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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN MATERNAL AND FETAL DYSTOCIA OF GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) THANGAMANI, A; SRINIVAS, M(MAJOR); SADASIVA RAO, K; HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V.Detailed obstetrical examination was performed in referral dystocia cases of Graded Murrah buffaloes (n=122) and the incidence of maternal and fetal dystocia was recorded and anlayzed. Out of the 122 dystocia affected buffaloes a total of 43 buffaloes of different parities were utilized in the study and were divided into three groups, (1) Maternal dystocia (comprising uterine torsion) (n=25), (2) Fetal dystocia (n=10) and (3) Eutocia (normal parturition) (n=8) as healthy controls. Further, haemato-biochemical and oxidative parameters were recorded and compared between groups and also at presentation (0 hrs) and after treatment (24 hrs). The incidence of maternal and fetal dystocia in the present study was 77.86% and 22.14%, respectively among the cases presented between September 2017 and August 2018. The incidence of uterine torsion more frequent cause of maternal dystocia. Uterine torsion occurred more frequently in pluriparous buffaloes at full term. Post cervical right sided uterine torsion was common with higher incidence for severe degree (>270->360°) of uterine torsion in buffaloes. The condition was observed since >24-36 hours in 53.40 percent of the buffaloes before they were presented for treatment. The most fetuses delivered were in anterior longitudinal presentation and male fetus outnumbered the female fetuses. Fetal dystocia also occurred more frequently in pluriparous buffaloes at term and higher per cent of fetuses were delivered in anterior longitudinal presentation with limb flexions and most them are delivered dead. Neutrophilia with lymphopenia was recorded in dystocia affected buffaloes when compared to eutocia group, while other parameters like haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC) and total leucocyte count (TLC) did not exhibit significant variations among the three groups of buffaloes. The mean serum glucose was slightly elevated in dystocia affected buffaloes compared to normal calved group. The dystocia affected buffaloes showed significantly lowered mean serum calcium and phosphorus levels compared to eutocia group. Non-significant variations were recorded in plasma total protein concentrations between the groups at different instances. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was markedly elevated in maternal dystocia group compared to fetal dystocia and eutocia group of buffaloes. Creatinine levels were significantly higher in fetal dystocia group compared to maternal dystocia and eutocia group of buffaloes at presentation while no significant difference was recorded at 24 hrs after treatment. Significantly higher Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were observed in dystocia affected buffaloes in comparison with eutocia group at 0 hrs and 24 hrs. Significant variation was observed in between the groups for malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) activity at both 0 hrs and 24 hrs. The plasma MDA concentration was elevated in dystocia affected, while decreased SOD and GSH antioxidant enzymes activity in dystocia affected buffaloes, when compared to normally calved buffaloes. It was concluded that estimation of calcium, BUN, creatinine and oxidative parameters (MDA, SOD and GSH) with haematological parameters like TLC, neutrophil and lymphocyte count could be used as an indicator for severity of the condition and prognosis of both maternal and fetal dystocia affected buffaloes. Thus, it was suggested that monitoring oxidative and antioxidant parameters are necessary as a matter of emergency care to attempt early treatment of dystocia and to overcome the oxidative damage, oxidative stress for prompt recovery.