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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PATHOLOGY OF ENDOSULFAN TOXICITY IN BROILERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-02) SUNEETHA, D; SRILATHA, Ch(MAJOR); SUJATHA, K; CHANDRA SEKHARA RAO, T.SThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHICKEN IN POULTRY FARMS IN AND AROUND HYDERABAD(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1996-09) Asim Rasool, Syed; AHMED, S.R(MAJOR); VIKRAM REDDY, M; JANAKIRAM SHARMAThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE PATHOLOGY OF OVINE AND CANINE KIDNEYS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1980) SANKARAPPA, K.V.; RAMA RAO, P(MAJOR); GOPAL NAIDU, N.R; GOPALA KRISHNA MURTHY, KThesisItem Open Access HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF GUAR MEAL (Cyamopsis tetragonolobn) TOXICITY IN BROILER CHICKEN AND ITS AMELIORATION(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-12) DEEPTHI, P; ANJANEYULU, Y(MAJOR); ANAND KUMAR, A; DHANALAKSHMI, KABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to study the ameliorating effect of DLmethionine (DLM) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the guar meal induced toxicity in broiler chicken. During the experimental period six groups of birds (15 in each) were fed with guar meal, PEG, guar meal + DLM, guar meal + PEG, guar meal + DLM + PEG, added to the control diet. Feed and water were offered ad libitium for six weeks of the experimental period. Clinical symptoms and mortality were recorded daily. Data on body weight gains, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at weekly intervals. Birds were sacrificed at 2nd, 4th and 6th week of age, to study haematological (PCV, Hb and TEC), biochemical (serum GGT, total proteins and creatinine) parameters and also to study the gross and histopathological changes. In comparison to control (Gr I), body weight gains, feed intake and feed efficiency were significantly (P<0.05), lower in all experimental diets except on PEG diet (Gr Ill), in which the performance parameters were comparable to control(Gr I). Body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were significantly (Pc0.05) improved in ameliorated diets (Gr IV, V and VI) compared to guar meal diet (Gr 11). Inclusion of guar meal (15%) has significantly (P<0.05) decreased the PCV, Hb and TEC compared to control. The toxic effect of guar meal on haematology was significantly (Pc0.05) reduced by DLM supplementation (Gr IV) where as guar meal +PEG (Gr V) did not show much ameliorating effect. The haematological parameters were much more improved in group ameliorated with both DLM and PEG (Gr VI). Significant (Pe0.05) increase in serum GGT levels, creatinine levels and decrease in total proteins were observed in guar meal diet (Gr I!). The group of guar meal with methionine supplementation (Gr IV) had shown a significant ( Pc0.05) decrease in serum GGT levels and significant improvement in serum proteins, but no significant difference was observed in the serum creatinine, compared to the guar meal fed group (Gr 11). The group with PEG supplementation (Gr V) had shown a significant (Pc0.05) decrease in serum GGT and creatinine levels but a significant (Pc0.05) increase in serum total protein levels but no significant difference in serum creatinine levels. The group of guar meal supplementation of both methionine and PEG( Gr VI) had shown a significant decrease in serum GGT and increase in total proteins compared to guar meal fed group (Gr 11) and treatment groups (Gr IV and V), but no significant difference in serum creatinine levels as compared to the guar meal diet (Gr 11). Birds fed with guar meal diet showed moderate gross changes and only mild lesions were observed in the treatment groups. In the guar meal fed group, the lesions include enlarged, pale liver, hypertrophy of pancreas, congested intestine, heart and spleen. Histopathology of liver revealed sinusoidal dilation, bile duct hyperplasia and focal lymphoid aggregates. The intestines revealed much marked disruption of the villi and submucosal congestion. The pancreas revealed moderate congestion in between the acinar cells, kidney showing intertubular congestion and degenerative changes in the tubular epithelium. The heart revealed moderate interfibdllar hemorrhages. The birds belonging to ameliorative groups revealed lesions of only mild significance. Therefore, it can be concluded that DLM and PEG had some amelioration effect and the combination of both DLM and PEG is more effective in ameliorating the guar meal induced toxicity, as evidenced from the results of haematological, biochemical, gross and histopathological changes.