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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON ANAPLASMOSIS IN BUFFALOES(2024-03) LIKITHA .N; SURESH .K (MAJOR); CHAITANYA .Y; HARI KRISHNA .N.V.VThe present study entitled “Clinico-diagnostic and therapeutic studies on anaplasmosis in buffaloes” was taken up to record the occurrence, clinical signs, haemato biochemical alterations and to evaluate suitable therapeutic regimen in buffaloes affected with anaplasmosis in and around Gannavaram during the period from March 2023 to November 2023. The overall occurrence of anaplasmosis recorded in the present study was 29.17 per cent with respect to the total number of buffaloes screened. Occurrence of anaplasmosis with respect to age, gender and breed revealed highest per cent occurrence in buffaloes of ≥7 years, females and Graded Murrah buffaloes respectively. Diagnosis of anaplasmosis was done based on clinical signs, examination of Leishman’s-stained blood smears and PCR. Clinical signs recorded include inappetence to anorexia, paleness of mucous membrane, icterus, reduced milk yield, fever, lymph node enlargement, emaciation, dyspnoea, diarrhoea, ocular discharges, brown coloured urine and/or abortions. Examination of Leishman’s-stained blood smear revealed Anaplasma marginale organism as dense, uniformly pigmented blue-purple inclusions near the margin of erythrocytes. Molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale was done by PCR which revealed an expected amplicon size of 457 bp. In the present study, PCR was found to be ideal for the diagnosis of anaplasmosis. Clinical examination revealed significant increase in mean temperature, respiratory rate and heart rate in animals affected with anaplasmosis when compared with healthy control group while the ruminal motility was decreased significantly. Haematological examination in buffaloes affected with anaplasmosis revealed significant decrease in mean Hb, PCV and TEC count while TLC showed non-significant decrease. Leucogram revealed neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia and eosinophilia. Serum biochemical examination revealed significant increase in the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, globulin and total bilirubin while glucose and albumin decreased significantly as against healthy control. Therapeutic trial was undertaken in 19 out of 21 buffaloes diagnosed as anaplasmosis, by randomly dividing them into two groups with 10 in Group I and 9 in Group II. Group I animals were treated with oxytetracycline for 5 days while Group II animals were treated with imidocarb twice with an interval of one week. In animals of both the groups, single dose of ivermectin was administered. Supportive therapy was continued with Syrup 3D red, Syrup E care Se and Livotas suspension for a period of 21 days. Both the therapeutic regimens were proven to be efficacious in the treatment of anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma marginale based on resolution of clinical signs and improvement in the haemato-biochemical parameters. However, imidocarb could be preferred because of less average clinical recovery time when compared to oxytetracycline.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON HYPOTHYROIDISM IN DOGS AND ITS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2024-01) NAVEEN NAGELLA; LAKSHMI RANI .N (MAJOR); BASAVA REDDY .K; Devi Prasad .VThe present investigation was carried out at Veterinary Clinical Complex, NTR College of veterinary science, Gannavaram from March to November 2023. The overall occurrence of hypothyroidism was 0.45 per cent. Hypothyroidism was more common in dogs aged above eight years (40.74%), intact males with Labrador Retriever as the most susceptible breed. The total T4 and free T4 concentration hypothyroid dogs were 7.74 ± 0.60 nmol/L and 0.32 ± 0.04 ng/dL respectively which were significantly lower (P˂0.01) when compared to healthy (34.86 ± 4.30 nmol/L). By considering RIA as gold standard, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of CLIA in the estimation of total T4 concentration was 71.79, 29.63 and 94.12 per cent respectively. The hypothyroid dogs exhibited dermatological manifestations in 88.88 per cent of dogs, signs related to metabolism in 62.96 per cent, neuromuscular signs in 22.22 per cent and reproductive disorders in 25.93 per cent and cardiovascular disorders in 7.41 per cent. The low voltage QRS complex was observed as the major ECG abnormality (44.44%), tall T wave, electrical alternans, bradyarrhythmia’s and ST coving absence of P-wave, atrial flutter and increased R wave amplitude