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON THE OVARIAN FOLLICULAR DYNAMICS DURING OESTROUS CYCLE IN PUNGANUR CATTLE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) RAVIKIRAN, B.R; Veera Brahmaiah, K(MAJOR); Mouli Krishna, K; Gangaraju, GABSTRACT : The follicular dynamics during two consecutive oestrous cycles of eight Punganur cows stationed at Livestock Research Station, Palamaner, Chittoor district was monitored on every alternative day by using an ultrasound device. The Punganur cows indicated the presence of 2 follicular wave (25.00 %) and 3 wave (75.00 %) estrous cycle. The number of waves did not show any significant difference in the exhibition of estrus intensity with overall mean estrus duration of 16.02 ± 0.74 h. The mean values on day of onset of follicular wave, day of follicular wave ending,duration of follicular wave, maximum diameter of dominant follicle and day of maximum diameter of dominant follicle in cows showing 2 wave cycle during 1stand 2nd waves were 0.8 ± 0.37 and 13.00 ± 1.08; 12.00 ± 0.68 and 21.00 ± 0.63;11.8 ± 0.49 and 9.25 ± 2.98; 7.3 ± 0.63 and 9.4 ± 0.47 mm; 6.6 ± 1.21 and 21.6 ± 1.63 and 0.64 ± 0.10 and 0.73 ±0.24 mm, respectively while the same during 1st, 2nd and 3rd waves in cows showing 3 wave cycle were 1.83 ± 0.27, 7.6 ± 0.5 and 13.66 ± 0.87; 9.59 ± 1.03, 15.73 ± 0.76 and 21.7 ± 0.51 day; 8.16 ± 0.95, 7.93 ± 0.98 and 7.6 ± 0.25 days; 6.75 ± 0.45, 6.4 ± 0.29 and 8.33 ± 0.38 mm and 4.75 ± 0.63, 11.4 ± 0.49 and 21.4 ± 0.56 day and 0.71 ± 0.10, 0.68 ± 0.10 and 0.66 ± 0.10 mm per day, respectively. While, the mean day of onset of atresia of follicular wave in cows showing 2 waves oestrous cycle was 8.2 ± 1.24 for 1st wave and the same in 3 waves cycle was 7.16 ± 0.61 and 13.33 ± 0.49 day for 1st and 2nd, respectively. The difference in the diameter of corpus luteum within 2 wave and 3 wave oestrous cycle cows was significant (P<0.05). While the difference in the period of wave duration, mean maximum diameter of DF and growth rate of follicle within 2 wave and 3 wave oestrous cycle cows was insignificant (P>0.05). The diameter of the preovulatory follicle was higher (P<0.05) than the diameter of the other dominant follicles of previous waves in oestrouscycles in cows with either two or three waves. The mean preovulatory follicular diameter was correlated positively and significantly (P<0.05) with the corresponding day of oestrous cycle estrogen concentration (r = 0.94). The mean overall diameter of CL during 4, 6, 8, 10, 14,16, 18 and 20 days of oestrous cycle in Punganur cows was 8.49 ± 0.49, 11.17 ± 0.50, 12.90 ± 0.45, 14.46 ± 0.34, 14.80 ± 0.29, 15.09 ± 0.46, 13.34 ± 0.51, 11.51 ± 0.63 and 10.38 ± 0.43, respectively. The mean maximum diameter of corpus luteum was 15.09 ± 0.46 on 14th day and regression of corpus luteum was initiated on 16th day of oestrous cycle. The increase in the diameter of the CL was significant throughout its growth from the day 4 of oestrous cycle to the day of regression with a maximum diameter of 15.09 ± 0.46 on 14th day. The difference in the diameter between and within 2 wave and 3 wave oestrous cycle cows was significant (P<0.05) and was positively and insignificantly (P<0.05) correlated with the progesterone concentration (r = 0.66) but negatively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated with the estrogen concentration (r = - 0.92) on day 14 of oestrous cycle. The mean overall progesteroneconcentration on day 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 of oestrous cycle was 1.06 ± 0.29, 3.14 ± 0.91, 2.38 ± 0.48, 4.29 ± 0.50, 4.49 ± 0.97, 5.44 ± 0.74, 5.47 ± 0.74, 6.30 ± 1.20, 7.04 ± 0.62, 5.10 ± 0.87 and 2.47 ± 0.87 ng/ml respectively and the overall estrogen concentration was 44.82 ± 1.07, 38.75 ± 1.68, 41.65 ± 1.45, 40.72 ± 1.43, 36.77 ± 4.77, 42.09 ± 1.91, 42.89 ± 1.81, 42.78 ± 1.34, 42.07 ± 0.65, 42.40 ± 0.85 and 44.82 ± 0.70 pg/ml, respectively. The difference in the serum progesterone and estrogen mean concentrations between 2 wave and 3 wave oestrous cycle cows was not significant (P>0.05) but difference between days of oestrous cycle progesterone was significant (P<0.05) and estrogen was not significant (P>0.05). The study concluded that follicular dynamics in Punganur cattle is characterized by a higher incidence of 3 wave oestrous cycles with slightly insignificantly longer oestrous cycles and the trend of estrogen and progesterone hormones during oestrous cycle indicates the normal cyclicity like any other Indian cattle breed.