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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CERTAIN TUMOURS IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-03) AMRUTH KUMAR, V.V.V; Nalini Kumari, K(MAJOR); Satish Kumar, K; Gireesh Kumar, V; Lakshman, MABSTRACT: During the present clinical study a total of 48,600 dogs presented to small animal medical outpatient ward were screened and out of them 3,240 were suspected for neoplasms and 458 dogs among them were diagnosed for certain malignant tumours. Highest incidence of tumours was observed in the age group of >5-10 years. Majority of the cases reported were of spitz breed followed by Labrador retrievers. Female dogs were more affected with various tumours than males. From among the 458 dogs which were diagnosed 118 dogs were TVT, Mammary tumours (102), Perianal tumours (41) and other skin tumours like mast cell tumours, basalcell tumours, squamous cell carcinoma of skin were (106) and miscellaneous tumours like lipoma (29), lymphoma (22) SCC of oral cavity (19), osteosarcoma (18) and TCC of bladder (3). Ten dogs which were reported at the hospital were taken up as apparently healthy dogs and grouped as Group I. The TVT affected dogs were grouped into Group II with 20 dogs and Group III with 20 dogs. The TVT dogs were showing clinical signs like bleeding or discharges from genitalia, masses protruding from the genitalia, licking of the genitalia, anorexia or inappetance, bleeding or discharges from the external genitalia, nodules or cauliflower like friable masses in the vulva or in the prepuce / caudal penis in males, licking of the external genitalia, ulceration of the tumour, popliteal and / or inguinal lymph node enlargement, anorexia and / or inappetance, dysuria and / or tenesmus and lung metastasis. The FNAC and histopathological studies revealed anisocytosis and anisokaryosis in round to oval shaped cells which were indicating malignancy; electron microscopically cells revealed vesicular cytoplasm, dense round shrunken mitochondria and dilatation of the cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum. Radiographic examination revealed lung metastasis masses in stage III and stage IV TVT tumours where as ultrasonography did not reveal any organ metastasis of abdomen whereas tumour mass was hyperechogenic. Hematological examination showed significant increase in neutrophils and decline in lymphocytes before treatment. The mean serum biochemistry parameters revealed significantly high mean ALT, AST, ALP and decreased serum protein when compared to the apparently healthy dogs. Therapeutic trial was conducted with Inj Vincristine in Group II dogs and Inj Doxorubicin in Group III dogs weekly once for four and five weeks respectively. Complete response of the tumour mass was observed by day 21 and day 28 in 17 and 18 dogs of Group II and Group III respectively. The other clinical signs also declined with the therapy in all the dogs which responded. Hematological examination revealed significant decline in mean Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and neutrophil count but a significant increase of lymphocyte count was observed during and after therapy when compared to that of before therapy. The mean BUN, ALT, AST and ALP revealed significant increase whereas total protein showed significant decrease during and after treatment. Nausea, anorexia, vomiting, alopecia, anaemia and weight loss were the side effects noticed during treatment with Inj. Vincristine. Seven dogs showed mild side effects from day 14 which increased by day 21 (third dose) of therapy in 11dogs. Side effects included vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia and alopecia during treatment with Inj. Doxorubicin. These signs started in 9 dogs from day 7 and aggravated in 14 dogs by day 21. But the severities of the side effects seen during Inj. Doxorubicin treatment were more when compared to Inj. Vincristine The cases were monitored for a period of six months for recurrence of any growths and the associated symptoms. Two dogs in Group II showed recurrence after 4 months. In two dogs of Group III recurrence was seen after 4 months in one dog and 6 months in the other dog. These dogs were subjected to surgical excision of tumour mass. The mammary tumour affected dogs were grouped into Group IV with 20 dogs and Group V with 20 dogs. The important clinical signs included palpable masses in mammary glands with greater percent of solitary nodular tumours than multiple masses, single gland was more affected than multiple glands, other signs observed were lymph node enlargement, ulceration of tumour skin, anorexia, weight loss and lethargy. The FNAC and histopathological studies revealed neoplastic cells of varied sizes and basophilic nucleoli which were indicating malignancy; histopathological examination revealed epitheloid cells of round to spindle shape, large nucleus Out of the 102 mammary tumours diagnosed 79 were simple malignant tumours, among them adenocarcinomas were 29, tubulo papillary adenocarcinoms were 22 dogs, ductular adeno carcinoma were 19 dogs and solid carcinomas were 9. Mixed mammary carcinomas were diagnosed in 28 dogs out of which Myxochondroadenocarcinoma