDH levels in Group II. Significant (P<0.05) increase in the concentration of TBARS and decreased levels of antioxidants like catalase, SOD and GPx levels in liver, kidney, brain and uterus of Group II were noticed. The levels of these parameters were significantly improved in the ameliorated group (Group V and VI). Significant (P<0.05) decrease in serum Progesterone (P) and Estrogen (E2) concentration was noticed in Group II rats. In Group V and VI, significant improvement in hormonal values was noticed compared to Group II. No significant alterations were noticed in all above mentioned parameters in Emblica and Flaxseed treated rats (Group III and IV). In the present study, conspicuous gross lesion was noticed in uterus, liver followed by kidney and lung. Gross lesion includes reduction in size of uterus, paleness of liver, congestion of kidney and lung in lead treated rats (Group II). These changes were less severe in Group V and VI. No significant changes were observed in Emblica and Flaxseed treated rats (Group III and IV). Microscopically uterus of the rats of Group II revealed vacuolar degeneration of lining epithelium of endometrium, narrowing of lumen, degenerated endometrial glandular epithelium, disruption of endometrial glandular structure with, reduced number of endometrial glands, variation in shape and size of the glands, severely degenerated and distorted glands, cystic lumen, complete obliteration of glandular lumen and hyperplastic changes in endometrial gland. In Group V and VI, these changes were less intense. Ovaries of lead acetate treated rats showed, medullary congestion, thickened tunica albuginea, severely degenerated granulosa cell with completely disintegrated oocyte and its nucleus in primary and secondary follicles, lysis of oocyte, cumulus oophorus and clumping of granulosa cells in secondary follicle and significant reduction in the number of follicles at different developmental stages were observed. All these changes were less severe in groups (V and VI). Microscopically, the panel of vital organs comprising liver, kidney, heart, spleen, intestine and lungs were evaluated. The major changes in liver included focal loss of hepatocytes with infiltration of MNCs, bile duct hyperplasia, moderate to severe dilatation and congestion of sinusoids in group II animals. Kidney section showed degenerated and desquamated renal tubular epithelium, congested glumerulus, atrophied and cystic glomeruli. The lead acetate treated group also showed mild to severe thickening of interstitial space, thickening of blood vessels, and severe lymphoid hyperplasia in peribronchial area in lungs. The lesions in brain section included submeningeal hemorrhages, mild to moderate capillary proliferation in cerebral cortex, rounding and loss of purkinje cells in cerebellum, shrinkage of neurons, demyelinating changes and spongiosis and gliosis. Heart showed focal sarcolytic changes, thickening and congested blood vessels. Changes in spleen included thickened blood vessels, thickened capsule and mild to moderate depletion of lymphocyte in white pulp and engorgement of red pulp. Intestine revealed desquamated epithelial cells with increased number of goblet cells, mild to moderate eosinophilic infiltration in sub mucosa and necrosis. The severity of these lesions was of lesser magnitude in Group V and VI. No significant changes were noticed in soft tissues of Emblica (Group III) and Flaxseed (Group IV) treated rats. In rats of group II, immunohistochemistry showed increased expression of BAX marker in both uterus and ovarian tissue compared to Group I. Whereas, in rats of Group V and VI decreased expression of BAX marker was observed compared to Group II. No significant changes were noticed in rats of Group III and IV.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF INDUCED HYPERLIPIDEMIA AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RATS AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH FLAXSEEDS (LINUM USITATISSIUMUM) AND GREEN TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-05) SRINIVASA NAIK, H; SRILATHA, Ch(MAJOR); SUJATHA, K; SREEDEVI, B; PRASAD, T.N.V.K.VABSTRACT : Hyerlipidemia is the disorder of lipid metabolism, characterized by elevated serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low density lipoproteins cholesterol (VLDL-C) and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Atherosclerosis is diverse disease with heterogenous mechanisms of progression and is an oxidative, chronic inflammatory and thrombotic disease referring to fatty deposits on