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2012 - 20133
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Subject: Veterinary Pathology × End date: 2013 × Start date: 2012 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    TOXICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF IMIDACLOPRID AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH VITAMIN-C IN MALE RATS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-09) SOUJANYA, S; LAKSHMAN, M(MAJOR); ANAND KUMAR, A; GOPALA REDDY, A
    ABSTRACT : The present experiment was aimed to study the toxico-pathological effects of imidacloprid in male rats. Total of 48 male Sprague dawley rats were procured and divided into four groups consisting of 12 in each. The group 1 served as control, group 2 (imidacloprid toxic control at the rate of 80 mg/kg b. wt /day), group 3 was provided with vitamin C at the rate of 10 mg/kg b. wt/day, group 4 was fed with both imidacloprid at the rate of 80 mg/kg b. wt /day and vitamin C at the rate of 10 mg/kg b. wt/day. This experiment was carried out for 4 weeks. Average body weight gains were recorded at weekly intervals. A day before sacrifice the blood and serum samples were collected from six rats in each group. Tissue samples of liver, kidney, testes, brain were collected from six rats in each group on the day of sacrifice i.e. on 14th and 28th day for histological and ultrastructural studies. Liver and kidney tissues were also collected and stored at -200C for estimation of GSH. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in body weight gains was recorded in group 2. Haematological observations revealed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in TEC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC except TLC in group 2. The biochemical assays showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum creatinine, ALT and AST, and decrease in total protein in group 2. The tissue biochemical profile revealed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in GSH concentration in liver and kidney in group 2. A mild to moderate improvement in all the parameters were observed in group 4 in comparison with group 2 throughout experimental period. Grossly group 2 animals revealed atrophied kidney, abscess and congestion of liver whereas group 4 animals revealed only congestion of liver. Histopathologically, group 2 sections of kidney revealed cystic dilatation of tubules, shrunken glomeruli, vacuolation, presence of haemorrhages and cystic spaces in between tubules. Liver sections showed marked dilation, congestion of central vein, portal vein and sinusoidal spaces. A notable observation was made in hepatocytes like vacuolation/ fatty change and degeneration. Testes revealed vacuolation of semniferous tubules, detachment of germinal cells from basement membrane, increased interstitial spaces, disrupted basement membrane, presence of few leydig cells, severe congestion in interstitial spaces and tunica albuginea. Sections of brain tissue revealed degeneration of purkinje cells, shrunken neurons, vacuolation around neurons, chromatolysis, matrix vacuolation and marked congestion. Group 4 kidney sections showed mild peri glomerular congestion, moderate inter tubular haemorrhages and liver revealed moderate congestion, dilatation of central vein and portal vein and degeneration of hepatocytes. Testes revealed only mild degenerative changes in semniferous tubules whereas brain tissues showed mild congestion and degeneration of purkinje cells. Ultrastructurally, group 2 kidney has evidenced degeneration of tubular epithelium with loose inter cellular junctions, disrupted nucleus, margination of chromatin material (apoptosis), varied size and shape of mitochondria and vacuoles in cytoplasm. Liver section showed swollen nuclei, mitochondrial changes (varied size and shape), disrupted chromatin and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ultra thin sections of testes showed swollen nuclei, increased perinuclear space, varied size and shape of mitochondria, complete disintegrated chromatin material and degeneration of spermatids. Brain section revealed disruption, margination of chromatin material (apoptotic nuclei) and vacuolar mitochondria. In group 4 animals kidney section revealed dilated inter tubular area, apoptotic nuclei and varied size and shape of mitochondria. Liver section showed swollen nuclei of hepatocytes. Testes section revealed margination of chromatin material, varied size and shape of mitochondria and degeneration of spermatids. Brain section revealed degeneration of neurons. The present study indicated that imidacloprid is a potential toxic agent that induced toxicity at varied levels and resulted in pathological changes in respective target organs viz., in testes, brain, liver and kidney. These changes were well supported by haemotological, serum and tissue biochemical alterations and ultrastructural changes. Vitamin C supplementation provided protective action and moderate improvement in all the above parameters.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    TOXICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF ACEPHATE AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH VITAMIN E IN BROILERS.