and fibrosarcoma were 7, Myxolipoadeno carcinoma were 5 and liposarcoma were 4. Electron microscopy revealed abundant cells with epithelial morphology. Radiographic examination revealed lung metastasis masses in stage III and stage IV mammary tumours where as ultrasonography of tumour mass revealed anechoic fluid filled cystic collections, hyperechoic areas with diffuse margins and anechoic areas with hyper echoic margins and no abnormal echo pattern of the abdominal organs. In the present study the mammary tumour affected dogs revealed insignificant decrease of mean Hb, PCV, TEC, lymphocytes and platelets, whereas neutrophils showed insignificant elevation before treatment when compared to the apparently healthy dogs, the serum biochemistry parameters revealed insignificant decrease of BUN and insignificant increase of mean serum creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP and total protein before treatment. The mammary tumour affected dogs were grouped into Group IV with 20 dogs and Group V with 20 dogs and were subjected for chemotherapy. Group IV dogs were given Inj Vincristine weekly once for five weeks and Group V dogs were given Inj. Paclitaxel once every twenty one days for five times. Clinical improvement was seen in dogs with chemotherapy wherein 12, 14 dogs of Group IV, V responded for treatment with partial response of tumour respectively. The other clinical symptoms of mammary tumours also declined in the dog which responded to therapy. Haematological examination of Group IV dogs before, during and after therapy revealed that the mean Hb, PCV and TEC had significantly declined (P<0.05) from day 0 to day 35. Leucopenia was seen by day 21 which continued until day 35. Neutropenia was observed by day 21 until day 35. Lymphocytosis was seen during the course of therapy. Thrombocytopenia was observed during therapy when compared to before therapy. The haematological parameters of Group V dogs revealed significant decline in mean Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and lymphocytosis was seen during the course of therapy from day 0 to day 105.The Group IV dogs showed increase of biochemical parameters when compared to pre-therapeutic means, whereas ALP showed significant increase and total protein showed significant decline post therapeutically. Nausea, anorexia, vomiting, anaemia, mild alopecia and weight loss were the side effects noticed during treatment with Inj. Vincristine. Three dogs showed side effects like nausea, in-appetence from day 14 which aggravated day 21. The side effects associated with Inj. Paclitaxel included vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia and alopecia. These side effects started in 9 dogs from day 21 aggravated in 14 dogs by day 63. The side effects seen during Inj. Paclitaxel treatment were more severe when compared to Inj. Vincristine therapy. In Group IV out of the twelve dogs which showed partial response during chemotherapy, six showed recurrence after four months which were treated by surgical excision among which two dogs died within fifteen days. Three dogs of Group V showed recurrence of tumour growth in the fourth month (1 dog) and fifth month (2 dogs) after chemotherapy. These dogs were then treated by surgical excision out of which one died. The perianal tumour affected dogs were grouped into Group VI with 10 dogs and Group VII with 10 dogs. In the present study the dogs suffering with perianal tumours were showing clinical signs like masses in perianal region, dyschezia, tenesmus, constipation, discomfort, hematochezia, ulceration, licking, anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, polydipsia and polyuria. FNAC of the tumour revealed polygonal cells with pinkish blue cytoplasm and small nucleus with prominent nucleoli, histopathology showed rosette like cells with connective tissue fibres among the 41 dogs with perianal tumours 24 were hepatoid adenocarcinomas, 9 were myxosarcoma, 5 were SCC and 3 were fibrohemangiosarcoma.. Ultra structure revealed cells with numerous endoplasmic reticulum and prominent golgi apparatus. Ultrasonography showed low vascularisation of the tumour and no abdominal metastasis. Haematology revealed leucocytosis and neutrophilia when compared to the apparently healthy dogs. Serum biochemistry revealed insignificantly increased mean BUN, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP and total protein. The perianal tumour affected dogs were grouped into Group VI with 10 dogs and Group VII with 10 dogs and were subjected for chemotherapy. Group VII dogs were given Inj Vincristine weekly once for five weeks and Group VII dogs were given Inj. Cisplatin once every week for five weeks. Clinical improvement was seen in 5 dogs out of ten dogs of Group VI with partial response of the tumour. Among the Group VII dogs 7 dogs showed reduction in tumour size by day 21 and partial response was seen by day 35. The other clinical signs alleviated in the dogs which responded for the therapy. The haematological parameters revealed that both the groups of dogs showed significant decline in mean Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, neutrophils and platelet count and significant increase in