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ThesisItem Open Access MORPHO, HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON OVARY AND OVIDUCT OF SOW (Sus scrofa domesticus)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-11) SIVA RAMA KRISHNA, NELAPATI; RAJU, N.K.B (MAJOR); NAGAMALLESWARI, Y; DEVI PRASAD, VThe present study was conducted on six healthy adult female pigs of Large White Yorkshire aged between 12 months to 18 months. The ovaries and oviducts were collected from these pigs that are slaughtered in Department of Livestock Products Technology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram. The morphology of the ovaries revealed that the average length and width were 2.93±0.22 cm and 2.33±0.19 cm of left and 3.00±0.25 and 2.36±0.24 of right respectively. The average weight of ovary was 3.22±0.38 gm and 3.17±0.53 gm in left and right respectively. The average length of the oviduct was 30.58±1.63 and 30.63±2.28 cm in left and right oviducts respectively. The surface of the ovary lined by germinal epithelium, which was not continuous and had intermittent gaps. The tunica albugenia underlying the epithelium mostly consisted of collagen fibers and sparsely distributed elastic fibers. The primary follicles consisted of ovum surrounded by a layer of squamous cells while the secondary follicles were lined by two layers of cuboidal cells. The tertiary follicles were surrounded by many layers of polyhedral cells which contained spherical nuclei at the center of the cell. The average diameters of primary follicle, secondary follicles and tertiary follicles were 70.65±1.8μm, 295.82±29.3μm and 725.71±90.8μm respectively. In the Graafian follicles the antrum was filled with liquor folliculi. Average diameter of Graafian follicle was 1152.47±74.5μm. In the infundibulum mucosa thrown into several longitudinal primary folds which in turn gave several secondary and tertiary folds. The mucosa of ampulla was lined by pseudostratified ciliated and non ciliated columnar epithelium. The non ciliated cells called peg cells possessed basophilic granules at their apical ends and they were secretory in nature. The ciliated cells consisted of long kinocilia at their apical ends. The mucosa of the isthmus was thrown into 7 to 9 longitudinal folds indicated that reduced number of folds. Most of the folds does not show secondary and tertiary folds. In the ovary, the germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortical stroma, primordial follicles and secondary follicles showed mild positive reaction for periodic acid Schiff (PAS). The cumulus oophorus, corona radiate and cytoplasm of ovum were negative for PAS reaction. The zona pellucida showed intense positive reaction for PAS. Membrana granulosa and theca interna showed mild positive reaction for Alcian blue (AB) while there was intense AB reaction in theca externa. The primary, secondary and tertiary follicles, the basal cells of membrane of granulosa and the cells of the theca interna showed intense lipid droplets in the follicular cells. In the oviduct, lining epithelium of mucosal folds in infundibulum and ampulla revealed strong AB positive reactions. In isthmus the apical portions of the lining epithelium of folds observed intermittent AB positive reaction.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON AGEING CHANGES IN THE CORNEA AND RETINA OF BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-08) PRASANTH BABU, A; JAGAPATHI RAMAYYA, P (MAJOR); NAGAMALLESWARI, Y; SREENU, MAKKENA; LAKSHMI KAVITHA, KThe present study was conducted on age related changes in the cornea and retina of buffaloes. A total of 63 samples from three age groups of buffaloes irrespective of their sex were used in this study. The corneal epithelium of buffaloes was nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with 6 to 7 layers at early age and 12-14 layers of cells in adult animals. There were three types of cells noted in the cornea without any distinct boundaries viz., basal cells, intermediate or wing cells and superficial cells. The Bowman’s membrane was a homogenous and acellular layer and its thickness was increased with advancement of age. The stroma of cornea consisted of uniform collagen fibrils and they were loosely arranged in young animals and tightly packed in aged animals. The keratocytes were interposed between the collagen fibers, which were elongated and thick in young animals and thin in old animals. The Descemet’s membrane was a homogenous non cellular fibrous band with dark anterior band zone and light posterior band zone. The corneal endothelial cells were small and firmly adherent to each other in young buffaloes, but they were enlarged and increased in size in old buffaloes. The age related pigmentation was noticed in epithelium and stroma in aged animals. Numerous sub basal nerve plexuses observed in stroma i.e. between the basal cells, wing cells and superficial cells in all age group of animals. All layers of cornea showed moderate to strong reaction for neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides in buffaloes. In scanning electron microscopy study, no apical microvilli on superficial epithelial cells were noted. The Bowman’s layer was consisted of anterior clear zone lamina lucida and posterior dense zone lamina densa. The immunohistochemical reactivity of cytokeratin 3 was noted in the basal cells of corneal epithelium. The reactivity of CD 31 was increased