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GUAR MEAL AND ITS AMELIORATION BY DETOXIFICATION METHODS AND ACTIVATED CHARCOAL IN BROILER CHICKEN.(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-10) RAMU, M; MADHURI, D(MAJOR); ANJANEYULU, Y; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT: The present programme was designed to study the guar meal toxicity and its amelioration in broiler chicken. A total of ninety day-old broiler chicks belonging to vencobb strain were randomly divided into five groups consisting of 18 in each group. Group I was maintained on basal diet, group II on raw guar meal at the rate of 15% in basal diet, group III on raw guar meal + activated charcoal (0.1%) group IV given activated charcoal (0.1%) in basal diet and group V was given alkali treated guar meal at the rate of 15% in basal diet for six weeks respectively. Body weight gain, feed consumption and FCR were recorded in each group at weekly intervals. Five birds from each group were sacrificed at fortnightly intervals and samples for haematological, serobiochemical and histopathological studies were collected. Clinically all the birds were healthy except for a few birds in group II and III which had loose and sticky droppings and pasting of the event. Mortality was not recorded in any of the groups. The group II birds showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weight gain and feed consumption and increases in FRC. While group III and V (amelioration groups) showed significant (P<0.05) improvement in weight gain, feed consumption and FCR. Haemtological. Findings revealed that mean values of Hb PCV and TEC significantly (P<0.05) were reduced in group II comparison to all other groups. This might be attributed to disturbances in metabolism that lead to deficiency of clotting factors. The serobiochemical studies showed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in total protein, albumin and globulin levels while significant (P<0.05) increase in the creatinine and AST levels in group II birds. The gross pathological findings observed in guar meal fed group (GII) Heart was apparently normal in all the groups, except for mild congestion and hemorrhages noted in group II birds. Spleen was enlarged and moderately congested while bursa of fabricius was atrophied in group II birds. Moderate to severe congestion and haemorrhages were observed in the intestine of group II birds. The ameliorative groups revealed similar lesions but were mild in nature. The histopathological changes in liver revealed sinusoidal dilatation, congestion of central vein, mononuclear cell infiltration and vacuolar changes in the hepatocytes kidney sections showed congestion, intertubular haemorrhages with degenerative changes in a few tubules. An increase in the interfollicular space and moderate depletion in the follicles were observed in sections of bursa of Fabricius. Spleen sections revealed marked congestion of trabecular arteries. Heart sections revealed marked interfibrillar haemorrhages and heterophilic infiltration. The ameliorative groups (GII and V) showed mild to no pathological lesions in various organs. Among ameliorative groups, lesions were comparatively mild in alkali treated group than activated charcoal treated group. It can be concluded from the present study that guar meal incorporation at the rate of 15% level in feed adversely affected the growth and haematobiochemical parameters of birds. The gross and histopathological studies of various organs also suggested moderate damage to liver, kidney, bursa of Fabricius and intestine. Addition of activated charcoal and detoxification of guar meal by alkali treatment had considerable ameliorating effects on growth, haematobiochemical parameters and microscopic lesions in various organs.ThesisItem Open Access INCIDENCE OF TUMOURS IN POULTRY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MAREK'S DISEASE AND LYMPHOID LEUCOSlS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-10) SWATHI, BORA; ANAND KUMAR, A(MAJOR); MADHURI, D; UDAYA KUMAR, M; REDDY, M.RABSTRACT: The aim of the prescnt study was to investigate thc incidence of' tumours in poultry and diagnose the type of tumor by histopathological and molecular methods. For this purpose, a total of IS9 samples fro111 72 cases were collected and were subjectcd to various diagnostic methods including cytological, rnolccular, histopathological and itn~nu~~ohistochetnicstnuld ies. The incidence of tumours was rccoru .d as highest (46.93'10) in birds ranging from 8 to 18 weeks of age and it was least (4%) in birds of age group less than S weeks. The highest incidence of tumours was recorded in Rajasree breed (46?