lymphocyte count. The Group VI dogs showed highly significant increase in mean serum ALT and ALP during and after therapy whereas, Group VII dogs showed significant increase in mean BUN, creatinine, ALT, AST, and ALP during and after therapy. Nausea, anorexia, vomiting, anaemia, mild alopecia and weight loss were the side effects noticed during treatment with Inj. Vincristine. Three dogs showed side effects like nausea and in-appetence from day 14. The side effects of Inj. Platinex included profuse vomiting, diarrhoea and anorexia. Which started in 8 dogs from day 14 slowly and aggravated in these dogs by day 21. The side effects seen during Inj. Platinex treatment were more severe when compared to Inj. Vincristine therapy. In Group VI three dogs showed recurrence after three months which were treated by surgical excision among which two dogs died within ten days. Two dogs of Group VII showed recurrence in the fourth month (1 dog) and fifth month (1 dog) after chemotherapy. These dogs were treated by surgical excision of which one died.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON SUBCLINICAL FORMS OF CERTAIN PRODUCTION DISEASES IN CROSSBRED COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-11) AMBICA, G; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); AMEER HAMZA, P; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT: The present clinical investigation was undertaken to study the incidence, clinical and haemato biochemical findings, therapy and therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs and to evolve a suitable comprehensive therapeutic regimen in cows with subclinical forms of certain production diseases viz., hypocalcaemia, ketosis, hypophosphataemia and hypomagnesaemia. Out of 280 recently parturated (from day zero to two months post calving) cows presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Campus Hospital, Rajendranagar; Dairy experimental station, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar and surrounding peri urban areas with the history of reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield during a study period of 14 months, 106 (37.86 per cent) were suffering from one or more than one of the above said subclinical production diseases. On detailed clinical examination, urine analysis and serum biochemistry, it was observed that 24 cows were positive for subclinical hypocalcaemia (group - I), 38 for subclinical ketosis (group - II), 8 for subclinical hypophosphataemia (group - Ill) and 5 for subclinical hypomagnesaemia (group - IV), which accounted the incidence of 22.64, 35.85, 7.55 and 4.72 per cent, respectively. The incidence of more than one of the above said deficiencies (mixed deficiencies, group - V) was recorded in 31 cows which accounted for 29.24 per cent, out of that the incidence of subclinical hypocalcaemia along with 'ketosis; subclinical hypocalcaemia along with ketosis and hypomagnesaernia; subclinical hypocalcaemia along with hypophosphataemia; and subclinical hypocalcaemia along with hypomagnesaemia was observed in 17, 4, 7 and 3 cows, respectively with a corresponding incidence of 16.04%, 3.77%. 6.60% and 2.83%, respectively. Each group was again subdivided into two subgroups viz., la, Ib; Ila, Ilb; Illa, Illb; IVa, IVb and Va, Vb to study and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of oral and parenteral drugs. 10 apparently healthy postparturient cows (group - VI) were maintained as healthy control group. The clinical observations in cows suffering from subclinical form of production diseases revealed reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield. There was no significant difference in the values of temperature and pulse rate before and after treatment in all the groups, which indicated that subclinical form of production diseases had no significant effect. All the animals during the treatment regained the appetite and milk yield. Ruminal motility was increased significantly (Pe0.01) and urine analysis was normal in all the groups after the treatment. Group la and Ib cows were low in urinary and serum calcium levels. Animals belonging to group la has received Calup Gel @ 300 g orally OD for 3 days and Rumen-FS bolus @ 2 boli orally BID for 5 days and group Ib animals were administered Inj. 25% lntacal @ 450 ml iv OD for 3 days and Inj. Tribivet @ 10-1 5 rnl im OD for 3 days. Among haematological parameters the mean Hb level was increased significantly (Pc0.05)in group la, where as in group Ib mean Hb, TLC and granulocyte percent were increased significantly (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters increased mean serum calcium and magnesium were significant at 1% (Pc0.01) and increased phosphorus and total protein and decreased serum glucose and AST were signficant at 5% (Pc0.05) in group la, where as in group Ib increased calcium and decreased serum glucose. magnesium and AST were significant at 1% (Pc0.01) and increased total protein and albumin at 5% (Pc0.05). The comparative means of serum glucose, calcium, magnesium and AST of healthy, group la and Ib revealed that the treatment given to group Ib was more effective. Group Ila and Ilb animals were found positive for urinary ketones. Animals belonging