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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON NUTRITIVE VALUE AND UTILIZATION OF PALM KERNEL MEAL (EZaeis guineensis) FOR COMMERCIAL EGG TYPE CHICKS AND GROWERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) SIVAIAH, K; SHAKILA, S(MAJOR); SUDHAKARA REDDY, P; RAVI, AABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and utilization of palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) meal on the performance of commercial egg type birds during chick and grower phases. Palm kernel meal (PKM) contained 14.1,1.7,16.2,4.1 and 63.9 per cent crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, total ash and nitrogen free extract respectively on dry matter basis and 1986 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy. Five experimental diets were formulated using palm kernel meal at 0, 3.5, 7, 10.5 and 14.0% during chick and 0, 10.5,21, 31.5 and 42% during grower phases to replace de-oiled rice bran at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% respectively. Each experimental diet was tested with 40 layer chicks and the total number of birds used in the experiment was 200. The experiment was carried out for 20 weeks. The body weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) different in chicks and growers, although better weight gain was noticed in the groups fed the diet containing palm kernel meal at 7.0(C3) and 2 1 .0(G3) per cent levels during chick and grower phases respectively. The feed intake was significantly (P<0.0 1) increased in birds fed different experimental diets during the chick and grower phases. It was the highest in chicks fed rations containing 14(C5) and 42(G5) per cent palm kernel meal during chick and grower phases respectively. The feed efficiency was significantly (P<0.0 1 ) reduced during chick phase at all levels of palm kernel meal inclusion whereas during grower phase it was comparable among treatments except in birds fed rations containing 21%(G3) , in which it was significantly (P<0.01) better than in other treatments. The feed cost during chick phase was significantly (Pc0.01) higher in birds fed palm kernel meal containing rations(C2- C5) than in C1 fed birds; whereas during grower phase it was lower (PC0.01) in birds fed with GZ,G 3,G 4a nd GSt han GId iet. Inclusion of palm kernel meal at different levels had no significant effect on first egg weight, age at first egg and hen - day egg production and also on serum alkaline phosphatase levels in commercial layer birds during chick and grower phases. Two birds died during growing phase and the cause of death was not related to dietary treatments. It is inferred that palm kernel meal could be incorporated upto 7 and 42 per cent during chick and grower phases respectively to replace DORB without affecting the performance of commercial egg type birds.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF APPARENT AND TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY OF CERTAIN FEEDSTUFFS IN DUCKS AND CHICKEN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1996-12) CHINNI, VELUPULA; QUDRATULLAH, S(MAJOR); RAVINDRA REDDY, V; JANARDHANA REDDY, TThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE AND UTILISATION OF PRAWN WASTE IN QUAIL DIETS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1996-11) GURAVA REDDY, P; SATYANARAYANA REDDY, P.V.V(MAJOR); SUDHAKARA REDDY, P; RAMAPRASAD, JThesisItem Open Access ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY DISPOSAL OF POULTRY DROPPINGS BY ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION AND RECYCLING AS FEED INGREDIENT(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1996-11) MADHU KUMAR, K; RAJASHEKER REDDY, A(MAJOR); ESHWARAIAH; SESHAGIRI RAO, AThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ENCAPSULATION OF FEED ENZYMES ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-09) SRINATH, K; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); CHINNI PREETAM, V; REDDY, M.R; KONDAL REDDY, KABSTRACT: The effect of feeding encapsulated enzymes in corn soya pelleted diets on the performance of broilers was studied. The enzyme supplementations like phytase, xylanase and cocktail (cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, mannanase, glucanase, amylase, and protease) available in market were procured, encapsulatecUcoated with sodium alginate and included to corn-soya diet at recommended doses. The feed was then pelleted at 80°C in a steam conditioner of 0.6 MPa for 10 s. The enzyme combinations were offered to nine groups, each consist of 30 male broiler chicks (Vencobb) from day old to 6 weeks of age. The chicks were raised on wire floor electrically heated battery brooders; feed and water were provided ad libitum. The performance of broilers in terms of body weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, livability, dressing yield, relative length of small intestine in