/0) followed by Rajasree crossbreeds (1 8%), White Leghorns (1 2%). Aseel ( 10Y h), White Leghorn crossbreeds (6%), Vanaraja (6%) and least in Kadaknath brecd (2%). The incidence of tumours was high in female birds (87.5%) when compared with males (12.5%). On the basis of type of tumours, the highest incidence was recorded for Marek's disease (43.05%) followed by lymphoid leucosis (27.77%), other leukotic tumours (8.33%), hepatoma (4.16%), adenoma (4.16%), fibroma (2.77%), haemangioma (2.77%) and least for granulosa cell tumour, nephroblastoma, osteofibroma, endothelioma and chondroma (1.38%). Ninty impression smears of various organs or tissues collected from 46 birds was stained with Leishman's / Giemsa stain. Cytological studies revealed that 67.78% of the smears were diagnosed as Marek's disease, and 23.33% of the smears as l ylnphoid leucosis. Fifty nine tissue samples suspected for MD and LL were subjcctcd for PCR and 50.85% of the samples were positive for MD, produced an amplicon size of 302bp with primers MI and M2. 42.37'/0 of the samples were positive for ALV by using pair of primers (AD1 and H5) and produced an arnplicon of size 326bp. DNA of 6.78% samples were neither amplified for MDV nor for ALV with any of the rcspcctive primers. Grossly, 25%of 72 cases wcre suspected for Marek's disease, 63.SU4 for Lymphoid lcucosis, 9.7Zoh for fibromas and 2.77% for hae~nangiomas. A total of 189 tissue samples frorn 72 cases were subjected to histopathological studies and 120 (63.49%) sainples were confinned as Marck's disease, 55 (39.10%) as LL and 14 (7.4%) as other neoplastic conditions which included cases of adenoma, hepatorna, haenlangioma, fibroma. nephroblastoma. chondroma, granulosa cell tumour, endothelioma and osteofibroma. A total of 29 samples were subjected to immunohistochelllical staining technique for PCNA and observed PCNA labelling in the tumour tissue and demonstrated different levels of staining intensity and indicated the activity of the cells.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ARSENIC INDUCED TOXICITY AND ITS AMELIORATION IN BROILER CHICKEN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-12) TANJU, SAGI; MADHURI, D(MAJOR); ANJANEYULU, Y; DHANA LAKSHMI, KABSTRACT : The objective of the present work was to evaluate the toxic effects of sodium arsenite, As(III) and its amelioration with Moringa leaf powder @ 0.1% and ascorbic acid @ 200 ppm in broiler chicken. In the present study, chicks of day-old age belonging to Vencobb strain were assigned to six groups (I,II,III,IV,V,VI) consisting of eighteen chicks in each group. Group I served as control (basal diet) and birds in group II were given sodium arsenite @ 200 ppm in basal diet for 42 days. Group III and IV were given Moringa oliefera leaf powder and ascorbic acid @ 0.1% and 200 ppm in basal diet respectively. Group V was fed, diet containing sodium arsenite @ 200 ppm and Moringa leaf powder @ 0.1% for 42 days. Birds in group VI were given with sodium arsenite @ 200 ppm and ascorbic acid @ 200 ppm in basal diet for 6 weeks. Clinically, reduced feed intake and decreased body weight gain were observed in birds fed with sodium arsenite and improvement in these were noted in ameliorative groups. Six birds from each group were sacrificed at fortnightly intervals. Blood, serum and tissue samples were collected. Over all mean values of Hb,PCV and TEC levels in control groups were in normal range where as levels were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in toxin group. The serum biochemical assays showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio while significant (P<0.05) increase in AST, creatinine, GGT was observed in group II birds. Oxidative stress parameters revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease of liver GSH in group II. The ameliorative groups V and VI showed marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to toxic group. Grossly group II birds revealed enlarged liver with hyperemia, haemorrhages on kidney and liver, reduction in the size of spleen and bursa of Fabricius. Histopathological lesions in group II comprised of severe sinusoidal and venous congestion with mononuclear cell infiltration. Kidney sections showed severe congestion, intertubular haemorrhages, hydropic degeneration, cystic spaces and necrosis of epithelium. Severe depletion of germinal centres was observed in sections of spleen. Depletion of lymphocytes and cystic spaces was observed in sections of bursa of Fabricius. Heart sections revealed complete disruption of muscle fibres and heavy mononuclear cell infiltration. Similar types of gross and histopathological lesions were noted in ameliorative groups of less intensity. In conclusion, sodium arsenite caused a significant toxicity in broiler chicken and its amelioration with Moringa oleifera leaf powder and ascorbic acid was effective in combating the arsenic induced toxicity.