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF OVULATION PATTERN AND ITS RELATION TO FERTILITY IN CROSSBRED COWS WITH PROLONGED ESTRUS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) RADHIKA, SOMPALLI; Mouli Krishna, K(MAJOR); Veera Bramhaiah, K; Amaravathi, PABSTRACT: The present investigation “Evaluation of ovulation pattern and its relation to fertility in crossbred cows with prolonged estrus” was carried out in 48 repeat breeding cows with known history of prolonged estrus and 12 normal breeding cows and observed the various aspects of estrus viz. behavioural signs, duration of estrus, estrus cycle length, follicular growth pattern and hormonal profiles of normal and prolonged estrus cows. The treatment with GnRH, hCG and clitorial massage were exercised in repeat breeding cows with prolonged estrus. All the selected animals were inseminated when follicle diameter reached >12mm on ultra scan examination. The behavioural signs of estrus viz. bellowing, mounting, lordosis, pink colouration of vaginal mucous membrane, thin consistency of estrual discharge were remained for a longer period (≥ 72 h) in prolonged estrus cows than of normal control (≤ 24 h). There was a significant difference in estrus duration between prolonged (84.0 ± 6.2667 h) and normal estrus (≤24 h) cross bred cows. The frequency distribution of estrus cycle length was similar between normal (21.25 ± 0.5093 days) and prolonged estrus (21.166 ± 0.6009 days) cows. The plasma concentrations of E2 was found to be 20.671 ± 1.336, 22.484 ± 1.490, 25.283 ± 1.530, 26.91 ± 1.12, 29.0 ± of 1.50 and 12.097 ± 0.84 pg/ ml on Day 1, Day 2, Day 3, Day 4 and Day 5 of estrus and Day 7 post AI respectively in prolonged estrus cows. Where as in control it was recorded as 24.0783 ± 0.7644 pg/ml on day of standing estrus and 11.9847 ± 0.7614 on day 7 post AI. There was no significant difference between two groups of cows. Interestingly concentration of estradiol on alternative days shown a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05). The plasma concentration of P4 was significantly higher (suprabasal level) in prolonged estrus group (> 0.4 ng/ml) than of normal control (basal level <0.4 ng/ml). There was no statistical significance during estrus of prolonged estrus group. However, there was a significant difference between days of estrus and day of CL in prolonged estrus group. The mean of maximum diameter of pre ovulatory follicle (13.4125 ± 0.30 Vs 13.2 ± 0.12 mm) and CL diameter (17.8495 ± 1.0893 Vs 17.9971± 1.1219 mm) were not significant in prolonged estrus group and normal estrus group respectively. In prolonged estrus group the mean diameter follicle increased non significantly at successive days, but the increase was significant at alternate days (P ≤ 0.05). The conception percentage was not enhanced appreciably with treatment. In this present study the term ‘follicular persistence’, ‘persistent dominance’ and ‘delayed ovulation’ might not be appropriate terms to be used. It was concluded that it might be tempting to presume that probably there could have been stress mediated altered endocrine events in follicular growth resulting in overlapping of proestrus and estrus and thus an apparently extended estrus.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF LEPTIN ON THE EXPRESSION OF AROMATASE GENE IN CULTURED OVARIAN FOLLICLES OF SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-11) ANIL KUMAR, P; Veerabramhaiah, K(MAJOR); Siva Kumar, A.V.N; MuthaRao, MABSTRACT: The expression of P450 aromatase gene was studied in the cumulus cells and oocytes isolated from : (i) In vivo grown preantral, early antral, antral, large antral follicles and COCs obtained from large antral follicles and subjected to 24 h of IVM and (ii) Preantral Follicles exposed to TCM 199, TCM 199 + Leptin (10 ng/ml) and standard medium + Leptin (10 ng/ml) media for 3 minutes, cultured in vitro for two, four or six days and subsequently matured in vitro for 24 h in respective cultures separately. Aromatase gene expression