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-10) PRADIP RAJENDRA, KALE; Anand Kumar, A(MAJOR); Lakshman, M; Kalakumar, B
    ABSTRACT : Indiscriminate use of pesticides in agricultural practices results in ecological imbalance due to entry of pesticide into the body through food chain. Excessive application of Organophosphate Pesticides leads to the common occurrence of OP residues in food crops, natural water systems, soil and atmosphere, which will be the major sources of exposure. OP compounds like Acephate are able to induce oxidative stress by changing the status of oxidant-antioxidant balance in body. The study was conducted on 90 broiler chicks divided into six groups each containing 15 birds to assess the toxic effect of Acephate and its amelioration with vitamin E for a period of 42 days and birds were slaughtered at 2nd, 4th and 6th week. Apparent LD50 of Acephate (852 mg/kg) was taken into consideration for calculation of different dose groups (Willcox H. 1977). The commercial product of Acephate was incorporated @ 85.2 mg/kg and 170.4 mg/kg of feed and vitamin E was incorporated into diet @ 300 mg/kg feed. Five birds from each group were randomly sacrificed at fortnightly intervals. Blood and serum samples were collected from each bird separately for haematobiochemical estimations. A detailed necropsy was conducted on all the birds and tissue samples of liver and kidney were collected for studies on oxidative stress. Tissue samples of heart, liver, kidney, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, brain and sciatic nerve were collected in10% neutral buffered formal saline for histological studies. Acephate treated groups resulted significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean body weights. Haematological parameters like TEC, MCV, MCH and MCHC were found did not altered but TLC was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in toxic groups. Serum biochemical parameters including total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, AST, ALT, Creatinine, BUN were found increased and recorded decreased in level of serum cholinesterase and globulin but did not alter serum cholesterol levels. Studies on oxidative stress revealed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in reduced GSH and increased in TBARS levels in liver and kidneys in toxic groups II and III. Immunological assay in groups II and III revealed significant decreased in NDV titre suggested suppression of humoral immunity but did not alter cell mediated immunity checked with DNCB. Ameliorating groups showed significant (P < 0.05) improvement in above parameters as compared to toxic groups. Clinically the birds in all the groups were normal up to the end of 2nd week, but from 3rd week group III and from 5th week group II birds showed dullness, diarrhoea and tremor with increased in severity as age advanced. Ameliorative groups revealed improvement in clinical signs. Gross pathological changes in groups II and III showed moderate enlargement of liver, pale discoloration and friable consistency, heart showed petechiae on pericardium, kidneys were swollen and haemorrhagic, congestion and reduction in size of spleen, mild congestion of brain in both the toxic groups. Ameliorative groups did not reveal any gross lesions. Histological changes revealed myocardial degeneration, infiltration of MNC in muscle fibres, fatty changes in liver and kidney, degeneration and necrosis of hepatic lobules, haemorrhages and degeneration of tubules in kidneys, depletion of lymphocytes and thickened spleenic artery, cystic spaces in bursal follicles were noted in groups II and III with increased in severity in high toxic group and age advancement. Ameliorative groups revealed mild to moderate improvement in histological lesions. From the present study it was concluded that Acephate at both the dose rates resulted multiple organ toxicity might be due to cell damage lead to oxidative stress. Immunosupression resulted by damaging the lymphoid organs due to toxic effect of Acephate. Administration of vitamin E alleviated the toxic effect produced by Acephate due to its antioxidant property.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON LYMPHOSARCOMA IN PIGS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) KANIMOZHI, G; SAILAJA, N (Major); SUJATHA, K; ADILAXMAMMA, K
    ABSTRACT : Lymphosarcoma was found to be the most common neoplasm of the pig even more common than embryonal nephroma and it was frequently observed in less than 6 months of age. Porcine lymphosarcoma was assumed to be caused by a complex interaction of infectious, hereditary and environmental factors. As limited information is available regarding the lymphosarcoma cases, the present work was undertaken to study the pathomorphological changes in affected pigs. A total of 86 lymphosarcoma suspected cases of Large White Yorkshire pigs were examined. Among them, 30 pigs showed lymphosarcoma during 61-90 days of age which was the highest number, followed by 26 and 12 pigs between 31-60 and 91-120 days of age respectively. Both male and female appeared to be affected equally during 1-150 days of age. Externally, the affected pigs were highly emaciated with sunken eyes and pale conjunctival mucous membrane. The cyanotic discoloration on the ears, ventral abdomen and on the medial aspects of legs was noticed in few cases. Grossly, prominent changes were noticed in mesenteric lymph nodes and intestine and also in lungs, heart, liver, kidneys and spleen. The mesenteric lymph nodes were greatly enlarged, edematous, soft in consistency and often hemorrhagic. Five to six lymph nodes were coalesced together extended up to 10 cm in total length and showed mulberry fruit like appearance. The mesenteric lymph nodes showed grayish white colour with bulging on cut surface and indistinct corticomedullary junctions. The colon showed minute raised grayish white foci on serosa and flat circular white patches in the mucosa. In lungs small, firm, circumscribed grayish white nodule of 3 - 4 mm with grayish white cut surface was observed. The paleness of heart, mild to moderate enlargement of kidneys and splenomegaly, two to three times the normal size were noticed.Cytological studies revealed clusters of pleomorphic neoplastic lymphocytes with large round nucleus, 2-4 prominent nucleoli and basophilic cytoplasm in mesenteric lymph node, lungs and kidney and also in spleen, liver and heart. Admixed with neoplastic cells, a few plasmacytoid cells having eccentrically placed nuclei and basophilic cytoplasm were seen in mesenteric lymph node, lungs and spleen.Microscopic examination of the mesenteric lymph nodes revealed the replacement of normal architecture by sheets of immature lymphocytes having round nucleus, prominent nucleoli, basophilic cytoplasm and mitotic figures. Focal areas of karyorrhexis and pyknosis of nuclei in a few lymphocytes, binucleated lymphocytes and giant cells were also evident. In intestine, focal infiltration of neoplastic lymphocytes in mucosa, submucosa and muscularis was observed. In lungs perivascular, interalveolar and peribronchial aggregation of neoplastic lymphocytes and thrombus formation in blood vessels were observed. Mild infiltration of neoplastic lymphocytes was noticed in heart, liver, kidney and spleen. Immunohistochemically, mild expression of CD3 was observed in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes in the mesenteric lymph nodes and in the alveolar blood vessels of the lungs in randomly selected 10 samples. The electron microscopic studies of mesenteric lymph nodes revealed degenerative lymphocytes of different size and shape, vacuolated lymphocytes with eccentrically placed nucleus, irregular nuclei and nucleoli, margination of chromatin cytoplasmic and mitochondrial vacuolation and vesicular mitochondria. As more prominent lesions were observed in mesenteric lymph nodes and intestine, this may be considered as alimentary lymphosarcoma. The primary site of involvement would appear to be the mesenteric lymph nodes with metastases to the other organs is indicative of multicentric form of lymphosarcoma. It can be concluded that both alimentary and multicentric forms of lymphosarcoma were noticed. Slightly positive immunoreactivity to CD3 (T-cell marker) in mesenteric lymph nodes and lung indicates T-cell origin of lymphosarcoma.