were the other findings recorded. Echocardiography in hypothyroid dogs revealed dilated cardiomyopathy and pleural effusion in two dogs (13.33%) each, mitral regurgitation, pericardial effusion and left ventricular enlargement were observed in three dogs (20.00%) each. Pearson correlation revealed significant correlation (P<0.05) of total T4 (RIA) with free T4 and TSH and was negatively correlated with total T3. Serum cholesterol demonstrated highly significant correlation (P<0.001) with triglycerides and significant correlation (P<0.05) with ALP. Out of 27 dogs with hypothyroidism, 11 dogs (40.74%) were found to have concurrent disorders, either single or mixed infections. One dog had concurrent diabetes mellitus. The hypothyroid dogs were treated with synthetic sodium Levo-thyroxine at an initial dose of 20 µg/kg bodyweight administered once in a day and monitored regularly at two weeks interval. The efficacy of therapy was studied based on clinical and laboratory response. Significant improvement (P < 0.01) in total T4 and free T4 was recorded after therapy. Upon therapy, the mental activity was improved in all the dogs by six weeks, weight reduction was evident in 85.71 per cent of the treated dogs by ten weeks and all the dogs exhibited dermatological improvement by 12 weeks of therapy The mean ± SE of haemoglobin (g/dL), PCV (%) and TEC (x106/µL) were significantly lower (P<0.05) in hypothyroid dogs when compared to healthy control which improved significantly (P<0.05) after therapy. After therapy, a highly significant decline (P < 0.01) in mean ALP and triglycerides values was recorded. The serum cholesterol (mg/dL) concentrations in hypothyroid dogs prior to therapy were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the healthy control. After therapy, a highly significant decline (P < 0.01) in mean cholesterol values was recorded. All the dogs achieved complete recovery by 12 weeks of therapy. The average time taken for complete recovery was recorded as 70.00 days.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON OVINE BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2023-06) RAJA SHEKAR REDDY YERUVA MARIA; SURESH .K (MAJOR); LAKSHMI RANI .N; Devi Prasad .VThe present study was undertaken to record the occurrence, clinical signs, haematological changes, radiographic findings, molecular detection or isolation and identification of bacteria from nasal swabs and to evaluate suitable therapeutic regimen in sheep affected with bacterial pneumonia. A total of 1991 sheep were screened for bacterial pneumonia of which 76 sheep exhibited the signs of pneumonia among which 52 sheep were positive for bacterial pneumonia making the overall occurrence of bacterial pneumonia in sheep to 2.61 per cent. Occurrence in relation to age, sex and month revealed highest percentage in <1 year, females and September, respectively. Clinical signs exhibited in ovine bacterial pneumonia included dullness to depression, fever, dyspnea, nasal discharges, inappetence to anorexia, tachypnea, coughing, congested conjunctival mucous membrane, isolation from flock and reluctance to lie down. Clinical examination of sheep in bacterial pneumonia revealed significant rise in temperature, respiratory rate and heart rate. Auscultation of lungs in ovine bacterial pneumonia revealed crackles, frictional rubs, wheezes and normal breath sounds. Confirmation of bacterial pneumonia was done either by molecular detection or by isolation and identification of bacteria. In the present study molecular detection done for Mannheima haemolyica, Pasteurella multocida and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae by PCR showed an amplified product at 325 and 1022; 460 and 360 bp, respectively. In the present study isolation and identification of different bacteria revealed Mannheimia haemolytica, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. and mixed infection of E. coli + Staphylococcus spp. and Klebsiella spp. + Pseudomonas spp. Radiographic examination revealed interstitial, mixed, alveolar and bronchial patterns, pleural effusions and no radiographic signs of pneumonia. Haematological examination revealed significant decrease in Hb, PCV, TEC and lymphocyte count while TLC, neutrophil, monocyte and eosinophil count were significantly increased. Therapeutic trial was taken up in 15 sheep affected with bacterial pneumonia caused by Mannheimia haemolytica and were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group I consisted of 8 sheep and were treated with ceftiofur sodium while Group II consisted of 7 sheep and were treated with marbofloxacin. Both the groups were treated in common with flunixin meglumine. Both the antibiotics proved to be efficacious in the treatment of pneumonia caused by Mannheima haemolytica but marbofloxacin was found to be more efficacious because the average clinical recovery time was lower.