with age in corneal endothelial cells. In the peripheral portion of retina the retinal pigment epithelium was cuboidal and they were packed with melanin pigment. The thickness of RPE was increased and quantity of melanin pigment was decreased with age advancement. In the photoreceptor layer two types of cells were noted i.e. rod and cone cells. They were tightly packed in young age, whereas loosely arranged in older animals. The number of cones progressively increased in number with advancement of age. The nuclei of outer nuclear layer were displaced into outer plexiform layer in the retina of old animals. The outer limiting membrane was continuous throughout the life in the present study. The thickness of outer plexiform layer was increased with advancement of age due to enhancement of synaptic fibers density. The number and density of horizontal, bipolar and amacrine cells were decreased from young to old buffaloes. The thickness of inner plexiform layer was increased with advancement of age due to increased cystoid spaces and thickening of retinal blood vessels between the synaptic fibers of bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells. The large α and small β ganglion cells were observed in the retina of buffaloes. The number of α ganglion cells were progressively increased with advancement of age. The corpora amylacea and thickened blood vessels were observed in the nerve fiber layer of retina of old buffaloes. The inner limiting membrane was loose and interrupted in young animals whereas, thick and uninterrupted in old buffaloes. The total thickness of retina was decreased form young to adult animals in the present study. The increased number of cone cells, formation of cystoids spaces in the inner plexiform layer, increased size of ganglion cells, hyalinization and thickening of blood vessels in inner plexiform and nerve fiber layers were noticed with advancement of age in buffaloes. In the present study SEM revealed that RPE were tightly packed with rod to spherical and elongated melanin pigment granules in young animals and loosely packed in old buffaloes. Numerous capillaries were observed in the inner nuclear layer. Numerous cystoid spaces were also observed in outer plexiform and nerve fiber layers of retina in old animals. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that PAX6 activity on RPE was decreased with advancement of age in buffaloes. The activity of recoverin on photoreceptor cells and their nuclei and binucleate cells of retina was decreased in old animals. The activity of calbindin was strong to moderate in horizontal and amacrine cells and it’s activity decreased with advancement of age in buffaloes. Retina macula was appeared as strip like and pale in color located dorsal to the optic disc in buffaloes. In the present study macula contained large RPE cells with tightly packed melanin pigment, relatively more number of cone cells, cells of inner nuclear and less cystoid degeneration in inner plexiform and nerve fiber layers was observed when compared to peripheral retina. Further, there was less degenerating changes in the macula when compared to peripheral retina with advancement of age in buffaloes. The ora serrata was a nonsensory portion of the retina which includes pars ciliaris retina and pars iridica retina that cover ciliary body and iris. This region consisted of less number of rod cells, more number of horizontal and amacrine cells and few large ganglion cells were observed when compared to the peripheral retina in the present study. Optic disc was round to oval in shape and in this all retinal layers were gradually disappeared near the optic disc. At the junction of pars optica retina and optic disc RPE cells were small and devoid of melanin pigment. The blood vessels were large near optic papilla and they were small and tiny away from the papilla in buffaloes.ThesisItem Open Access COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON SIZE OF THE HEART BASED ON VERTEBRAL HEART SCORE IN DOGS AT DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) SWETHA, PANDIKUNTA; KISHORE, P. V.S.(MAJOR); NAGAMALLESWARI, Y; RAGHUNATH, MThe present study was conducted on 54 clinically healthy dogs of either sex without any cardiac and pulmonary abnormalities. Computed thoracic radiographs available from the recorded data were studied to determine the VHS values in different skull types with one breed as representative sample in each type viz. Brachycephalic (Pug), Mesaticephalic (Labrador retriever) and Dolichocephalic (German shepherd). Dogs in each breed were divided into three age groups viz. group-I (< 6 months), group-II (7-12 months) and group III (>12 months). In Pugs, the gross anatomical size of the heart increased from the age of 6 months to >12 months on left lateral, right lateral and dorsoventral views (p<0.01). There was no significant increase in the gross anatomical size of the heart on manually measured left lateral and right lateral views. Higher VHS values were observed on the right lateral projection than on left lateral projection in both CR and manual methods in all the age groups of all the three breeds. VHS values were not influenced by the age in all the three age groups. There was no significant increase in the gross anatomical size of the heart on left lateral, right lateral and dorsoventral views both by CR and manual measurement. In a comparison of CR and manual methods, the manual VHS values were