was observed at all the stages of in vivo grown ovarian follicles in both cumulus cells and oocytes and a decrease in the expression from PFs’ to early antral follicles followed by an increase in the antral follicles.The expression in cumulus cells and oocytes obtained from PFs’ cultured in TCM 199 and TCM 199 + Leptin supplemented medium was observed only in a few stages and the expression was significantly lower than the in vivo or standard + Leptin group. While the expression of the same in the cumulus cells in standard + Leptin medium in different stages was comparable to the expression of aromatase gene in in vivogrown ovarian follicles. But in oocytes the expression was significantly lower at all the stages in Standard + Leptin supplemented group compared to in vivo grown follicles. Estradioland Progesterone concentrations in the spent medium collected from PFs’ cultured in TCM 199, TCM 199 + Leptin and Standard + Leptin media showed an increasing trend from PFs’ to COCs obtained from six day cultured PFs’ and matured in vitro for 24 h. Estradiol concentration in Standard + Leptin medium showed a significant increase between the PFs’ and two day and six day cultured PFs’ and COCs obtained from six day cultured PFs’ matured in vitro for 24 h. Estradiol levels did not differ among similar stages except the COCs matured in vitro for 24 h between TCM 199 and TCM 199 + Leptin and TCM 199 + Leptin and Standard + Leptin. Progesterone levels in different media at similar stages showed no significant difference in spent medium collected between PFs’ and two day cultured follicles but in spent medium collected from four day, six day and COCs from six day cultured follicles after IVM showed significantly higher levels of progesterone in standard + Leptin supplemented medium. It may be concluded that, the supplementation of Leptin in the culture medium for sheep PFs’ is able to support the expression of aromatase gene in cumulus cells and oocytes. But the expression levels are not on par with the expression in in vivo grown follicles. Supplementation of Leptin @10 ng/ml enhances E2 and P4 concretions but it was not significant.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PREOVULATORY FOLLICLE DIAMETER ON LUTEAL PROFILES AND PREGNANCY RATE IN CROSSBRED COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-12) RAVIKANTH, ANNAM; MUTHA RAO, M(MAJOR); MOULI KRISHNA, K; PADMAJA, KABSTRACT: The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of pre-ovulatory follicle diameter on luteal profiles and conception rate in crossbred cows. Anestrus cows (20) were divided randomly into two groups and assigned to Group I (Ovsynch; n=10) and Group II (Ovsynch+CIDR; n=10). Cows of Group III (normal cycling; n=10) served as natural control. The estrus induction efficiency was measured in terms of onset of estrus post PGF2α administration, estrus response, duration of estrus and estrus intensity. Highest estrus response was observed in Group II (100 per cent) followed by Group I (90 per cent) respectively. Early onset of estrus after PGF2α was observed in Group II (52.2±1.31 h) compared to Group I (58.1±0.50 h cows. Estrus duration was observed to be 25.1±0.93 h, 24.8±0.85 h and 26.2±1.05 h in different groups of cows respectively. Classifying the POF’s into different size categories revealed that 70 per cent cows had POF diameter of 10–12 mm (mean 11.1±0.12), 20 per cent cows had POF diameter of >12–14 mm (mean 12.9±0.25) and only 10 per cent cows had POF diameter of >14 mm (mean 14.8±0.33). The post ovulatory luteal diameter increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in POF diameter. The plasma progesterone concentration on day 7 post AI increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in POF diameter. The pregnancy rate was observed to be significantly highest (100.0 per cent) when the follicle diameter was in the range of >12 to 14 mm compared to that of 10 to 12mm (61.9 per cent) or that of >14 mm (66.6 per cent). The post ovulatory luteal diameter (mm) and plasma progesterone concentration on day 7 post AI (ng/ml) increased significantly with increase in pre-ovulatory follicle diameter. However