the inner lining of the large to medium sized elastic and muscular arteries and is precipitated by elevated level of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the blood. Atherosclerosis associated coronary heart disease is the second largest cause of mortality worldwide in humans. Current reports suggest that by the year 2020, India will have the largest cardio vascular disease (CVD) burden in the world. Realizing the importance of ethno medical practices, flaxseed and green tea supplementation along with atherogenic diet has been taken to combat the hyperlipidemia associated atherosclerosis. Flaxseed (Linumusitatissiumum) has been identified as a significant alternative source of omega 3 fatty acids and alpha linoleic acid (ALA). Therapeutic activities of flaxseed is well proven, one of them is anti-atherosclerotic due to its lipid lowering activity which is mainly attributed to its Secoisoarciresinol diglucoside (SDG). Green tea (Camellia sinensis) polyphenols known to have various medical health beneficial effects like anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-arthritic, anti angiogenic, anti-metastatic, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti hyperlipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic, neuroprotective, anti-dental caries and antimicrobial (bacterial, viral & fungal) properties in human, animal and in vitro studies. So the present study was designed with a view to study molecular aspects of hyperlipidemia associated atherosclerosis in male Wistar albino rats and an attempt was made to identify various molecular preventive effects of flax seeds (Linumusitatissiumum) and green tea (Cameliasinensis). The present study was carried out by procuring 72 wistar albino rats, that were randomly divided into six groups consisting of 12 rats in each group. Hyperlipidemia associated atherosclerosis was induced by atherogenic diet consisting of 1% cholesterol and 15% saturated oil added to the 1000g of standard rat diet and given to group II rats. Flaxseed @ 7.5g/kg/day and green tea @ 100mg/kg/day gavaged orally to group V and VI rats for 90 days along with atherogenic diet. Group I kept as control and given standard rat diet, group III as flaxseed control and given 7.5g/kg/day of flaxseed along with standard rat diet, whereas group IV kept as green tea control and given 100mg/kg/day/Po along with standard rat diet for 90 days. Six rats from each group were sacrificed 45 days apart each. Atherogenic diet fed group (Group II) rats clinically showed obesity with significant increase (p<0.05) in the body weight. Rats were sluggish with poor hair coat. Green tea supplementation (Group VI) significantly reduced the obesity and body weight compared to moderate reduction of obesity and body weight in flaxseed ameliorated group (Group V). Whereas green tea control group (Group IV) rats were apparently healthy, slim with shiny hair coat. Total leukocyte count (TLC), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) were significantly (p<0.05) higher, whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly reduced in group II. Oxidative damage indicators like catalase, SOD, GPx, reduced glutathione and glutathione S transferase were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced, whereas lipid peroxidation products of TBARS level was non-significantly (p < 0.05) increased in liver and heart tissues of atherogenic diet fed group (Group II). Flaxseeds supplementation (Group V) reduced the hyperlipidemia certain extent caused by atherogenic diet by reducing the modest level of TC, TG, LDL-C and mild elevation of HDL-C. Flaxseeds non-significantly (p < 0.05) increased the cellular anti-oxidant enzymes and modestly reduced the level of TBARS. Whereas green tea (Group VI) supplementation effectively controlled the hyperlipidemia by reducing all the serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and enhanced the good high density cholesterol and significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced all the tissue anti-oxidant enzymes and modestly reduced the TBARS levels. Microscopically hepatic steatosis was prominent in atherogenic diet fed group (Group II). Complete absence of fatty change was evident in green tea treated group (Group VI) compared to flaxseed group (Group V). Histopathologically, endothelial degeneration, sub intimal fat cells, foam cells with attached microthrombi was observed in majority of the cases in group II rats aorta fed on atherogenic diet. All these changes were also evidenced by ultrastructural