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICO PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF RAW KARANJ (Pongamia glabra vent) CAKE AND ITS AMELIORATION IN BROILER CHICKS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009) ASHOK KUMAR REDDY, A; ANAND KUMAR, A(MAJOR)ABSTRACT: Pongamia glabra vent, popularly known as karanj, belongs to Leguminaceae family which is a medium sized glabrous tree capable of growing under wide range of agro-climatic conditions. Karanj seed cake is the residue left after oil extraction, having scope for being used as protein source by replacing costly and scares soyabean meal or ground nut cake in poultry ration as it is rich in crude protein and is economical too. It’s incorporation in poultry ration is limited due to the toxic principle karanjin. The present study was undertaken to asses the effects of raw expeller pressed karanj seed cake (EKC) @10% of diet and efficacy of ameliorating agents methionine and activated charcoal @ 0.2% and 0.1% respectively. Day-old broiler chicks were divided into five groups consisting of 18 chicks in each group, various combinations of EKC, methionine and activated charcoal were incorporated as group I: control feed (CF), group II: CF + EKC @ 10%, group III: CF + EKC @ 10% + methionine @ 0.2%, group IV: CF + EKC @ 10% + activated charcoal @ 0.1% and group V: CF + EKC @ 10% + methionine @ 0.2% + activated charcoal @ 0.1% for 6 weeks of experimental period. All the experimental diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric and they were fed through out the experimental period of 6 weeks and the influence of experimental diets on broilers was observed for performance, changes in haematological, serobiochemical parameters, gross and histopathological changes. Body weight gains and feed intake were recorded in each group at weekly intervals. Six birds from each group were sacrificed randomly at fortnight intervals. Blood and serum samples were collected prior to sacrifice for haematological and sero biochemical estimations and tissue samples were collected at necropsy for histopathological studies. Very few birds exhibited loose droppings irrespective of EKC or amelioration groups and mortality was not recorded in any of the groups. Significant (P< 0.05) reduction in the mean body weight gains, feed consumption and increase in FCR in EKC fed group was observed in comparison to control group. Improved body weight gains, feed consumption and feed efficiency in amelioration groups from 2nd week onwards till the end of the experiment in comparison to EKC fed group was observed but the results were still better in methionine amelioration group. Haematological findings revealed that overall mean values of Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC were significantly (P< 0.05) reduced in EKC fed group in comparison to control group, this might be attributed to disturbances in metabolism that lead to deficiency of clotting factors. The serobiochemical studies showed a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in glucose, total protein, albumin and globulin levels while significant (P< 0.05) increase in total cholesterol, creatinine and AST levels in EKC fed group in comparison to control group. The gross pathological findings in EKC fed group included enlargement of heart, liver, kidney and regression of spleen, bursa of Fabricius and congestion of liver and kidney at the end of 6th week. In amelioration groups lesions were mild at the end of 4th week but they almost normal at the end of the experiment. The histopathological changes of EKC fed group revealed severe disruption, degeneration and separation of myocardial fibers in heart, severe sinusoidal congestion, degeneration, necrosis of hepatic cells and diffused lymphoid aggregations in hepatic lobes. Kidney sections showed severe degeneration of tubules and glomeruli, diffused inter tubular haemorrhages and presence of hyaline casts, spleen showed severe lymphoid depletion, thickened trabecular arteries and presence of haemosiderin pigment and bursa revealed