the pregnancy rate was significantly highest when the pre-ovulatory follicle diameter was >12 to 14 mm compared to that of 10 to 12 mm diameter and >14 mm diameter. It may be concluded that the pre-ovulatory follicle diameter may be used as an indicator for predicting post-ovulatory luteal diameter, progesterone concentration on day 7 post AI and subsequent pregnancy rate.ThesisItem Open Access VALIDATION OF NEUTROPHILS THRESHOLD IN ENDOCERVICAL SMEARS TO DEFINE SUBCLINICAL ENDOMETRITIS IN CROSSBRED COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-10) SHANMUKHI, S; MOULI KRISHNA, K(MAJOR); MUTHA RAO, M; PADMAJA, KABSTRACT : The objectives of the present study was to evaluate the technique of reading the cytological smears to diagnose subclinical endometritis and validate the neutrophils threshold in relation to fertility in crossbred cows. A total of 161 consisting of 120 normal and 41 repeat breeding crossbred cows, which were brought to nearby rural veterinary institutions were utilized. For cytological studies, discharge from cervix was aspirated at standing estrus and smears were evaluated by three different counting methods i.e., mean count from five MF (A), ten MF (B) and hundred cells (C). The mean neutrophils count was 0.67±0.34 and 1.05±0.61/MF; 0.73±0.36 and 0.90±0.54/MF; 6.11±1.9 and 6.2±3.3% from method A, B and C in normal and repeaters, respectively and did not differ significantly. The neutrophils count in cytological smears was found unassociated with number of inseminations, parity and lactation length both in normal and repeaters. The mean total cells count was 7.7±0.52 and 10.5±1.3 / MF; 6.76±0.51 and 8.09±1.09 / MF from method A and B in normal and repeater cows, respectively and differed significantly. The total cells count did not differ significantly between positive and negative cows for pregnancy from normal and repeaters in method A and B. Based on fertility in normal cows and repeaters the mean neutrophils count from method A and B did not differ significantly in positive and negative cows, respectively. While, in normal group the mean count from method C was 1.14±0.38% and 10.2±2.94% in positive and negative cows for pregnancy, respectively and differed significantly (p≤ 0.01) whereas in repeaters the mean neutrophils count from method C was 0.62±0.35 and 10.1±5.5% in positive and negative cows for pregnancy, respectively and did not differ significantly. The frequency distribution in normal positive cows 44.03% (48/109) and 2.75% (3/109) and in negative cows 42.2% (46/109) and 11%(12/109) whereas in repeaters 41% (16/39) and 0% (0/39) in positive cows and 46.15% (18/39) and 12.8% (5/39) in negative cows at 0-5% and ≥ 6% neutrophils threshold, respectively and differed significantly (p≤ 0.01) at ≥ 6% neutrophils threshold both in normal and repeater group. The specificity of method A and B was lower in comparison to method C and there was no consistency in neutrophils count between method A and B. It was concluded that the method of taking mean cells count per one MF cannot be validated and the neutrophils threshold of ≤ 5% could be considered as cut off level for establishing the cytological evidence of presence of uterine infections and there by predicting the fertility in those animals.ThesisItem Open Access THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF ENDOMETRITIS IN GRADED MURRAH BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis) COWS USING CERTAIN IMMUNOMODULARS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2014-10) CHAKRAVARTHY, SINGURU; VENKATA NAIDU, G(MAJOR); SREENIVAS, MANDA; RAGHUNATH, MABSTRACT: The study on “ Therapeutic management of endometritis in Graded Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) cows using certain immunomodulators” was carried out at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram. The buffaloes with the history of abnormal uterine discharge and not conceived in earlier services were subjected to thorough clinico-gynaecological examination and white side test to diagnose (clinical and sub clinical) endometritis. The study on nature of cervico-vaginal mucus discharge revealed that 79 (11.51%) out