studies. Mild endothelial degeneration was evident in flaxseed ameliorated group. Majority of the changes of initiated atherosclerosis were minimized by green tea supplementation. No such lesions were seen in control, flaxseed and green tea alone fed control groups (Group I, III & IV) throughout the study period. Mild endothelial cell proliferation with formation of vascular channels in between cardiac muscle fibers, liver and in kidney was observed throughout the study period of flaxseed fed group (Group III) rats. VEGF positivity was observed in endothelial cells, thrombus and structurally modified stromal cells of initiated atherosclerotic lesion. Initiated atheromatous plaque showed high level of positivity with Bax compared with other parts of blood vessel. On the other hand, selective moderate to severe positivity with CD 31, CD44, E cadherin and Beta catenin was observed in the initiated atherosclerotic lesion characterized by endothelial degeneration, sub endothelial lipid laden macrophages, and endothelial adhered thrombus and erythrocytes. Various levels of positivity with above markers was also observed in flaxseed and green tea ameliorated groups based on the initiated atherosclerotic lesion in these groups. Present study revealed positive expression of proinflammatory cytokine TNF alpha by RT-PCR (Real time PCR) in atherogenic diet fed group aorta (Group II) compared to standard diet fed rats (Group I). Flaxseed and green tea ameliorated groups (Group V and VI) showed significant reduction in the expression of TNF alpha in contrary to atherogenic diet fed group (Group II). IL-18 expression was not noticed in any groups of the present study. In conclusion atherogenic diet of present study established the hyperlipidemia and initiated the atherosclerosis in the aorta evidenced by histopathology and molecular expression of PECAM-I (CD 31), CD44, E cadherin and Beta catenin and tissue TNF alpha. Flaxseeds supplementation reduced the hyperlipidemia associated atherosclerosis to certain extent, but not completely ameliorated the changes. On the other hand, green tea supplementation effectively controlled the hyperlipidemia associated atherosclerosis and enhanced all the tissue anti-oxidant enzymes.ThesisItem Open Access ETIOPATHOLOGY OF LAMB MORTALITY IN RAYALASEEMA REGION OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-12) VENKATA RAGHAVENDRA, SANGUBOTLA; ANAND KUMAR, A(MAJOR); AMARAVATHI, P; CHENGALVA RAYULU, V; MADHAVA RAO, TABSTRACT: Present study was undertaken to study the etiopathology of lamb mortality in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh state to find out the prevalence and probable causes for lamb mortality. In an epidemiological survey, a total of 1798 lambs were recorded as dead in four districts of Rayalaseema region, of them the mortalty rate was in descending order Anatapur, Chittoor, Kadapa and Kurnool. The mortality was higher in females than males. Maximum mortality was observed in winter season and at 1-3 months age group. The mortality was majorly due to infectious origin 1533 (85.26%) followed by non-infectious origin 223 (12.4%) and miscellaneous causes 42 (2.34%). Majority of deaths were due to respiratory system affections followed by digestive system affections, multiple system involvement, combined digestive & respiratory systems, non specific affections, circulatory system, urinary system and combined respiratory & urinary system in descending order. Out of 100 faecal samples of ailing lambs examined, 68 samples were positive for different parasitic ova and oocysts. In the age group of 4-6 months it was maximum. The positive cases of parasitic ova in ailing lambs were more in females than in males. Various parasitic ova identified were eggs of Strongyle, Moniezia sp, Schistosoma sp, Haemonchus sp, Paramphistome sp, Trichuris sp and oocysts of Coccidia sp. The samples collected during the postmortem examination revealed ova of Trichuris sp, Moniezia sp, Strongyle and cysts of Balantidium sp. Out of 102 blood samples collected from ailing lambs the blood picture was decreased PCV, Hb, TEC, MCHC, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and increased TLC, MCV, MCH, lymphocytes were observed when compared with apparently healthy group (n=10). Males showed increased PCV, neutrophils, eosinophils, MCV and in females increased TLC, lymphocytes, monocytes and MCHC, where as almost similar Mean±SE values of Hb, TEC were noted in both males and females. Out of 50 serum samples from ailing lambs screened, increased