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF ASCITES WITH HEPATIC INVOLVEMENT IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2023-05) BHAVYA UDUM; SURESH .K (MAJOR); LAKSHMI RANI .N; HARI KRISHNA .N.V.VThe present study was undertaken to record the occurrence, clinical signs, haemato-biochemical, radiographic and ultrasonographic findings as well as to undertake the therapeutic management in ascitic dogs with hepatic involvement. The occurrence of ascites with hepatic involvement among 2356 dogs presented to the small animal medicine ward recorded was 1.02 per cent. Highest occurrence of ascites with hepatic involvement was recorded in Labrador retriever breed, 1-4 years age group and in male dogs. The clinical signs observed in dogs with ascites due to hepatic involvement were abdominal distension, inappetence to anorexia, dullness to depression, dyspnoea, pale mucous membranes, fever, weight loss, vomiting, icterus, melena , limb oedema, diarrhoea , polyuria/polydipsia and petechiae. Diagnosis of ascites with hepatic involvement was done based on clinical signs, haematology, serum biochemistry, ascitic fluid analysis, radiographic and ultrasonographic findings. Haematological examination revealed anaemia with neutrophilic leucocytosis and increased prothrombin time. Mean serum biochemical findings showed elevated ALT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and globulin; non- significant increase in creatinine while the mean values decreased significantly with respect to total protein, albumin, A:G ratio, BUN and glucose. Ascitic fluid analysis revealed transudate predominantly with decrease in total protein and albumin concentration while the SAAG value was >1.1 g/dL. Radiographic examination of ascitic dogs revealed ground glass appearance with loss of serosal details. Ultrasonographic examination revealed anechoic free fluid along with hyper/hypoechoic liver which was normal, enlarged or shrunken; focal fatty infiltration and gall bladder disorders. Therapeutic management was carried out in 18 dogs with ascites due to hepatic involvement by dividing them into 2 groups using two therapeutic regimens. In ascitic dogs with hepatic involvement therapeutic management was done with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and silybin phosphatidyl choline complex in Group I while Group II dogs were treated with silybin phosphatidyl choline complex alone. Dogs of both the groups were treated with antibiotic, diuretic and supportive therapy. Both the regimens were efficacious in the management of ascites with hepatic involvement while the Group I dogs treated with UDCA and silybin phosphatidyl choline complex showed faster clinical recovery.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF RENAL FUNCTION IN DOGS AFFECTED WITH PYOMETRA(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2023-04) ANURADHA RAVINDRA GANGAVATI; LAKSHMI RANI .N (MAJOR); SURESH .K; SRINIVAS .MThe present study was undertaken to study the renal dysfunction in dogs affected with pyometra. The occurrence of pyometra was observed to be 2.02 per cent among a total of 1383 female dogs presented during the study period. The pyometra dogs were subjected to detailed clinical and haemato-biochemical examination to assess renal function in dogs. In the present study, based on elevated levels of serum creatinine and BUN values, the pyometra dogs were categorized as azotemic (Group I) and non azotemic (Group II). The occurrence of azotemia (Group I) in dogs accounted up to 42.86 per cent whereas 57.14 per cent were non-azotemic (Group II). The occurrence of pyometra with or without azotemia was more in Pomeranian breed with majority of the dogs in the age group of 5-10 years. Clinical examination was performed to assess SIRS in pyometra dogs and revealed 36.84 per cent (Group I) and 63.16 per cent (Group II) of pyometra affected dogs were SIRS positive. Haematological examination revealed decreased haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, lymphocyte count along with leucocytosis. DLC revealed neutrophilia with shift to left. Biochemical examination revealed elevated mean serum creatinine (mg/dL), BUN (mg/dL) and CRP (mg/L), hypoalbuminemia and hypochloremia in pyometra dogs with and without azotemia when compared to healthy control while hyponatremia was observed in azotemic bitches. Urinalysis revealed decreased specific gravity and elevation of UPCR, which showed significant difference (P<0.01) between the two groups. The prominent nephrosonographic features observed in azotemic dogs were irregular contour, indistinct cortico-medullary junction, increased/decreased cortical echogenecity and nephrocalcinosis. Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess haemodynamic changes in kidneys revealed that the mean resistive index (RI) and the mean pulsatility index (PI) were significantly (P<0.01) elevated in pyometra dogs than healthy control. Pearson’s correlation did not demonstrate significant correlation between serum creatinine with RI and PI (P>0.05) in the present study. Significant reduction in the mean±SE of serum creatinine (P<0.01) and mean±SE of serum BUN (P<0.05) following ovario-hysterectomy as compared to pre-operative values suggested that renal dysfunction was transient in most of the pyometra dogs.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO - DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES ON ASCITES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2023-03) DHILEEP KASTHURI; LAKSHMI RANI .N (MAJOR); SURESH .K; SREENU MAKKENAThe present investigation was carried out at VCC, NTR College of veterinary science, Gannavaram and SSVH, Vijayawada from June to December 2022. The overall occurrence of ascites was 1.02 per cent (48/4704). The common causes of ascites included hepatic origin (43.75%), cardiac origin (20.83%), renal origin (12.50%), mixed origin (14.59%), parasitic origin (4.17%) as well as hypoproteinemia and neoplastic origin (2.08 per cent) each. Higher occurrence was seen in dogs aged above seven years (37.50%), male dogs (58.33 %) and Labrador Retriever (39.58%) breed. Higher occurrence of hepatogenic ascites was recorded in dogs aged between 1-4 years (33.33%) while cardiogenic ascites (50.00%) in dogs aged in between 4 to 7 years and nephrogenic ascites in dogs of above 7 years (50.00%). The common clinical signs observed were abdominal distension with fluid thrill on percussion (95.83%), inappetence (47.91%), pale mucous membrane (54.17%), vomiting (41.66%), exercise intolerance (39.58 %), respiratory distress (37.50%), dark yellowish urination (35.41%), melena (33.33%), anorexia (31.25%) ,cough (25.00%) and majority of dogs exhibited grade 2 ascites ( 58.33%).Significantly higher (P<0.01) mean values of pulse and respiratory rate was recorded in cardiogenic ascitic dogs in comparison to other etiologies studied. Haematology revealed significantly (P<0.05) decreased Hb and PCV values in all the ascitic groups, significant (P<0.05) reduction in TEC values in ascitic dogs with hepatic and renal origin whereas ascitic dogs with hepatic origin showed significantly(P<0.05) increased TLC value. Neutrophilic, lymphocytopenia was observed in all ascitic dogs. The biochemical changes observed were hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia in all the ascitic dogs. Significantly(P<0.05) elevated ALT activity was observed in ascitic dogs with hepatic and mixed origin, increased AST activity in mixed origin, and ascitic dogs with hepatogenic, cardiogenic and mixed origin showed significantly(P<0.05) increased ALP activity where as hypoglycemia was noticed in ascitic dogs with hepatic and mixed origin. Elevated serum creatinine, BUN and phosphorous levels were observed in ascitic dogs with renal and mixed origin. Hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia were observed in all the ascitic dogs. The ascitic fluid analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease in total protein and albumin concentration (g/dL) and significantly higher mean SAAG value (g/dL) in ascitic dogs with hepatic origin (2.15±0.17) than other study groups. Majority of the fluids recovered on abdominocentesis were transudates (50.00%). Low voltage QRS complex was observed as the major ECG abnormality (25.00%), followed by arrhythmias (12.50%). Radiographically, ground glass appearance of abdomen was observed in majority of dogs (91.42%) and cardiomegaly (34.28%) and pericardial effusion in 11.42 per cent of ascitic dogs. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed presence of anechoic peritoneal fluid in all the dogs (100.00%). Echocardiography revealed pericardial effusion in four dogs (10.00%), mitral regurgitation in 8 dogs (20.00 %) and tricuspid regurgitation in 7 dogs (17.50%). Out of 48 dogs diagnosed with ascites, 16 dogs (33.33%) died. The serum biochemical parameters revealed significant difference (P<0.05) in ALT and serum phosphorus values between survivors and non survivors.