of 694 buffaloes were found with abnormal discharges (endometritis). Among these 79 buffalo cows, the uterine discharge contained flakes of pus in 61 (77.21%), mucopurulent discharge in 16 (20.25 %) and completely purulent in 2 (2.53%) buffaloes Clinical evaluation between endometritic (abnormal discharge) and healthy (normal discharge) buffaloes for PMNL cells (15.67±0.31 and 42.17±1.33%), bacterial load (3.49±0.15 vs 56.04±1.53 x106/ml) and level of immunoglobulins (3.60±0.14 and 15.63±0.63, mg/dl) recorded at the time of commencement of treatment were significantly different (P<0.05). The study on effect of different immunomodulators like E.Coli LPS, Oyster glycogen and Lysozyme as therapeutic agents on influx of PMNL cells, bacterial count and different isolates were detected using PCR technique and immunoglobulin level in the uterine flushing of endometritic buffalo cows before and after treatment as well as conception rate of buffaloes were studied. The overall conception rate was highest (78.57%), in Group I (E.Coli LPS ), followed by Group II (66.66%) (Oyster glycogen), Group III (50.00%) (Lysozyme) and Group IV (40.00 %) (PBS control group). From this study, it was concluded that the incidence of abnormal uterine discharge with failure of conception in buffaloes (sub clinical and clinical cases of endometritis) could be effectively treated with intrauterine infusion of E.Coli LPS. In order to further understand the uterine mucosal surface immunomodulation with E.coli LPS therapy, an analysis of the interplay of leucocytes, of their cytokinetic networks and of other humoral defense components, such as complement system and immunoglobulins should be examined. Studies on the efficacy of the E.coli LPS therapy and other immunomodulators are warranted as an alternative to the conventional use of antibiotic and of other antimicrobial agents.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL AND HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN UTERINE TORSION AFFECTED GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-03) NAGARAJU, O; SRINIVAS, M(MAJOR); VENKATA NAIDU, G; HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V.ABSTRACT: The incidence of uterine torsion in the present study was 66.94 per cent out of all the difficult parturitions presented between October 2016 and September 2017. Uterine torsion was recorded in 12 primiparous (14.81%) and 69 pluriparous (85.19%) buffaloes at term, 2-3 days after onset of parturition and 9 months of gestation in 52 (64.20%), 22 (27.16 %) and 7 (8.64%) buffaloes, respectively. Post cervical torsion was at 81.48 per cent followed by pre cervical uterine torsion which was 18.52 per cent. Right sided torsion was more common (97.53%) when compared with the left sided uterine torsion (2.47%). The incidence of severe degree (>270->360°) of uterine torsion was 60.49 per cent followed by 23.46 per cent with moderate (>180-270o) and 16.05 per cent with mild (90-180o) degrees of torsion. The condition was observed since 12-24 hours in 40.74, >24-36 hours in 32.10 and >36 hours in 17.16 per cent of the buffaloes, respectively before they were presented for treatment. All the fetuses were delivered in anterior longitudinal presentation (100.00%) with none of the fetus in posterior longitudinal presentation. Male and female calves were born at 53.09 and 46.91 per cent, respectively among them, 38.27 and 61.73 per cent were live and dead, respectively. The success rate of detorsion by Modified Schaffer’s method based on the severity of degree of torsion was 85.71, 87.50 and 80.95 per cent in <90-180°, >180-270° and >270->360°, respectively while the success rate of detorsion based on duration, was 81.82, 100.00 and 60.00 per cent in 12-24 hours, >24-36 hours and >36 hours, respectively. Uterine rupture was evident subsequent to the rolling by Modified Schaffer’s method in 1 out of 4 buffaloes each when presented with >270°->360° uterine torsion, and >36 hours after onset of uterine torsion, respectively. With the advancement of the degree and duration of uterine torsion, the haematological changes showed lymphocytopenia, neutrophilia with shift to