higher compared to the CR values in both lateral views in Pugs and German shepherd dogs. In Labrador retrievers, the CR VHS values were higher compared to the manual values in both lateral views. There was no significant increase in the gross anatomical size of the heart among the three age groups in the Labrador retrievers and German shepherds. There was no significant variation in the gross anatomical size of the heart up to 12 months of age and at more than 12 months of age the size of the heart was increased markedly in Pugs. In all age groups, the VHS values were highest in Pugs followed by Labrador retrievers and German shepherds, indicating that the size of the heart was larger in Pugs followed by Labrador retrievers and German shepherds. There was no correlation between the body weight and the VHS values among all the three age groups in all the three breeds. In addition to the variations among the three age groups within each breed, variations among the three breeds within the same age group were also found. Group-I showed no variation in all views. Group-II showed no variation on LL, RL and DV views. Group-III showed no variation only in DV view. All haematological and serum biochemical values calculated were within the normal reference range indicating the normal health status of the dogs.ThesisItem Unknown OTOGENESIS IN THE FETUS OF SHEEP (Ovis aries)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-10) KARUNA SRI, VADDI; NAGAMALLESWARI, YAMANI(MAJOR); RAJU, N.K.B.; SREENU, MAKKENA; RAMANI PUSHPA, R.N.The present study was undertaken to elucidate the developmental changes in ear. The study was conducted on 60 embryos and fetuses of Nellore sheep between 22 to 145 gestational days. Morphogenesis revealed that five aural hillocks appeared at 23 days fused to form the pinna later. External acoustic meatus (EAM) appeared first at 24 days. Hairs were apparent on EAM by 126 days. Pinna was pendulous and elongated at 145 days. Tympanic cavity presented three tiny ossicles malleus, incus and stapes at the epitympanic region by 63 days. Rostral process of malleus and Lenticular bone were absent in sheep. The ossified part of tympanic ring appeared in semi lunar shape by 55 days. Ossification initiated in vestibule and cochlea by 70 days. Histogenesis revealed small cone shaped pinna at 24 days. Pharyngeal cleft modified into EAM by 39 days and canalized by 49 days. Epithelium of pinna was keratinized at 99 days. The meatal plug appeared first in 24 day embryos and formed primary external auditory canal (EAC) between 31 to 39 days. The ceruminous and sebaceous glands were first identified by 80 days. Middle fibrous layer of ear drum was formed at 126 days. Tympanic membrane appeared trilaminar and EAC was completely canalized by 140 days. Meckel’s and Reichert’s cartilages developed as mesenchymal condensation by 23 days. The distal part of Meckel’s cartilage modified into malleus and incus. Blastemal cells of Reichert’s cartilage modified as stapes. Tubo tympanic recess (TTR) differentiated between 24 to 27 days. Ossification initiated in malleus, incus and stapes at 63, 78 and 80 days respectively. Incudo-malleal and incudo-stapedial joints were established as diarthrodial joints by 80 and 85 days respectively. Eustachian tube lined by psedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and Meckel’s cartilage disappeared by 85 days. Ossicular ligaments were differentiated at 104 days. The tympanic cavity comprised of fully grown ossified ossicles as adult by 140 days. Otic placode of inner ear differentiated into the otocyst and acoustico-facial ganglion was formed from otocyst by 22 days. Otocyst underwent extensive modification to form semicircular canals, vestibule and cochlea. Endolymphatic duct developed at 23 days. Posterior semicircular duct appeared first than anterior and lateral. The cochlear duct located ventrally within the developing otic capsule during 24 to 27 days. Utriculosaccular chamber (vestibule) differentiated into utricle and saccule with macula utriculi and macula sacculi respectively; Crista ampullaris developed in the ampulla of canal at 31 days. Thickening of epithelium in the cochlear duct formed organ of Corti by 46 days. Cochlea differentiated into scala vestibuli, scala tymapani and scala media at 69 days. The hair cells of organ of Corti matured first in basal turn at 104 days; cochlea was well developed with 21/2 turns indicated the complete inner ear formation as adult in 140 days sheep fetuses.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON THE OVIDUCT OF DOMESTIC FOWL AND WHITE LEGHORN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-02) TARUN, MODALAVALASA; RAJU, N.K.B(MAJOR); NAGAMALLESWARI, YAMANI; SREENU, MakkenaABSTRACT: The present study was conducted on thirty six apparently healthy birds belonging to six birds each in domestic fowl and White leg horn (WLH) layers in each group. The birds were divided into three groups as group I (chick), group II (laying) and group III (non laying). The average lengths and weights of the oviduct in domestic fowl and WLH were measured. In group I chicks the mucosa was lined by simple columnar epithelium throughout the length of oviduct. In both domestic fowl and WLH of II and III groups the infundibulum consisted of anterior funnel and posterior neck regions. In tunica muscularis the outer longitudinal layer was arranged in a peculiar bundles of smooth muscle fibres so that it