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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN MATERNAL AND FETAL DYSTOCIA OF GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) THANGAMANI, A; SRINIVAS, M(MAJOR); SADASIVA RAO, K; HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V.Detailed obstetrical examination was performed in referral dystocia cases of Graded Murrah buffaloes (n=122) and the incidence of maternal and fetal dystocia was recorded and anlayzed. Out of the 122 dystocia affected buffaloes a total of 43 buffaloes of different parities were utilized in the study and were divided into three groups, (1) Maternal dystocia (comprising uterine torsion) (n=25), (2) Fetal dystocia (n=10) and (3) Eutocia (normal parturition) (n=8) as healthy controls. Further, haemato-biochemical and oxidative parameters were recorded and compared between groups and also at presentation (0 hrs) and after treatment (24 hrs). The incidence of maternal and fetal dystocia in the present study was 77.86% and 22.14%, respectively among the cases presented between September 2017 and August 2018. The incidence of uterine torsion more frequent cause of maternal dystocia. Uterine torsion occurred more frequently in pluriparous buffaloes at full term. Post cervical right sided uterine torsion was common with higher incidence for severe degree (>270->360°) of uterine torsion in buffaloes. The condition was observed since >24-36 hours in 53.40 percent of the buffaloes before they were presented for treatment. The most fetuses delivered were in anterior longitudinal presentation and male fetus outnumbered the female fetuses. Fetal dystocia also occurred more frequently in pluriparous buffaloes at term and higher per cent of fetuses were delivered in anterior longitudinal presentation with limb flexions and most them are delivered dead. Neutrophilia with lymphopenia was recorded in dystocia affected buffaloes when compared to eutocia group, while other parameters like haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC) and total leucocyte count (TLC) did not exhibit significant variations among the three groups of buffaloes. The mean serum glucose was slightly elevated in dystocia affected buffaloes compared to normal calved group. The dystocia affected buffaloes showed significantly lowered mean serum calcium and phosphorus levels compared to eutocia group. Non-significant variations were recorded in plasma total protein concentrations between the groups at different instances. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was markedly elevated in maternal dystocia group compared to fetal dystocia and eutocia group of buffaloes. Creatinine levels were significantly higher in fetal dystocia group compared to maternal dystocia and eutocia group of buffaloes at presentation while no significant difference was recorded at 24 hrs after treatment. Significantly higher Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were observed in dystocia affected buffaloes in comparison with eutocia group at 0 hrs and 24 hrs. Significant variation was observed in between the groups for malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) activity at both 0 hrs and 24 hrs. The plasma MDA concentration was elevated in dystocia affected, while decreased SOD and GSH antioxidant enzymes activity in dystocia affected buffaloes, when compared to normally calved buffaloes. It was concluded that estimation of calcium, BUN, creatinine and oxidative parameters (MDA, SOD and GSH) with haematological parameters like TLC, neutrophil and lymphocyte count could be used as an indicator for severity of the condition and prognosis of both maternal and fetal dystocia affected buffaloes. Thus, it was suggested that monitoring oxidative and antioxidant parameters are necessary as a matter of emergency care to attempt early treatment of dystocia and to overcome the oxidative damage, oxidative stress for prompt recovery.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL AND HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN UTERINE TORSION AFFECTED GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-03) NAGARAJU, O; SRINIVAS, M(MAJOR); VENKATA NAIDU, G; HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V.ABSTRACT: The incidence of uterine torsion in the present study was 66.94 per cent out of all the difficult parturitions presented between October 2016 and September 2017. Uterine torsion was recorded in 12 primiparous (14.81%) and 69 pluriparous (85.19%) buffaloes at term, 2-3 days after onset of parturition and 9 months of gestation in 52 (64.20%), 22 (27.16 %) and 7 (8.64%) buffaloes, respectively. Post cervical torsion was at 81.48 per cent followed by pre cervical uterine torsion which was 18.52 per cent. Right sided torsion was more common (97.53%) when compared with the left sided uterine torsion (2.47%). The incidence of severe degree (>270->360°) of uterine torsion was 60.49 per cent followed by 23.46 per cent with moderate (>180-270o) and 16.05 per cent with mild (90-180o) degrees of torsion. The condition was observed since 12-24 hours in 40.74, >24-36 hours in 32.10 and >36 hours in 17.16 per cent of the buffaloes, respectively before they were presented for treatment. All the fetuses were delivered in anterior longitudinal presentation (100.00%) with none of the fetus in posterior longitudinal presentation. Male and female calves were born at 53.09 and 46.91 per cent, respectively among them, 38.27 and 61.73 per cent were live and dead, respectively. The success rate of detorsion by Modified Schaffer’s method based on the severity of degree of torsion was 85.71, 87.50 and 80.95 per cent in <90-180°, >180-270° and >270->360°, respectively while the success rate of detorsion based on duration, was 81.82, 100.00 and 60.00 per cent in 12-24 hours, >24-36 hours and >36 hours, respectively. Uterine rupture was evident subsequent to the rolling by Modified Schaffer’s method in 1 out of 4 buffaloes each when presented with >270°->360° uterine torsion, and >36 hours after onset of uterine torsion, respectively. With the advancement of the degree and duration of uterine torsion, the haematological changes showed lymphocytopenia, neutrophilia with shift to left, esionophila and monocytosis. The serum calcium was significantly higher in >180-270° and 12-24 hours groups based on degree and duration, respectively and showed a transient decrease with increase in degree and duration of torsion while the serum phosphorus levels showed a significant decrease with increase in degree of uterine torsion and maintained similar levels with increase in duration of uterine torsion. The glucose levels significantly increased (P<0.05) with increased duration and degree of uterine torsion. The total protein levels exhibited a decreasing trend in all the groups except in >180-270° group and 12-24 hours group based on degree and duration, respectively. The blood urea nitrogen exhibited a significant increasing trend in all the groups based on the degree and duration of uterine torsion while, the levels of the GGT showed a significant increase (P<0.05) with increase in degree and duration of torsion and further raise was observed in detorsion unsuccessful buffaloes. From the present study it was concluded the level of calcium, BUN and GGT could be used as an indicator for severity of the condition and prognosis of mechanical treatment of uterine torsion in buffaloes. Thus, the attention of the veterinarian must be directed either to advise rolling of the case as soon as possible or to salvage the animal in delayed cases presented > 36 hours to prevent financial losses to the farmer.