TP, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, creatinine and decreased calcium, ALT were observed when compared with apparently healthy group (n=10). Increased TP, albumin, globulin, AST were reported in males whereas increased A/G ratio, calcium, ALT in females and similar values of creatinine in both sexes were noted. A total of 53 different samples collected from ailing lambs and affected organs were subjected for culture isolation of microorganisms and molecular characterization by using PCR assay. E.coli, Salmonella sp and S.aureus isolates were obtained by culture method. E.coli isolate was positive for stx2 gene, isolates of Salmonella sp for invA gene and isolates of S.aureus for nuc gene. The prevalence of gross and histopathological changes was noted from 179 dead lambs in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh during the period of study from December, 2015 to June, 2016. Lambs from Chittoor, Kadapa, Anantapur and Kurnool districts were died in descending order. The mortality was more in females than males. The highest mortality was noted in summer followed by winter. Lambs died at 4-6 months age followed by 1-3 months age, 7-9 months, 10-12 months age and <1 month age in descending order. The mortality of lambs in this region more due to multiple system affections and due to inflammatory origin majorly followed by non inflammatory origin i.e. 179 dead lambs. Inflammatory origin conditions included inflammation of multiple organs involvement was recorded to be highest. Gross lesions in respiratory system observed were tracheitis, congestion, consolidation, suppuration, aspiration, nodular growths and haemorrhages of lungs. In circulatory system, haemorrhages, congestion of coronary blood vessels, gelatinization and necrosis of epicardial fat, small pin point to streaks of pale areas on epicardium and hydro pericardium were observed in heart where as in spleen petechial haemorrhages and congestion were noted. Mild to severe enlargement, edema and hemorrhagic mesenteric lymph nodes and enlarged supra scapular lymphnode in one case were recorded. Congested cerebral blood vessels were noted. In the digestive system, rumen and reticulum filled with plenty of food material (phytobezoars), that was hard and dry, Haemonchus sp worms in abomasum, empty stomach and intestines, duodenal haemorrhages, enteritis (catarrhal and haemorrhagic), thickened intestinal mucosa, congested mesenteric blood vessels, volvulus and tape worms in intestinal portions were observed. The liver showed the lesions including congestion, necrotic areas, haemorrhages, calcification, enlarged and infarcted, cirrhotic changes, icteric patches on surface, larva migrans, abscesses and distended gall bladder. In renal system, softened (pulpy) kidneys, congestion, haemorrhages, cysts in medulla, dilatation of renal pelvis of kidneys, urinary bladder distention and urethral stricture were recorded. Three cases of Anthrax suspected lambs (confirmed by blood smear examination), One dog bite case and three abortion cases reported were not subjected to post mortem. A total of 453 tissue samples of different affected organs included lungs, liver, kidney, heart, intestine, lymphnode, spleen and brain were collected from 179 lambs that were died and subjected to histopathology. In respiratory system, pneumonia was major condition encountered and included different types, non specific pneumonia, suppurative pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, Jaagsiekte, interstitial pneumonia, fibrinous pneumonia, verminous pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia and Suppurative pneumonia combined with Jaagsiekte. In circulatory system, the lesions of heart included myocarditis, presence of Sarcocysts and parasites in myocardium. In spleen, congestion, presence of hemosiderin pigment, thickened trabeculae, degeneration and hyperplasia of splenic corpuscle and lymphoid aggregation around splenic corpuscle were recorded. In mesenteric lymphnodes the lesions included congestion, depletion of lymphoid cells, edema, haemorrhages, fibrous tissue proliferation, reactive hyperplasia, section of parasite, cyst in the vessel and abscess. A case of lymphosarcoma was also observed. Brain lesions like neuronal degeneration, vacuolation, apoptosis, neuronophagia, satellitosis and focal to diffused mono nuclear cell infiltration were observed. In kidney samples, congestion, degeneration of tubules, presence of casts, necrosis of tubules, shrunken glomeruli, fibrous tissue proliferation, cystic spaces, tubular edema, fatty change in