to group Ila were administered Ketonil Gel orally @ 1 tube/day for 2 days, followed by half of the tube for next 2 days and Liq. €-Booster @ 200 ml orally BID for 2 days followed by 100ml BID for next 2 days, where as group Ilb cows were administered Inj. Wocktrose-25 @ 540 ml iv OD for 3 days, Inj. Ketocort @ 1Omg total dose im for 3 days and Inj. Tribivet @ 5 ml im for 3 days. Among haematological parameters the mean TLC was increased significantly at 1% (P<0.01) and mean Hb, monocytes, granulocytes percent, MCH and MCV were increased significantly at 5 OO/ (P~0.05i)n group Ila cows, while in group Ilb mean Hb, TLC, monocytes and granulocytes Oh were increased significantly at 1 % (PcO.01) and mean PCV, TEC, MCH and MCV were increased significantly at 5% (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters, significantly increased mean serum glucose, calcium, total protein and albumin and decreased AST levels at 5% (Pc0.05) in groups Ila, where as in group Ilb increased mean serum glucose and calcium and decreased AST were significant at 1% (P-=0.01) and increased serum total protein and albumin was at 5% (Pc0.05) level. Though there was an improvement in both the groups, the comparative means of serum glucose, calcium and AST of healthy, group Ila and Ilb revealed that the treatment given to group Ilb was more effective. Group llla and lllb cows were low in serum phosphorus. Cows belonging to group llla were administered Sodaphos powder @ 30-60 g orally OD for 5 days and Ferritas bolus @ 2 boli orally OD for 5 days. while group lllb animals were administered Inj. Urimin @ 10-15 ml im OD for 3 days and Inj. Ferritas @ 1 rnll 50 kg body weight im once. Among haematological parameters the mean Hb, PCV, TEC and MCV increased significantly (Pc0.05) in group Illa; and in group lllb mean Hb, PCV and TEC were increased significantly at 1% (Pc0.01) and mean lymphocytes, MCV and MCH were increased significantly at 5% (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters decreased serum glucose and ALP and increased calcium were significant at 1% (PcO.01) and increased phosphorus and magnesium and decreased AST at 5% (Pc0.05) in group llla and in group lllb decreased serum glucose, AST and ALP and increased calcium and phosphorus were significant at 1% (PThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON POSTPARTURIENT INDIGESTION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HEPATIC DISORDERS AND PRODUCTION DISEASES IN BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-06) PADMAJA, K; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); AMEER HAMZA, P; SADASIVA RAO, K; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT: The present investigation on Postparturient Indigestion (PPI) was undertaken to study the incidence, clinical and biochemical findings, therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs and to evolve a suitable comprehensive therapeutic and prophylactic measures for prevention of PPI in buffaloes associated with hepatic disorders and production diseases. Out of 320 recently calved (zero to two months after calving) buffaloes with the history of reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield presented at Ambulatory Clinic, Mylardevpally, Campus Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar and a few peri urban dairy farms located in and around Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 90 (28.13%) buffaloes were found suffering with PPI. On detailed clinical examination and urine analysis of cases of PPI, it was observed that 43 (47.78%) buffaloes had hepatic insufficiency, 27 (30 %) had production diseases and 20 (22.22 %) had PPI alone. Out of 43 buffaloes of hepatic insufficiency, 23 (25.56 %) had hepatic insufficiency alone, 20 (22.22 %) had hepatic insufficiency and production diseases, 10 (11.11 %) had hepatic insufficiency with sub clinical hypocalcaemia and 10 (11.11 %) had hepatic disorders with sub clinical ketosis. Out of 27 buffaloes with incidence of PPI in relation to production diseases, 14 (15.56 %) had sub clinical hypocalcaemia and 13 (14.44 %) had sub clinical ketosis. Based on the urine analysis, 90 PPI animals were divided into five groups IIa, IIb, III, IV and V. These five groups were subdivided into two each viz., IIa1, IIa2, IIb1, IIb2, IIIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb, Va and Vb for conducting therapeutic trials. Ten apparently healthy postparturient buffaloes (Group I) were subjected to clinical observations and biochemical investigations, and they served as healthy control group. The most common and consistent symptom observed in buffaloes suffering with PPI was reduction in feed intake and decreased milk yield. Scanty dung was observed in few cases. Milk samples of all the 90 cases of PPI were found negative for ketones before and after treatment. There was no significant difference in the values of temperature, pulse and respiratory rate of PPI animals before and after treatment, which indicated that PPI had no significant effect on the above parameters. All the animals during the treatment regained the appetite and milk yield was increased. Ruminal motility was increased significantly (P<0.01). Urine