centimeters, proventriculus weight, abdominal fat weight and relative weights of giblets. Lymphoid organs such as thymus, bursa and spleen weights, which were expressed as percentage of live body weight, were also In the present study broilers showed significantly (P(0.05) increased body weight gains on supplementation of uncda nd coated ~eto corsn-soya diet during finisher phase (4-6 weeks) and overall period (0-6 weeks) than the control diet. Coated enzyme supplemented diets yielded significantly (P<0.05) increased body weight gains over their respective uncoated supplemented diets during starter phase (0- 3 weeks) , finisher phase(4-6 weeks) and overall period (0-6 weeks) except in coated phytase supplemented diet which only resulted in significantly (P<0.05) increased body weight gain over uncoated phytase supplen~ented diet (T2) during finisher phase (4-6 weeks). Feed intake of broilers on supplementation of uncoated and coated enzymes to corn- soya diet showed no significant difference during 1-6 week of age when compared to control diet. Supplementation of uncoated and coated enzymes in pelletized corn soya diet yielded significantly (Pc0.05) efficient feed to weight gain values over the control diet during finisher phase (4-6 weeks) and overall period (0-6 weeks). Coated enzyme supplemented diets yielded significantly (Pc0.05) efficient feed to weight gain values over their respective uncoated enzyme supplemented diets during finisher phase (4-6 weeks) and overall period (0-6 weeks). Supplementation of uncoated or coated enzyme preparations to corn soya diet did not influence the livability, dressing percent, abdominal fat weight, proventriculus weight, visceral organ weights (liver, lleart, and gizzard), intestinal lengths (cm) and weights of immune organs (thymus, bursa and spleen) in broilers. In vitro feed analysis of release of total sugars (mg/gm diet) from uncoated and coated enzymes supplemented pelletized corn soya diets yielded higher values of total sugars (mglgm feed) in enzyme treated diets than control diet in both starter and finisher feed. Coated enzyme supplemented diets yielded higher values of total sugars (mg/grn feed) over their respective uncoated enzyme supplemented diets in both starter and finisher feed. In viho fced analysis of release of inorganic phosphorous (g/kg diet) from phytase enzyme supplemented corn-soya pelleted diets yielded higher values of inorganic phosphorous release in ooated phytase supplemented diets than uncoated phytase supplemented diets. However, both uncoated and coated phytase enzyme supplemented diets yielded higher inorganic phosphorous values than control diet. The returns over feed cost of Rs 48.31 to 50.94 per bird on uncoated enzyme supplemented diets as against Rs 44.05 on control diet. The return over feed cost was Rs 55.32 to 51.58 on coated enzymes supplemented diets. It is concluded that supplementation of coated enzymes offered better protection against pelletization temperature and gastric conditions in the gut there by retaining maximum efficacy over uncoated enzymes. Hence, coating of enzymes is suggestedThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CHROMIUM ON THE PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNE COMPETENCE IN BROILERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-08) SRINIVASA RAO, G; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); BINDU MADHURI, S; RAMA RAO, S.V.ABSTRACT : The present experiment was conducted to study the effects of graded levels of organic (0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 μg/kg) and inorganic chromium (0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 μg/kg) in a 5 x 2 factorial manner on the performance, slaughter variables and immune response of broilers. A total of 330 day-old commercial broiler males were divided into 11 treatments with 6 replications (5 broilers in each) and fed test diets adlibitum from one to six weeks of age (pre-starter 0-14 d, starter 15-28 d and finisher 29-42 d). Body weight gain of broilers significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups fed diets with organic Cr during pre-starter and finisher phases than control and inorganic Cr group. During starter phase, body weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher for inorganic Cr compared to the control and organic Cr. Body weight gain was not influenced by source of Cr during overall period. Supplementation of Cr at 600 μg/kg to the diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight gains during pre-starter, starter, finisher and overall period. Whereas, during finisher and overall period 1500 μg/kg Cr was superior to other levels. The interaction effect between source and level of Cr was significantly (P<0.05) improved the body weight gains than the control. Feed intake increased significantly (P<0.05) in proportion to growth rate by organic Cr during pre-starter, starter, finisher