glomeruli as well as in tubules, cloudy swelling, presence of hemosiderin pigment, infarction were noted. Accordingly the conditions classified as nonspecific nephritis, glomerular nephritis, haemorrhagic glomerular nephritis, haemorrhagic nephritis, parasitic ova and parasite in cystic fluid were recorded. In intestines congestion, haemorrhages, ulcers, fibrous tissue proliferation, degeneration of glands, various villous abnormalities were observed. The conditions were classified as catarrhal enteritis with parasitic load, nonspecific enteritis, haemorrhagic enteritis, diptheritic enteritis, necrotic enteritis. In liver sinusoidal congestion, fibrous tissue proliferation, focal to diffused necrosis, mild to moderate fatty change, degeneration of hepatocytes, bileduct epithelial hyperplasia and proliferation, calcification, presence of hemosiderin pigment were noted. Further the conditions classified as hepatitis, presence of parasitic ova, granuloma formation, abscess, haemorrhages and fibrotic nodule and bacterial colonies in portal triad.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SODIUM FLUORIDE TOXICITY IN FEMALE RATS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY AND ITS AMELIORATION(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-10) REDDI PRIYANKA, K; SUJATHA, K(MAJOR); SRILATHA, Ch; RANI PRAMEELA, DABSTRACT: Fluorosis is one of the most important public health hazards across the world, resulting from chronic exposure of higher amounts of fluoride. Most of the times, it is characterized by dental mottling (Dental) and crippling (Skeletal) disorders. Livestock exposed to forages and grasses contaminated with fluoride-rich industrial effluents, deep well water, feed supplements and mineral mixtures containg excess fluoride are more susceptible for fluoride toxicity. Apart from the skeletal and dental abnormalities fluoride can able to produce structural and functional alterations in many of the soft tissues like reproductive organs, liver, kidney, brain, gastro intestinal tract, thyroid and endocrine glands by impairing the antioxidant status of the body. In recent years, experimental studies pertaining to toxic effects of fluoride on reproductive organs and developmental toxicity have got great attention. In this aspect, many authors reported effects of fluoride on male reproductive system where as information regarding female reproductive system is inadequate. Provision of nutritional supplements with high antioxidant properties is the farthest objective as remedy to mitigate the complications of fluoride toxicity. Emblica officinalis (Amla) is proposed for its potent antioxidant property. ZnO nanoparticles are well documented for their multidisciplinary biological activities in the field of medicine. Hence, this present study was undertaken to investigate pathomorphological changes in the reproductive system and other soft tissues of female rats induced by fluoride and its amelioration with Emblica officinalis (Amla) and to study the efficacy of Zinc oxide nano particles coated Emblica officinalis. The present study was carried out by procuring 108 female Wister albino rats (weighing around 200 g) that were randomly assigned to 6 Groups with 18 rats in each Group. Group I served as vehicle control and received distilled water whereas animals in Groups II, III, IV, V and VI received sodium fluoride @ of 18 mg/ kg b.wt, Emblica officinalis @ of 100 mg/ rat/ day, ZnO nano particles @ of 10 mg/ kg b.wt, sodium fluoride @ of 18 mg/ kg b.wt + Emblica officinalis @ of 100 mg/ rat/ day, sodium fluoride @ of 18 mg/ kg b.wt + ZnO nano particles coated Emblica officinalis @ of 100 mg/ rat/ day respectively. Six rats from each group were sacrificed at fortnight intervals. Hematologically, significant reduction was recorded in the TEC, Hb and PCV and TLC in Group II. Serum biochemical analysis revealed significant decrease in total protein, SGPT, SGOT, cholesterol, calcium and increased creatinine, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase levels in Group II. Significant increase in the concentration of TBARS, indicator for oxidative damage and decreased levels of antioxidants like catalase, SOD, GPx and GSH levels in liver, kidney, brain and uterus of Group II rats were noticed. Decreased serum Progesterone (P) and Estrogen (E2) concentration were noticed in Group II rats. Whereas, clear hematological, biochemical and hormonal improvement was noticed in Group V and VI. No alternations were noticed in all these parameters in Group III and IV. On histopathological