analysis was normal in all the groups after the treatment. The buffaloes with PPI were administered different therapeutic regimens. Animals belonging to group IIa were low in urinary calcium and hence, 450 ml of Calboral i/v and 300 g of Calup gel P.O was administered for two days in groups IIa1 and IIa2, respectively. Significant improvement was observed in both the groups. Based on the ANOVA results and comparative means, the treatment of group IIa2 was more effective. The group IIb animals were found positive for urinary ketones hence, Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v was administered for two days. In addition, Laurabolin 100 mg i/m single dose and Ketonex boli 4 per day P.O for three days was given to groups IIb1 and IIb2, respectively. The mean serum glucose and calcium levels increased significantly at 1% (P<0.01) and 5 % (P<0.05), in groups IIb1 and IIb2, respectively. However, the mean serum GGT and total bilirubin levels decreased significantly (P<0.01) in group IIb2. Though there was an improvement in both the groups, the comparative means of serum glucose of healthy, group IIb1 and IIb2 revealed that the treatment given to group IIb2 was more effective. Group III animals were positive for urinary bile pigments. Hence, Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v was administered for one day. In addition, Livadex forte 10 ml i/m and Toxol 10 ml i/m for three days was given in groups IIIa and IIIb, respectively. The mean serum glucose and total protein levels were increased significantly (P<0.01) in group IIIa animals. There was a significant (P<0.01) decrease in serum AST values, in groups IIIa and IIIb, whereas the mean GGT values decreased significantly (P<0.01) in group IIIb animals. The comparative means of serum AST and GGT of healthy, group IIIa and IIIb revealed that the efficacy of both the treatments was same. Animals belonging to group IV were positive for urinary bile pigments. In addition, IVa was low in calcium, IVb was positive for ketone bodies in urine. The animals of IVa were administered Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v, Tribivet 10 ml i/m for three days and 300 g of Calup gel P.O for two days. Group IVb animals were administered Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v for three days, Laurabolin 100 mg i/m single dose and 2 boli of Zigbo P.O. for five days. The mean serum glucose, total protein, albumin and calcium increased significantly (P<0.01) in group IVa animals, whereas the mean serum AST, GGT and total bilirubin decreased significantly (P<0.01). In group IVb animals, the mean total protein, albumin, calcium and phosphorous levels increased significantly (P<0.01), whereas the mean serum AST, GGT and cholesterol levels decreased significantly (P<0.01). Both the treatments were equally effective since the levels of serum AST and GGT were significantly (P<0.01) decreased after therapy. 73 Group V animals were normal in terms of urine analysis. However, rumen liquor analysis revealed alkaline indigestion with mean pH of 8.00±0.00. They were administered Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v and Anistamin 10 ml i/m for one day. Besides, bolus Ecotas 2 per day P.O. for four days and bolus Rumentas 4 per day (2 boli BID) P.O. for three days were given in groups Va and Vb, respectively. The mean values of serum calcium and albumin increased significantly (P<0.01) in group Va animals. The comparative means of serum glucose and calcium of healthy, group Va and Vb revealed that the efficacy of treatment provided to group Va was more effective. Therefore, it can be concluded that in the treatment of PPI in buffaloes, hepatoprotective and liver stimulant drugs along with i/v administration of glucose, oral calcium preparation and a combination of probiotics and prebiotics are recommended. Urine analysis can be considered as a diagnostic tool for early detection of PPI in buffaloesThesisItem Open Access ADVANCED STUDIES ON DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF VOMITING IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-05) SURESH, KAMINENI; ALAHA SINGARI, N(MAJOR); NALINI KUMARI, K; SURESH KUMAR, R.V; ESWARA PRASAD, PABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken to study the prevalence of vomiting, its causative factors, other associated symptoms, haemato biochemical changes, ultrasonographic findings, endoscopic appearance and efficacy of antiemetic drugs in afebrile dogs with vomiting. A total 135 (8.67%) afebrile vomiting dogs out of 1558 were selected during the study period. Vomiting was mostly observed in Pomeranian breed and the prevalence was higher in male pups below 6 months of age. Dietary abnormalities were found to be the causative factors for vomiting in majority (45.93%) cases followed by renal failure, hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers, parasitic infection, foreign bodies, pyometra, Diabetes ketoacidosis and tumors. Apart from vomiting anorexia, depression to lethargy, loss of weight and dehydration of varying degrees were the clinical signs evident in all dogs. In addition haematemesis and anaemia in renal failure, hepatic disorders and gastric ulcers; abdominal pain