helps in peristaltic movement of infundibulum in transporting the grasped ova. The tunica mucosa of magnum was projected into the lumen and formed longitudinal folds, primary folds were very high and given several secondary and teritiary folds. The epithelium was pseudostratified ciliated columnar with non ciliated cells. The entire propria submucosa was occupied by densely packed tubular glands. In mucosa of isthmus the epithelium was pseudostratified columnar with secretory goblet cells and non secretory prismatic cells was observed in the birds of group II and group III. The involutionary changes appeared in the tubular glands of the group III as the disintegration of eosinophilic granules and occurrence of vacuoles in the cytoplasm. In group II the mucosal folds of the uterus were complex by varying in their size. In larger folds several secondary and tertiary folds were also present and some of these secondary and tertiary folds showed anastomosis. The mucosa of vagina formed numerous primary, secondary and teritiary folds that were elongated and thin in all the birds studied. The luminal epithelium was pseudostratified ciliated columnar and the invaginations of this epithelium served as sperm storage tubules. The inner circular layer was strong which formed vaginal sphincter at the opening of cloaca. The serosa was thick with abundant collagen, reticular fibres and numerous small blood vessels in all the birds studied. The secretory cells of lining epithelium of mucosal folds in infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina showed PAS +ve reaction indicated the presence of mucopolysaccharides in both domestic fowl and WLH of group II. The non secretory cells of the lining epithelium in mucosal folds of oviduct in the birds of both group II and group III showed the glycogen content at the apical regions of the cells. The pyramidal cells of tubular glands in the uterus of domestic fowl and WLH in group III showed a few lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. The intense calcium mineralization was observed at the apical part of secretory cells in the lining epithelium of mucosal folds of the uterus in both the birds of group II.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON HISTOGENESIS OF KIDNEY IN SHEEP (Ovis aries)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-08) DURGA PRASAD, DANGETI V.V.N; NAGAMALLESWARI, YAMANI(MAJOR); RAJU, N.K.B.; RAGHUNATH, MABSTRACT: The study was carried out in 45 embryos and foetuses of local Nellore sheep from 20 days to 150 days of gestation to explicate the development of various structures in the kidney. At 20 days (0.7cm CRL) of embryo, the mesonephros located lateral to the testis and occupied larger part of the coelomic cavity. In group I (39.5 days) to group III (150 days) the dorsal surface of both the metanephric kidneys was in contact with psoas major muscle. The metanphric kidneys, in all age groups were varying in colour from light to dark brown. In 20 day (0.7cm CRL) old sheep embryo the pronephros was placed on either side of the dorsal aorta which was surrounded by undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The pronephros consisted of only one giant glomerulus of 225±1.3μm in size. At 24 days (1.1cm CRL) degenerative changes were noticed in glomerular network due to which vacuolation was noticed between the tuft of glomerulus. In 20 day (0.7cm CRL) old embryos the mesonephric parenchyma was densely packed with tubules, migrating angioblasts and differentiating glomerulus. At 24 days (1.1cm CRL) the mesonephric glomerulus surrounding visceral and parietal layers were demarcated at this age. In 27 days (1.7cm CRL) the manifestation of macula densa of DCT, Juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole and mesengial cells at vascular pole of Bowman’s capsule was observed. At 49 days (7cm CRL) of gestation glomerulus shrinkage was noticed indicating the degeneration process initiated in mesonephros. The ureteric bud of metanephros was formed by evagination of the caudal part of the mesonephric duct in sheep embryo at 20 days of gestation (0.7cm CRL). At 44 days (5cm CRL) of gestation the number of the renal corpuscles were increased and distributed towards periphery from the pelvis. Demarcation between proximal and distal tubules was noticed. Major and minor calyces were apparent at 57 to 60 days of gestation and increased quantity of collagen at the sinus around the major and minor calyces. Loop of Henle was first appeared at 83.5 days, which were well established in juxta medullary nephrons as descending and ascending limbs. In group III the typical cortex and medulla was differentiated as adult kidney and renal corpuscles were still under differentiating stages in the cortical region by 101 days. Papillary ducts were lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium minor calyx was lined by transitional epithelium like adult kidney and smooth muscle were also noticed in the wall of the calyx minor in 115 days of gestation. By 120 days Juxta glomerular cells exhibited the cytoplasmic granules. In group III at 101 days (26cm CRL) the capsule and tubules showed mild PAS positive reaction and the cytoplasm of collecting ducts showed intense PAS positive indicating the neutral mucopolysccharides in the collecting ducts. In group I to group III the renal corpuscles, tubules and collecting ducts showed negative reaction for both acid and alkaline phosphatases