examination, uterus of Group II rats revealed distorted lamina propria with moderate infiltration of MNCs, squeezed endometrial cells revealing large empty spaces, severe degenerative changes in endometrial glandular epithelium, periglandular infiltration of MNCs and fibrous tissue proliferation, variation in size and shape of the glands, severe hyperplastic changes with complete obliteration of glandular lumen and overall reduction in number of glands in the endometrium. Whereas in myometrium, highly distorted smooth muscle architecture with irregularly arranged funicular layers, infiltration of MNCs and eosinophils and edematous changes between muscle fibers were noticed. Uterine lumen was completely obliterated. In Group V and VI, these changes were less intense and by the end of 6th week uterus came to near normal appearance. Ovaries of Group II rats showed highly degenerated germinal epithelium, degenerated and necrosed stromal tissue with engorged blood vessels, distorted basement membrane separating the theca folliculi from the zona granulosa, vacuolated spaces in granulosa cells, severely disintegrated oocytes and nucleus in secondary follicles, increased number of atretic follicles, pyknotic follicular cells, vacuolated corpus luteum and marked reduction in the number of follicles at different developmental stages. These changes were less severe in Group V and VI. In liver, severe congestion of central vein, dilated sinusoidal spaces with congestion, degenerated hepatocytes with karyomegaly and hyperchromatic nuclei, individualization of hepatocytes, focal loss of hepatocytes with MNC aggregates and disorganization of hepatic cords, microgranuloma formation, mild to moderate vesicular fatty change, moderate fibrous tissue proliferation in portal areas, marked sinusoidal dilatation with severe congestion were observed in Group II. These changes were less intense in Group V and VI. In kidneys, extensive degenerative changes in tubular epithelial cells, severe intertubular hemorrhages and edema and proteinacious casts in tubules were noticed. Vacuolation in the tuft of glomerulus and atrophied and cystic glomeruli were evident in majority of Group II treated animals. In Group V and VI ameliorated rats, these lesions were less severe. Microscopical examination of Group II lungs showed perivascular and peribronchial infiltration of MNCs and eosinophils, moderate hemorrhages in and around the bronchiole, desquamated bronchiolar epithelium, peribronchial lymphoid aggregation and interstitial edema. These changes were less in intense in Group V and VI. Brains of Group II rats revealed shrinkage of neurons along with focal areas of demyelinating changes and spongiosis, doubling and rounding of Purkinje cells, microgranuloma formation and nerve cell with central chromatolysis and focal areas of gliosis in cerebrum. In Group V and VI ameliorated rats, these lesions were less severe. Microscopic examination of heart revealed mild to moderate hemorrhages, sarcolytic changes and infiltration of MNCs in between cardiac muscle fibers in most of the group II rats. All these changes were mild in Group V and VI. In pancreas, peripancreatic ductular infiltration of MNCs, focal loss of acinar structures exocrine duct hyperplasia and complete degeneration with atrophy of islets of Langerhans were observed in Group II rats. These changes were mild in Group V and VI. Microscopically spleens of Group II animals revealed, depletion of lymphocytes around the central artery and from germinal centers and severe engorgement of red pulp. Group V and VI animals appeared almost similar to control. No specific gross and microscopic alternations were observed in soft tissues of Group III and IV. Increased fluoride concentration was noticed in tissues like liver, kidney, brain and uterus of Group II rats whereas, significant decrease in fluoride concentration was noticed in Group V and VI. In Group II, immunohistochemistry showed increased expression of BAX marker in lining epithelium and glandular epithelium of endometrium of uterus compared to control. Decreased number PCNA positive ovarian follicles were observed in Group II compared to control. Whereas, increased number of ovarian follicles were noticed in Group V and VI. On scanning electron microscopic examination, abraded surface epithelium with distorted cuboidal shape and clumping of surface epithelial cells with decreased number of blebs and microvilli were observed in ovaries of Group II whereas, in Group V and VI, cuboidal cells of the germinal epithelium normal with significant increase in number of blebs and microvilli.