and overall period. At 600 μg/kg Cr the feed intake increased significantly during pre-starter, starter, finisher and overall period. Feed conversion ratio was not significantly influenced by source of Cr during pre-starter and finisher phases. Supplementation of inorganic Cr significantly (P<0.05) improved the FCR compared to control or organic Cr during starter and overall period. During finisher and overall period supplementation of Cr at 1500 μg/kg significantly improved the feed efficiency. The Cr level did not influence the FCR during starter phase. The FCR was poor in Cr supplemented diets during pre-starter phase. The dressing yields, breast yield and weights of liver, heart and gizzard were not influenced by source and level of Cr. Supplementation of inorganic Cr significantly (P<0.05) reduced abdominal fat percentage. Interaction between source and level of Cr did not influence the slaughter variables except dressing yield. Shrinkage loss was not influenced by either source, level of Cr or their interaction. The source of Cr did not influence the relative weight of lymphoid organs. Supplementation of Cr at 300 μg/kg significantly (P<0.05) increased the thymus weight compared to the control and other levels of Cr. Interaction did not affect the lymphoid organ weights. The humoral immune response to NDV at 28th and 42nd day of age was not influenced by source of Cr. Dietary Cr at 1500 μg/kg significantly (P<0.05) increased antibody titers against NDV at 28th and 42nd day of age. Cell mediated immunity in terms of CBH response was not affected by addition of Cr to the diet. The source of Cr did not influence the lipid peroxidation in broilers. Inclusion of Cr reduced MDA levels compared to the control. Interaction effect of Cr source and level was significantly (P<0.05) decreased the lipid peroxidation. Supplementation of Cr decreased the GSH-Px activity. Heterophil to Lymphocyte (H/L) ratios were significantly (P<0.05) decreased by the organic and inorganic Cr inclusion and all levels of inclusion than the control. The diet supplemented with Cr source had significantly (P<0.05) increased triglyceride concentration than the control diet. The effect of different levels of Cr had significantly (P<0.05) higher triglyceride concentration than the control diet. Glucose and cholesterol concentration in serum were significantly (P<0.05) decreased on source and level of Cr diets than the control. Based on the data of the present experiment it can be concluded that supplementation of organic or inorganic Cr at 600 μg/kg diet for improved growth performances, antioxidant status and reduced the total cholesterol and glucose concentration in serum of broilers.ThesisItem Open Access THE EFFECT OF SINGLE OR COMBINED DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF PROBIOTIC, PREBIOTIC AND ACIDIFIER IN COMPARISON TO ANTIBIOTIC ON PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNE STATUS OF BROILERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-06) SRINIVAS, G; QUDRATULLAH, S(MAJOR); Chinni Preetham, V; Raju, M.V.L.N; Reddy, M.RABSTRACT : The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of a probiotic, a prebiotic and an acidifier either individually or in combination for comparing the performance and immune status of broiler chickens with antibiotic and control. For this purpose, 270 day-old commercial male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 9 treatment groups with 6 replications of 5 birds each. The experimental design consisted of; a control diet (maize-soya based) without supplementation, Antibiotic (Virginiamycin @ 500 g/ton), Probiotic (Protexin @ 500 g/ton), Acidifier (Biotronic SE @ 3 kg/ton), Prebiotic [Mannanoligosaccharide (Mos) 500 g/ton], and combinations of Probiotic + Acidifier, Probiotic + Mos, Acidifier + Mos, Probiotic + Acidifier + Mos at their respective inclusion rates. The broilers were fed with prestarter (0-14 d), starter (15-28 d) and finisher diets (29-42 d). The birds were maintained under similar management conditions in battery brooders. The feed and water were offered ad libitum. The ANOVA indicated that body weight gain of broilers was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by all dietary treatments in comparison to control and antibiotic throughout the course of the study. Acidifier alone had significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight (2059 g) gain followed by probiotic + Mos combination (2039 g) during the overall experimental period (0-42 d) compared to control and antibiotic treatments. No significant (P>0.05) difference was recorded among other groups at 42 d of age except probiotic + acidifier group (1939 g) which recorded the lowest body weight gain. During the overall experimental period, no significant (P>0.05) difference was observed on feed intake with all the treatment groups. But, feed efficiency was significantly (P<0.05) improved