due to the presence of foreign bodies and tumors; polyuria and oliguria in renal failure; emaciation, icterus, polydipsia and ascitis in hepatic disorders; diarrhoea, melena and anaemia in parasitic infection and polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and cataract in Diabetes ketoacidosis were the other characteristic signs. High PCV, Hb and TEC counts in dietary abnormalities, foreign bodies and Diabetic ketoacidosis; increased TLC in renal failure, hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers, pyometra and tumors; increase in neutrophils in renal failure, hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers, pyometra and tumors and high eosinophil count in parasitic infestation and gastric ulcers were prominent in dogs with vomiting. Hyponatremia due to presence of foreign bodies and Diabetic ketoacidosis; hypokalemia and hypochloremia in all cases; increased ALT levels in hepatic disorders; hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia in hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers and tumors; high globulin levels in pyometra; hyperglycemia in Diabetic ketoacidosis and elevated BUN and creatinine levels in renal failure were the characteristic biochemical alterations noted in dogs with vomiting. Gas filled intestines with plication in gastro enteritis, prominent kidney opacity in renal failure; ground glass appearance in ascites; foreign bodies in the oesophagus, stomach and intestines; uterine distension in pyometra and intra abdominal neoplasm were the radiographic abnormalities detected in the present study. Generalized mucosal oedema along with foam and several streaks of bile tinged fluid in most cases of gastritis along with haemorrhages, erosions, large ulcers, shallow ulcers and hyperemic gastric mucosa were revealed on endoscopy. Hyperechoic cortex, loss of detail of CMJ, hyperechoic medulla and thickened urinary bladder wall in renal failure; hyperechogenecity, hepatomegaly, anechoic ascitic fluid and cholecystitis in hepatic disorders and enlargement of uterus and uterine horns in pyometra were the abnormalities recorded on ultrasonography. In the therapeutic trial conducted as a part of present study 3 (I, II and III) groups of dogs with vomiting due to dietary abnormalities and 2 (IV and V) groups with renal failure were selected with 12 dogs in each. Ringers lactate was given twice daily and Vitamin B1, B6 and B12 once in a day for all dogs. Metoclopramide (Group I), Ondansetron (Group II) and Ondansetron and potassium chloride twice daily (Group III), Metoclopramide and Amoxicillin and cloxacillin (Group IV) and Ondansetron and Amoxicillin and cloxacillin (Group V) were the drugs employed. Though there was significant improvement in all the groups, based on the faster resolution of vomiting and improvement in the haemato biochemical parameters, treatment with Ondansetron and potassium chloride was found to be superior when compared to other two combinations in vomiting due to dietary abnormalities and Ondansetron was found to be superior when compared to Metoclopramide in controlling vomiting due to renal failure.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CARDIAC DISEASES AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-01) SATlSH KUMAR, K; ALAHA SINGARI, N(MAJOR); TIRUMALA RAO, D.S; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P.; ESWARA PRASAD, P; VYKUNTA RAO, VA RSTRACT: The present investigation was undertaken to study the occurrence of cardiac diseases, and the efficacy of different therapeutic regimens of congestive heart failure in dogs Dogs presented to \,'eterinary Hospital. Bhoiguda Teaching L'eterinary Clinical Complex. College of Veterinary science, Hyderabad from October 2006 to November 2008 i e , for a period of 26 months were considered for the study During this period 27,618 dogs were presented to the Hospital. ot' which 886 were suspected to ha~eca rdiac disease based on the clinical man~festat~crnasn d 4-71 Mere diagnosed with various cardiac diseases based on clinical examination, haematology. biochemistry. electrocardiography. radiography and echocardiography The owrall occurrence of cardiac disease in doss was 1 65 OO and the occurrence of the disease in the population exhibiting clinical manifestations was 48 b '0 The h~shesr prevalence was recorded in Labrador Retriever (13 26 ''0) folloued by Spitr German Shepherd, Doberman Pincher. Great Dane, Nondescript breed, Boxer, Cmlden Retriever. Rot\veiler and lowest in Dachshund ( 1 97 Oo) The age wise occurrence of cardlac d15eas in dogs was highest (61.13 O.0) in between 10 to I4 years of age and In\\est (5 It, in do@ with less than 5 years of a_re The scx wise occurrence of cardiac disease in dogs \\as bQ 10° o in males and 30 600,,0 in females The clinical manifestations recorded in the present investigation were exercise intolerance in 282 (65.47 %), dyspnoea at rest in 264 (61.25 %), anorexia in 249 (57 68 %), cough in 185 (42.85 Oh), going down in condition in 169 (39 14 Oh), pale mucosa in 11 5 (26.65 %), ascites in 49 (1 1.26 %), peripheral edema in 34 (7 80 Oh), cyanosis in 24 (5.64 Oh) and syncope in 10 (2.35 %) dogs and murmurs, gallop sounds and arrhythmias in all the dogs According to ISACHC regulations, out of 43 1 cases, 118 (27.3 %) dogs were found to be under class 11, 294 (68 2 Oh) dogs were under class 111 A and 19 (4 5 ?