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF IMIDACLOPRID AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH VITAMIN-C IN MALE RATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-09) SOUJANYA, S; LAKSHMAN, M(MAJOR); ANAND KUMAR, A; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT : The present experiment was aimed to study the toxico-pathological effects of imidacloprid in male rats. Total of 48 male Sprague dawley rats were procured and divided into four groups consisting of 12 in each. The group 1 served as control, group 2 (imidacloprid toxic control at the rate of 80 mg/kg b. wt /day), group 3 was provided with vitamin C at the rate of 10 mg/kg b. wt/day, group 4 was fed with both imidacloprid at the rate of 80 mg/kg b. wt /day and vitamin C at the rate of 10 mg/kg b. wt/day. This experiment was carried out for 4 weeks. Average body weight gains were recorded at weekly intervals. A day before sacrifice the blood and serum samples were collected from six rats in each group. Tissue samples of liver, kidney, testes, brain were collected from six rats in each group on the day of sacrifice i.e. on 14th and 28th day for histological and ultrastructural studies. Liver and kidney tissues were also collected and stored at -200C for estimation of GSH. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in body weight gains was recorded in group 2. Haematological observations revealed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in TEC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC except TLC in group 2. The biochemical assays showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum creatinine, ALT and AST, and decrease in total protein in group 2. The tissue biochemical profile revealed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in GSH concentration in liver and kidney in group 2. A mild to moderate improvement in all the parameters were observed in group 4 in comparison with group 2 throughout experimental period. Grossly group 2 animals revealed atrophied kidney, abscess and congestion of liver whereas group 4 animals revealed only congestion of liver. Histopathologically, group 2 sections of kidney revealed cystic dilatation of tubules, shrunken glomeruli, vacuolation, presence of haemorrhages and cystic spaces in between tubules. Liver sections showed marked dilation, congestion of central vein, portal vein and sinusoidal spaces. A notable observation was made in hepatocytes like vacuolation/ fatty change and degeneration. Testes revealed vacuolation of semniferous tubules, detachment of germinal cells from basement membrane, increased interstitial spaces, disrupted basement membrane, presence of few leydig cells, severe congestion in interstitial spaces and tunica albuginea. Sections of brain tissue revealed degeneration of purkinje cells, shrunken neurons, vacuolation around neurons, chromatolysis, matrix vacuolation and marked congestion. Group 4 kidney sections showed mild peri glomerular congestion, moderate inter tubular haemorrhages and liver revealed moderate congestion, dilatation of central vein and portal vein and degeneration of hepatocytes. Testes revealed only mild degenerative changes in semniferous tubules whereas brain tissues showed mild congestion and degeneration of purkinje cells. Ultrastructurally, group 2 kidney has evidenced degeneration of tubular epithelium with loose inter cellular junctions, disrupted nucleus, margination of chromatin material (apoptosis), varied size and shape of mitochondria and vacuoles in cytoplasm. Liver section showed swollen nuclei, mitochondrial changes (varied size and shape), disrupted chromatin and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ultra thin sections of testes showed swollen nuclei, increased perinuclear space, varied size and shape of mitochondria, complete disintegrated chromatin material and degeneration of spermatids. Brain section revealed disruption, margination of chromatin material (apoptotic nuclei) and vacuolar mitochondria. In group 4 animals kidney section revealed dilated inter tubular area, apoptotic nuclei and varied size and shape of mitochondria. Liver section showed swollen nuclei of hepatocytes. Testes section revealed margination of chromatin material, varied size and shape of mitochondria and degeneration of spermatids. Brain section revealed degeneration of neurons. The present study indicated that imidacloprid is a potential toxic agent that induced toxicity at varied levels and resulted in pathological changes in respective target organs viz., in testes, brain, liver and kidney. These changes were well supported by haemotological, serum and tissue biochemical alterations and ultrastructural changes. Vitamin C supplementation provided protective action and moderate improvement in all the above parameters.