in all test groups during the overall experimental period compared to control. No significant (P>0.05) differences were observed among probiotic, acidifier, Mos, acidifier + Mos, probiotic + Mos, probiotic + acidifier, probiotic + Mos + acidifier and antibiotic groups which ranged from 1.62 to 1.67 compared to control diet (1.71). All dietary supplements did not have significant (P>0.05) effect on various carcass parameters studied, except for abdominal fat percentage, which was significantly (P<0.05) lower in probiotic, acidifier alone and acidifier + Mos groups at 42 d of age, while the rest of the treatment groups did not differ from control. Mortality was less and in normal range in all the dietary treatment groups. The bursa and spleen weights were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by all dietary treatments. Bursa weight was significantly (P<0.05) high in probiotic, acidifier alone and combination of probiotic + Mos + acidifier groups, similarly higher spleen weight was noticed in Mos alone and probiotic + Mos + acidifier combination in comparison to control. The humoral immune response to SRBC was increased significantly (P< 0.05) in all dietary treatments compared to control at 42 days of age. The higher titer values were recorded in Probiotic + Mos + acidifier combination group followed by acidifier alone and acidifier + Mos. Supplementation of probiotic, Mos and acidifier either alone or in combination did not have any significant (P>0.05) influence on the cell mediated immunity in terms of CBH response, but higher CBH response was noticed in all test diets compared to control. Supplementation of all dietary feed additives significantly (P<0.05) reduced the E. coli counts in the small intestine compared to control at 42 d of age. The lowest E. coli counts were recorded in probiotic, acidifier alone and probiotic + acidifier + Mos groups, whereas the other groups showed intermediate E. coli counts. Supplementation of all dietary feed additives (except probiotic + acidifier group) yielded higher returns over feed cost than the control and antibiotic groups. The highest return per bird was recorded with acidifier (Rs.4.96 / bird) followed by probiotic + Mos (Rs.4.54 / bird) groups.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS ENZYMES IN HIGH FIBRE DIETS AND THEIR IMPACT ON BROILER PERFORMANCE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-10) RAMBABU, D; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); QUDRATULLAH, S; REDDY, V.R; KONDAL REDDY, KABSTRACT: Use of unconventional agro-industrial byproducts in poultry diets is restricted due to high level of crude fibre or presence of some deleterious fixtors. The principal components of dietary fibre are the structural carbohydrates which include cellulose, hemicellulose, P-glucans, arabinoxylans and pectins. Inadequate or non-availability of certain enzymes in the digestive tract of chicken reduces their nutrient utilization. A feeding trial of 6 weeks duration was conducted on 240 day-old commercial male broiler chicks procured and allotted randomly into eight treatments. Each treatment was divided into six replicates, with five chicks per replicate and raised in electrically heated battery brooders to evaluate tbe effect of exogenous enzymes on performance of broilers, fed with high and low fibre diets. Eight test diets were prepared by supplementing enzyme preparations to the reference diets i.e., TI, low fibre and T2 high fibre diets respectively. T3, T4 were low and high fibre diets supplemented with fibre degndng enzymes. Similarly, T5, T6 are low and high fibre diets supplemented with fibre degrading enzymes along with protease enzyme. TI. T6 arc low and high fibre diets supplemented with protease enzyme. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The performance of broilers in terms of weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, livability, dressing percentage, visceral organs, abdominal fat, provenmculus weights and small intestinal lengths along with immune response to NDV and SRBC were studied. High fib diets (T4, T6, T6) supplemented with enzymes could record significantly l;p-.OS) improved body weight gains during finisher (5-6 week) and overall periods (0-6 weeks) with respect to the'i control diet (T2). Supplementation of protease enzyme to high fibre diet (Ts) resulted in significantly (P4.05) improved body weight gain during starter, finisher and overall periods compared to their correspoding control diet (G). The faad intake and feed-to-gain values were not affected by supplementation of exogenous enzymes either to high or low fibre diets. The livability was also unaffected on enzyme supplementation to both high and low fibre diets. The moisture content of litter values also were not affected by enzyme supplementation. Supplementation of enzymes to high and low fibre diets wuld recorded signific,antly (P4.05) improved dressing