/o) animals were in class 111 B and 29 (6 68 ?/o) dogs belonged to phase 11, 58 (13.5 YOb) elonged to phase I11 and 344 (79.82 %) were under phase IV as per New York Heart Association recommendations The mean values of hemoglobin and total erythrocyte wunt was significantly low with an increase in TLC levels of all the CHF dogs on day 0 before therapy when compared with healthy dogs. The mean CKMB. LDH and Na levels were significantly elevated with a decrease in TP and serum albumin levels of all the CHF dogs before therapy The various ECG abnormalities detected in 384 dogs out of 431 dops with cardiac diseases \vere increased R amplitude m.ith ST slurring (8 6 Oh). Deep S na\.e (6 il OOJ. Increased P and R wave amplitudes (6 O OW), Deep Q and elevated R wave (6 0 40), abnormal confiyuration of P wave (5.72 9b). deep Q wave (2.21 O.b), wide P wave (4 94 Ob), low voltage CJRS complexes (1 95 O 0). \.entricular tachycardia (4 69 O 0). absence of P na\c (3 16 OO). elevated R Ma\ e. wide QRS. ST co\.ing (3 9 1 ). configurational change in P \\a\ e- \r ondering sinus pacemaker (-3 h5 OO), increased amplitude and width of P wave (3 -39 '0). ventricular premature complexes with atrial enlargement (3 39 96). elevated T wave (3 39 '0). fine atrial fibrillation (3 -39 OO). junctional premature conlplexes \\.ith 11 degree .A\' block (2 86 '0). ventricular premature complexes of riyht ventricle origin ( 2 86 OO). hrad\cardia \cith low voltage QRS complexes,. notched R wave (3 60 OO), ventricular bigeminy of left ventricle origin (2 60 O,O). deep T wave (7 60 96). sinus arrhythymia m.ith low R wave (2 34 '0). bundle branch block (7 34 O 0). reg~llar\ ,entricular premature complex -- after e\ erv second beat (-1 08 ?b) and \.cntricular depolarization from ectopic foci of hean. nler3ing uith riorrnal sinus rhythm - A complex arrhythmia ( 1 82 O 0) On radlopraphy. 58 (38 88O0) dogs showed pulmonw benous congestion. 49 (32 hhOo) showed cardlomegaly. Ih ( 17 ;3 '0) an~n~aslhso med aurlculilr hulsr leti dtrlal enlargement and 17 ( 1 1 33O 0) dops revealed pleural and perlcardlal ctTuslon In the present study out of a total of 150 dogs subjected to echocardiography, dilated cardiomyopathy in 74 (49.33 %) dogs, mitral valve insufliciency in 88 (58.66 %), tricuspid valve insufliciency in 37 (24.66 %), pericardial efision in 28 (18.66 %), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 8 (5.33 %) and patent ductus aneriosus in 5 (3.33 %) dogs was revealed. The LVEdD, LVEsD, and EPSS dimensions were increased with a decrease in LVPWd, LVPWs. IVSd, IVSs, and contractility indices (EF and FS) of DCM associated CHF dogs. There was a significant turbulence on pulsed wave Doppler and mosaic panern appearance on color flow Doppler of the mitral valve in MVI associated CHI- dogs In the present study all the 43 1 dogs diagnosed for heart disease were negative for the presence of adult heanworm antigen in the blood Out of the total patients diagnosed for various cardiac diseases. 60 patients diagnosed to be ailing ivith Congestive Heart Failure (30 dogs with DCM and 30 u.ith lLlitral Valve Insutliciencv) based on hemato-biochemistry. ECG, radiogaphy and echocardiography were selected and subjected to different therapeutic regimens. The selected 60 patients were randomly di\ ided into 3 groups, Cir 1. II and 111 each having 20 (10 DC\I and 10 XfVi) dogs Dogs in group 1 were treattxi with benazapril. frusemide and digovin once dad!.. orall!- Dogs in group 11 were treated with ramipril, fmsemide and digoxin once daily, orally Dogs in group I11 were treated uith ramipril. frusemide and digoxin at the same dosage as given to the dogs of the group I1 and a neutraceuticle. L-C'arnitine for L>C\1 dogs and Coenzyme Q10 fix mitral \ al\ e insufficiency doss .All the dogs under treatment for 45 da!.s \\ere monitored and the eflicacy was assessed at tbrtniyht intewals based on improvement of' clinical signs. henlato-biochemistry. electrocardiography. radiography and echocardiography features. 1-here \\as a significant impro\ement in the haen~atobinchemical parameters of CHF dogs during therap!. Radiographicall?. no appreciable reduction in heart size uas obseried in any of the Cl1F dogs after 45 days of therapy except substantial reduction in the pulmonarv edenla and pleural effusion There was improvement and disappearance in the cardiac arrh17hnlias on electrocardiograph^ A significant ditkrerice in left \.entncle dinlensions (LVEdD. L\'LisD. l.\'PM'd. I \'PWs. I\.Sd. IVSs. and EPSSl and contractilit! indices (EF and FS) were noticed tn W'hl associated CHF dogs b! the end of the trial Whereas. nu spmific difference in severity and intensity of turbulence and mosaic pattern of cvlour jet flow at m~tral \,a!