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHICKEN IN POULTRY FARMS IN AND AROUND HYDERABAD(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1996-09) Asim Rasool, Syed; AHMED, S.R(MAJOR); VIKRAM REDDY, M; JANAKIRAM SHARMAThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE PATHOLOGY OF OVINE AND CANINE KIDNEYS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1980) SANKARAPPA, K.V.; RAMA RAO, P(MAJOR); GOPAL NAIDU, N.R; GOPALA KRISHNA MURTHY, KThesisItem Open Access TOXICOPATHOLOGY OF λ-CYHALOTHRIN AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH N-ACETYL CYSTEINE IN RATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-12) PALLAVI, G; ANAND KUMAR, A(MAJOR); MADHURI, D; REDDY, M.RABSTRACT : The present experimental study was undertaken to study the pathology of experimentally induced λ-cyhalothrin toxicity in rats. A total of 32 healthy female Sprague dawley rats were procured for the present experimental study and the experiment was carried out according to the guidelines and prior approval of Animal Ethics Committee. Animals were divided into four groups consisting of 8 in each group. The experimental study was designed as follows: Group 1-Control, Group 2-λ-cyhalothrin – toxic control @ 2mg / kg body wt. orally every alternative day for 4 weeks. Group 3- N-acetyl cysteine control @ 300 mg/kg.b.wt per day orally for 4 weeks, Group 4- λ-cyhalothrin @ 2 mg/kg body weight every alternative day for 4 weeks + N-acetyl cysteine control @ 300 mg/kg.b.wt per day orally for 4 weeks. At the end of 2nd week, 2 rats from each group and at the end of 4th week remaining rats were sacrificed; blood and serum were collected for haematological and biochemical studies, tissue samples of liver, kidney, brain, heart and muscle were collected for histopathopathological studies in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Tissues of brain liver, heart and kidney were collected and stored at -200 C for further estimation of oxidative parameters. The effects of λ-cyhalothrin were assessed by studying the various parameters viz., clinical signs, haemato-biochemical, pathomorphological alterations and oxidative stress. During the experiment, rats in group 2 showed reduced feed and water intake, hyperesthesia, mild salivation, incordination of movements. No significant clinical signs were observed in group 3. Haematological studies revealed that overall means of TEC, Hb and PCV were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in group 2 in comparison to other groups. The biochemical assays showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in CPK, LDH, ALT, Serum creatinine and decrease in total protein in group 2. The tissue enzymes assays revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase in TBARS, Protein Carbonyles and significant (P<0.05) decrease of GSH, GST, Na+ K+ ATP ase activities in group 2.The ameliorative group showed mild to moderate improvement in all parameters in comparison to group 2. The gross pathological changes in the group 2 animals included atrophy and necrotic foci on liver, atrophy and medullary congestion of kidney. In group 2, histopathologically liver revealed marked central vein congestion, bile duct hyperplasia, centrilobular necrosis, marked nuclear changes. Kidney revealed marked congestion, disrupted tubular and glomerular architecture, shrunken / atrophied glomeruli marked degenerative changes in tubules with marked intertubular hemorrhages and casts. Brain revealed vacuolation, congestion, neuronal degeneration and chromatolysis. Heart revealed severe disruption, separation, degeneration, necrosis of muscle fibres. Muscle revealed marked disruption, loss of striations and mild hemorrhages. In group 4 animals, liver revealed mild to moderate central vein congestion, dilatation of sinusoidal spaces, degenerative changes in the hepatocytes, kidney showed mild to moderate degenerativ e changes, heart revealed moderate range of degeneration and disruption of muscle bundles. The study indicated that exposure to λ-cyhalothrin result in neurotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Further NAC supplementation provided protective action and improvement in histological, haematological, biochemical and oxidative parameters.