depletion of lymphocytes, separation & rupture of follicles and presence of big cystic spaces in the follicles at the end of 6th week. The amelioration groups showed mild lesions in various organs in comparison to EKC fed group which might be due to their protective effect against toxicity induced by EKC. Depending on the results of the present study can be concluded that methionine @ 0.2% is effective in comparison to activated charcoal @ 0.1% in ameliorating the toxicity of raw EKC.ThesisItem Open Access A PATHOLOGICAL STUDY ON GRADED LEVELS OF JATROPHA (Jatropha curcas) DEOILED SEED CAKE TOXICITY IN BROILER CHICKS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-01) ANIL KUMAR; ANAND KUMAR, A(MAJOR); ANJANEYULU, Y; RAJASHEKAR REDDY, AABSTRACT : Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) the medicinal plant of India has potential to solve the growing feed insecurity of world economically at cheaper rate. Jatropha seed cake is rich in crude protein, but proved to be toxic to poultry and livestock unless and until complete oil is not removed. But, the degree of toxicity varies at different concentrations. The present study was undertaken to study the pathological changes in broiler chicks fed with differently graded Jatropha deoiled seed cake. A total 120 day-old male broiler Vencobb strain chicks were divided into 5 groups consisting of 24 birds in each group. Group I was under control feed for the whole experimental period i.e., 6 weeks. Group II was fed with control fed (CF) for 1 – 14 days and then CF + JSC @5% for 15-42 days. Group III was fed with CF JSC @5% for 1 – 42 days. Group IV was fed with CF for 1 – 14 days and CF + JSC @10% for 15 – 42 days. Group V was fed with CF + JSC @10% for 1 – 42 days. The influence of treatment diets on broiler was evaluated in terms of performance, haematological, biochemical, gross and histopathological changes. Body weight gain and feed intake was recorded at weekly intervals in each group. Six birds from each group were sacrificed at fortnightly intervals. Blood, serum and tissue samples were collected for haematological, biochemical profile and hitopathological studies. Treatment groups resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weight gains, feed consumption and increase in FCR. The percentage mortality in groups III, IV and V was 12.5, 29 and 33 per cent, respectively and in groups I and II no mortality was observed. Clinical signs such as dullness, inappetance, loss of condition, greenish diarrhoea, reduced water intake and muscular and nervous imbalance prior to death in birds of group V were observed. Haematological study revealed that overall mean values of PCV, Hb, TEC and TLC were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in all the treatment groups. Group II and IV showed less reduction as compared to group III and V, respectively. The biochemical profile showed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in total protein, albumin, globulin, HDL cholesterol while significant increase in A/G ratio, ALT, AST, creatinine, bilirubin, total cholesterol and triglycerides was observed in all the treatment groups but the changes were less in group II and IV as compared to group III and V respectively. The gross pathological changes in treatment groups included hydropericardium, enlargement with rounded borders of liver, enteritis, regression in size of spleen and bursa of faricius. The histopathological changes included congestion and haemorrhages in various organs of treatment groups. Fatty changes were found in liver of group III, IV and V and in heart fatty changes were noted in group V. Heart sections revealed separated, disrupted muscle fibres. Liver sections revealed degenerative changes, necrosis in groups IV and V. Enterisis, infilitration of mononuclear cells in villi, broad and eroded villi observed in intestine. Focal shrinkage of glomeruli, degenerative ruptured tubules were noted in kidney sections. Sections of spleen revealed congestion and depletion of germinal centres. Bursa of fabricisus sections showed severe congestion and depletion of lymphoid follicles. The lesions described were more evident in group III and V as compared to group II and IV respectively as prolonged duration of toxicity in group III and V. The present study concluded that the toxicity of Jatropha at 10% level was severe in comparison to 5% level. At same level it’s toxicity was considerably less if the birds were maintained on normal feed for the 1st two weeks as the immune status of the birds will be sufficiently functional to withstand the toxicity.