\ e was noticed in (1'1 IF dogs associated with J2\-1 All the CHF dogs of group 111 recovered by the end of therapeutic trial Whereas, 5 dogs in group 1 and 3 in grwp 11 showed signs of azotemia and died after five weeks in spite of reduction in the doses of digoxin and ACEi Based on the resolution of clinical signs, improvement in haemato biochemical parameters and echocardiographic features, it was found that a combination of ramipril, frusemide and digoxin along with neutriceutical supplementation of L-Carnitine and Coenzyme Q was superior to other two combinations as indicated by the faster disappearance of sips and early recovery with no adverse drug reactions both during and after therapy Hence. this therapeutic regimen is indicated in dogs with congestive heart failure associated w~th either dilated cardiomyopathy or mitral valve insufficiency.ThesisItem Open Access PRIMARY RUMINAL DYSFUNCTION IN GOATS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO LACTIC ACIDOSIS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-03) VIVEK RAMRAO, KASARALIKAR; ALAHA SINGARI, N(MAJOR); PRASANNA KUMAR, S; HAFEEZ, Md.; NALINIKUMARI; ESHWAR PRASAD, PABSTRACT: The study was undertaken to find out the incidence of ruminal acidosis in goats in and around Bidar (Karnataka) during the period from January 2000 to December 2003 and to evolve an effective therapeutic regimen for the condition. The overall incidence of ruminal acidosis in goats was 9.67 per cent. It was more in the goats of 2-3 years of age (48.77%) with a higher frequency in females (90.70%) and maximum occurrence in the month of October. In the experimental study, acidosis was induced by administration of crushed rice @ 40 g/kg body weight. These goats were randomly divided into three groups. Group I was kept as untreated control and conventional and improved therapy was given at 24 hours post induction (PI) to Group II and III respectively. Clinical signs suggestive of acute ruminal acidosis like distended abdomen, profound dullness, grinding of teeth, regurgitation through nostrils and recumbency were observed with death of two in untreated control group. Gradual disappearance of clinical signs was noticed in treated groups and normalcy was resumed in 4 to 6 days after treatment (AT). Significant (P < 0.01) increase in heart rate was observed persisting up to 192 hours PI in untreated control group and normalcy was restored 48 hours earlier with improved therapy. Elevated haemogram and leucogram in untreated control group was suggestive of significant haemoconcentration whereas, in treated groups normal levels were noted at 36 hours AT. There was complete ruminal atony consequent to the induction of acidosis with reappearance of normal contractions at 84 and 120 hours AT with improved (G-III) and conventional therapy (G-II) respectively. Milky green, sour and watery rumen fluid at 12 hours PI with absence of protozoal concentration, iodophilic activity, total protozoal count and signi-ficant increase (P < 0.01) in methylene blue reduction time, sedimentation activity time, decrease in pH and reduced glucose fermentation activity was observed at 24 hours PI. These changes persisted in untreated control group up to 168 to 192 hours whereas; normalcy was restored in treated groups between 60 to 168 hours AT, which was 24 to 72 hours earlier with improved therapeutic regimen. Investigation on blood biochemical parameters revealed significant (P < 0.01) increase in glucose, lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino-transferase and sodium and decrease in potassium. Goats treated with improved therapy showed early return (24 to 48 hours) of normal values in all biochemical parameters compared to conventional therapy. Higher efficacy of the improved therapeutic regimen established in experimental study was re-evaluated in the clinical cases of acidosis brought to the hospitals. The observations in the clinical cases showed similar trends of change in clinico-haematological, rumen fluid characters and biochemical parameters as that of experimental study. All these parameters showed early return to normalcy in the group receiving improved therapy (Group V) compared to conventional therapy (Group IV). As improved therapy was found to be more effective in experimental (83.33%) and clinical study (94.12%) over conventional therapy, the improved therapeutic regimen consisting of isotonic sodium bicarbonate and thiamine by parenteral route and chloramphenicol, magnesium hydroxide and cud transplant PO used in present study is proposed as the preferred treatment protocol for the treatment of ruminal acidosis in goats.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiological Studies On Lamb Mortality In Andhra Pradesh With Particular Reference To Clinico-Therapeutic Aspects Of Helminthic Infestations(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1998-06) Padmanabha reddy, Maddali; Chodhuri, P.C(MAJOR); Alaha Singar, N; Hafeez, Md.; Ramakrishna reddy, PThesisItem Open Access Investigation Into The Diagnosis,Pathogenesis,Biochemical Changes And Treatment Of Sublinical Ketosis In Crossbred Cows(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1996-08) Venkateswarulu, Kuncharapu; choudhuri, P.C(MAJOR); Karunanidhi, P.S.; Gopal Naidu, N.R; Prabhakar rao, ZThesisItem Open Access Clinico-Therapeutic Studies On Microfilariasis In Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1996-06) Satish Udhavrao Digraskar; Choudhuri, P.C(MAJOR); Alaha singari, N; Subba rao, M.V.; Hafeez