left, esionophila and monocytosis. The serum calcium was significantly higher in >180-270° and 12-24 hours groups based on degree and duration, respectively and showed a transient decrease with increase in degree and duration of torsion while the serum phosphorus levels showed a significant decrease with increase in degree of uterine torsion and maintained similar levels with increase in duration of uterine torsion. The glucose levels significantly increased (P<0.05) with increased duration and degree of uterine torsion. The total protein levels exhibited a decreasing trend in all the groups except in >180-270° group and 12-24 hours group based on degree and duration, respectively. The blood urea nitrogen exhibited a significant increasing trend in all the groups based on the degree and duration of uterine torsion while, the levels of the GGT showed a significant increase (P<0.05) with increase in degree and duration of torsion and further raise was observed in detorsion unsuccessful buffaloes. From the present study it was concluded the level of calcium, BUN and GGT could be used as an indicator for severity of the condition and prognosis of mechanical treatment of uterine torsion in buffaloes. Thus, the attention of the veterinarian must be directed either to advise rolling of the case as soon as possible or to salvage the animal in delayed cases presented > 36 hours to prevent financial losses to the farmer.ThesisItem Open Access HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE IN HORMONALLY TREATED POSTPARTUM ANOESTROUS GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES ( Bubalus bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-11) PHANI KUMAR, LOKAVARAPU; VENKATA NAIDU, G(MAJOR); SRINIVAS, MANDA; SREENU, MakkenaABSTRACT: Treatment of true anoestrous and subestrus high yielding lactating graded Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using estrus and ovulation hormonal protocols, Ovsynch (Group A), Double PGF2α (Group B) and their influence on fertility during low breeding season was studied. The estrus detection rate was 77.77 (14/18), and 93.33(28/30) per cent in Ovsynch (true anoestrous) and Double PGF2α (subestrus) groups. There was no significant difference in mean time to onset of estrus between the treatments. Most buffaloes in the present study showed intermediate to weak estrus signs in Ovsynch (Group A) group on the contrary, the double PG showed intense to intermediate estrus in more (27/28) number of animals. Peak estrus synchrony with highest number of animals exhibited estrus between 48 to 72h with 9/14 in group A and 20/28 in group B. The artificial submission rate was 77.77(14/18) and 93.33 (28/30) per cent in Ovsynch and Double PGF2α, respectively. Ovulation rate of 85.71 (12/14), 89.28(25/28), per cent was observed in Ovsynch (Group A) and Double PG (Group B), respectively. The conception rate at induced estrus with Ovsynch in the treatment of true anoestrous buffaloes, and Double PG in the treatment of subestrus buffaloes were 64.28 (9/14), and 75.00 (21/28) percent, respectively with an overall conception rate of 77.77 (14/18), and 86.66 (26/30) per cent. During this treatment period in the control group, only 50.00 (5/10) and 50.00 (5/10) per cent anoestrous buffaloes exhibited estrus and conceived, respectively. The mean level of Hemoglobin, PCV is statistically significant on the day 0 and on the day of induced estrus at (P<0.05). The total serum cholesterol, Glucose and protein profile were non-significantly different (P>0.05) between conceived and nonconceived buffaloes, in both the treatments. The mineral profile did not reveal significant variations (P>0.05) in serum calcium, phosphorus concentrations of buffaloes between days/periods of the treatments with Ovsynch and double PG protocols. The results of present study, with inseminations at observed estrus appears as an effective way of managing reproduction true anoestrous (acyclic) buffaloes with Ovsynch and subestrus buffaloes with luteal activity using double injection prostaglandins as we could record acceptable ovulation and conception rates.
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