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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON SUBCLINICAL FORMS OF CERTAIN PRODUCTION DISEASES IN CROSSBRED COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-11) AMBICA, G; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); AMEER HAMZA, P; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT: The present clinical investigation was undertaken to study the incidence, clinical and haemato biochemical findings, therapy and therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs and to evolve a suitable comprehensive therapeutic regimen in cows with subclinical forms of certain production diseases viz., hypocalcaemia, ketosis, hypophosphataemia and hypomagnesaemia. Out of 280 recently parturated (from day zero to two months post calving) cows presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Campus Hospital, Rajendranagar; Dairy experimental station, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar and surrounding peri urban areas with the history of reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield during a study period of 14 months, 106 (37.86 per cent) were suffering from one or more than one of the above said subclinical production diseases. On detailed clinical examination, urine analysis and serum biochemistry, it was observed that 24 cows were positive for subclinical hypocalcaemia (group - I), 38 for subclinical ketosis (group - II), 8 for subclinical hypophosphataemia (group - Ill) and 5 for subclinical hypomagnesaemia (group - IV), which accounted the incidence of 22.64, 35.85, 7.55 and 4.72 per cent, respectively. The incidence of more than one of the above said deficiencies (mixed deficiencies, group - V) was recorded in 31 cows which accounted for 29.24 per cent, out of that the incidence of subclinical hypocalcaemia along with 'ketosis; subclinical hypocalcaemia along with ketosis and hypomagnesaernia; subclinical hypocalcaemia along with hypophosphataemia; and subclinical hypocalcaemia along with hypomagnesaemia was observed in 17, 4, 7 and 3 cows, respectively with a corresponding incidence of 16.04%, 3.77%. 6.60% and 2.83%, respectively. Each group was again subdivided into two subgroups viz., la, Ib; Ila, Ilb; Illa, Illb; IVa, IVb and Va, Vb to study and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of oral and parenteral drugs. 10 apparently healthy postparturient cows (group - VI) were maintained as healthy control group. The clinical observations in cows suffering from subclinical form of production diseases revealed reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield. There was no significant difference in the values of temperature and pulse rate before and after treatment in all the groups, which indicated that subclinical form of production diseases had no significant effect. All the animals during the treatment regained the appetite and milk yield. Ruminal motility was increased significantly (Pe0.01) and urine analysis was normal in all the groups after the treatment. Group la and Ib cows were low in urinary and serum calcium levels. Animals belonging to group la has received Calup Gel @ 300 g orally OD for 3 days and Rumen-FS bolus @ 2 boli orally BID for 5 days and group Ib animals were administered Inj. 25% lntacal @ 450 ml iv OD for 3 days and Inj. Tribivet @ 10-1 5 rnl im OD for 3 days. Among haematological parameters the mean Hb level was increased significantly (Pc0.05)in group la, where as in group Ib mean Hb, TLC and granulocyte percent were increased significantly (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters increased mean serum calcium and magnesium were significant at 1% (Pc0.01) and increased phosphorus and total protein and decreased serum glucose and AST were signficant at 5% (Pc0.05) in group la, where as in group Ib increased calcium and decreased serum glucose. magnesium and AST were significant at 1% (Pc0.01) and increased total protein and albumin at 5% (Pc0.05). The comparative means of serum glucose, calcium, magnesium and AST of healthy, group la and Ib revealed that the treatment given to group Ib was more effective. Group Ila and Ilb animals were found positive for urinary ketones. Animals belonging to group Ila were administered Ketonil Gel orally @ 1 tube/day for 2 days, followed by half of the tube for next 2 days and Liq. €-Booster @ 200 ml orally BID for 2 days followed by 100ml BID for next 2 days, where as group Ilb cows were administered Inj. Wocktrose-25 @ 540 ml iv OD for 3 days, Inj. Ketocort @ 1Omg total dose im for 3 days and Inj. Tribivet @ 5 ml im for 3 days. Among haematological parameters the mean TLC was increased significantly at 1% (P<0.01) and mean Hb, monocytes, granulocytes percent, MCH and MCV were increased significantly at 5 OO/ (P~0.05i)n group Ila cows, while in group Ilb mean Hb, TLC, monocytes and granulocytes Oh were increased significantly at 1 % (PcO.01) and mean PCV, TEC, MCH and MCV were increased significantly at 5% (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters, significantly increased mean serum glucose, calcium, total protein and albumin and decreased AST levels at 5% (Pc0.05) in groups Ila, where as in group Ilb increased mean serum glucose and calcium and decreased AST were significant at 1% (P-=0.01) and increased serum total protein and albumin was at 5% (Pc0.05) level. Though there was an improvement in both the groups, the comparative means of serum glucose, calcium and AST of healthy, group Ila and Ilb revealed that the treatment given to group Ilb was more effective. Group llla and lllb cows were low in serum phosphorus. Cows belonging to group llla were administered Sodaphos powder @ 30-60 g orally OD for 5 days and Ferritas bolus @ 2 boli orally OD for 5 days. while group lllb animals were administered Inj. Urimin @ 10-15 ml im OD for 3 days and Inj. Ferritas @ 1 rnll 50 kg body weight im once. Among haematological parameters the mean Hb, PCV, TEC and MCV increased significantly (Pc0.05) in group Illa; and in group lllb mean Hb, PCV and TEC were increased significantly at 1% (Pc0.01) and mean lymphocytes, MCV and MCH were increased significantly at 5% (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters decreased serum glucose and ALP and increased calcium were significant at 1% (PcO.01) and increased phosphorus and magnesium and decreased AST at 5% (Pc0.05) in group llla and in group lllb decreased serum glucose, AST and ALP and increased calcium and phosphorus were significant at 1% (PThesisItem Open Access CLINICO – DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON OTITIS IN BUFFALOES(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-11) LAKSHMI RANI, N; NALINI KUMARI, K (Maqjor); SYAAMA SUNDAR, N; SURESH KUMAR, R.V; SREENU, MAKKENA; ANAND KUMAR, PABSTRACT: On screening of 2807 buffaloes presented at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Service Complex, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram during the period between January 2009 to July 2010, the incidence of otitis accounted for 4.31 per cent. Of the affected animals 62.80% exhibited unilateral otitis and 37.19% showed bilateral otitis. The incidence of otitis at Agrigold dairy farm, Keesara and Buffalo Research station, Venkata Ramannagudem was recorded as 1.61% and 3.48% respectively. Highest number of cases of otitis were observed in buffaloes of above 3 years of age group (76.86%) and in the winter season (43.80%). The main clinical signs observed in animals with otitis included aural discharge, inspissated pus, excess cerumen, inflammatory changes of pinna, head shaking, otalgia, enlarged lymph nodes, drooping, nodules on the pinna, head tilt and facial paralysis. Few affected animals showed cough, nasal discharge, elevated body temperature, drop in milk yield, emaciation, anorexia and skin lesions. The percent incidence of otitis externa and media was 95.04% and 4.96% respectively. A total of 166 ears from 121 buffaloes were screened for the presence of parasites. The etiological agents identified were parasites (70.48%), bacteria (66.27%) and yeast (62.05%). Among the parasites Railletia auris and Stephanofilaria species were identified from 12.5% and 10.00% of healthy ears. In otitis, Stephanofilaria species, Onchocerca species, Rhabditis species and Railletia auris were obtained from 32.47%, 5.98%, 5.13% and 40.17% of ears respectively. Roll swab cytology revealed the presence of Malassezia in healthy and otitic ears as 47.50% and 50.60% respectively. But in diseased ears cytology revealed Malassezial overgrowth and neutrophilia. The predominant bacteria found in healthy ears were Staphylococcus species (76.20%). Cultural examination revealed isolation of 137 isolates from otitic ears of which Staphylococcus species, Pseudomonas species and Proteus species accounted for 33.57, 26.27 and 16.79 percent respectively. Other bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (11.68%), Klebsiella species (5.84%), Micrococci species (3.65%) and Pasteurella species (2.19%). Malassezia was isolated from 47.50% of healthy ears and 59.04% of otitic ears. Whereas Candida and Aspergillus were obtained from 6.02% and 4.22% of otitic ears respectively. Otitic animals exhibited neutrophilia, eosinophilia and reduced hemoglobin levels when compared to healthy animals. The video-otoscopic findings of 28 animals included unilateral otitis (16 animals), bilateral otitis (12 animals), purulent secretions (34 ears), encrusted exudates (6 ears), ulcerations (21 ears), hyperplastic epithelium (8 ears), meatus stenosis (3 ears) mites (19 ears) and rupture of tympanic membrane in 2 ears. A molecular study of Malassezia isolated from 23 otitic ears and 5 healthy ears through PCR assay revealed M. sympodialis by yielding a product of approximately 580bp size specific for 26S r DNA gene sequence. Enrofloxacin was sensitive in 90.24% of otic samples while clotrimazole in 87.69% of samples. Therapeutic trials were undertaken based on etiology and the animals were divided into 6 groups. It was found that ivermectin (G I a) was 100% effective than closantel (G I b) in treating parasitic otitis. The percent recovery was more in G I a (100% G I a vs 44.44% G I b) with a comparatively less time taken for recovery (recovery rate of 37.5% on 7th day in G I a vs 0 % in G I b). Therapy with ivermectin and enrofloxacin along with or without meloxicam was effective in otitis with parasites and bacteria. However, comparatively better and quick recovery rate was noticed when meloxicam was included. In otitic buffaloes with parasites and yeast, ivermectin and clotrimazole (G III b) was more effective than ivermectin in combination with povidone iodine (G III a). The percent cure was more in G III b vs G III a (100% vs 81.81%) with a comparatively quick recovery (55.56%-7th day, 33.33%-14th day, 11.11%-21st day vs 36.36%-7th day, 27.28%-14th day, 18.18%-21st day). Higher recovery rate was achieved with ivermectin, enrofloxacin, meloxicam and clotrimazole (G IV b) (81.82%) in otitis due to parasite, bacteria and yeast than when povidone iodine (G IV a) was used in place of clotrimazole (66.67%). Bacterial otitis had 100% recovery upon therapy with enrofloxacin and meloxicam while the recovery rate was 83.33% and 66.67% when treated In otitis with bacteria and yeast involvement, both clotrimazole (84.62%) and povidone iodine (83.33%) were effective. It is concluded that parasitic otitis is more common especially with mite infestation. Malassezial overgrowth was also recorded in high percentage of otitic cases. Cytology was a simple, quick and informative diagnostic tool while video-otoscopy revealed more details of the ear. Malassezia sympodialis was detected by PCR studies. Ivermectin and enrofloxacin had superior efficacy in otitis due to parasites and bacteria. During Malassezial involvement though clotrimazole was relatively superior, povidone iodine also exhibited efficacy and was cheaper. Anti-inflammatory agent in the therapeutic regimens hastened the recovery rate.