percentage, while the organ weights like of proventriculus, giblets, and abdominal fat and small intestine length were dected on enzyme supplementation. The lymphoid organ weights (thymus, spleen and bursa) expressed as percent on live body weight of bird were not affected on supplementation of enzymes either to high or low fibre diets. Humoral immune response to NDV in tenns of increased antibody production was found to be significant (Pc0.05) at 42d age on enzyme supplementation to high fibre diets. Antibody production on low fibre diets with enzyme supplementation was also not influenced. Humoral immune response to sheep RBC, on the antibody production with enzymes supplementation to either high or low fibre diets did not reveal any significant (Ps0.05) effect. However, antibody production was significantly (Pa.05) different among high or low fibre diets and enzyme supplemented diets. Economic calculation revealed that the returns over feed cost on high fibre enzyme supplemented diets were better over the unsupplemented diets and also low fibre enzyme supplemented diets. Supplementation of fibre degrading enzymes (cellulase-420 IU / kg, xylanasA025 IU / kg and pectinase-53 11J / kg) and proteolytic enzyme (protease-5000 U / kg) to high fibre diets wuld result in better weight gains of broilers.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF UNSATURATED TO SATURATED FATTY ACID RATIO OF SUPLLEMENTAL FAT WITH OR WITH OUT L-CARNITINE ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS IN BROILER CHICKEN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-02) LEELA SWARNA, CH.; QUDRATULLAH, S(MAJOR); Ravinder Redddy, V; Rama Rao, S.V.ABSTRACT : The present experiment was conducted to study the effects of fat sources and the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (60:40, 65:35, 70:30 and 75:25), with or without L-carnitine supplementation in a 6 x 2 factorial manner on the performance, carcass yield and serum lipid profile of male broiler chicks. A total of 480 day old male broiler chicks were divided into 12 treatments with eight replicate and five birds each and fed test diet till six weeks of age. Before the feed formulation, the lipid profile of the tallow and crude soybean oil were analyzed by Agilent technologies 6890N Gas chromatography. The UFA : SFA ratio were found to be 5.37 and 0.77 respectively for CSBO and tallow. Data was analyzed by General Linear Model producer of Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Body weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher for birds fed crude soybean oil than tallow during starter and overall period. During finisher phase body weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher for carnitine supplemented groups. Interaction between fat source and carnitine was significant. Feeding of broilers with crude soybean oil with carnitine caused an increase in the body weight gain and tallow with carnitine caused a decrease in the body weight gain. Among the ratios of UFA: SFA, significantly (P<0.05) the highest weight gain was observed at 70: 30 ratio for starter, finisher and overall period. However, carnitine supplementation to these ratios did not have significant (P>0.05) effect on weight gain during the finisher and the overall period. The fat source did not have significant (P>0.05) effect on feed intake during the overall period. Whereas supplementation of carnitine has significantly (P<0.05) lowered feed intake during the overall period. Interaction effect was significant during the finisher and the overall period. FCR was significantly (P<0.05) better for crude soybean oil during the starter and the overall periods. Inclusion of carnitine significantly (P<0.05) improved FCR during starter, finisher and overall periods. Significantly (P<0.05) better FCR was observed at 60:40 ratio and diets without carnitine supplementation. The interaction effect was significant (P<0.05) only during starter phase. The fat source and UFA: SFA ratio with or without carnitine did not have significant (P>0.05) effect on various carcass yields studied except for abdominal fat percentage, where interaction between fat source and carnitine was significant (P<0.05). Abdominal fat content was significantly (P<0.05) low for crude soybean oil without carnitine. Among the ratios, significantly (P<0.05) higher abdominal fat deposition was found at 60:40 UFA: SFA ratio. With respect to UFA: SFA ratio diets, carnitine supplementation significantly reduced deposition of abdominal fat at 70:30 ratio while other ratios remained unaffected. Liver moisture content was significantly (P<0.05) higher for tallow diets and at 60:40 ratio of UFA: SFA. Carnitine supplementation has significantly (P<0.05) increased moisture percentage of liver in case of fat source. Significantly (P<0.05) higher moisture content of light muscle was observed at 65:35 and 75:25, whereas for dark muscle it was observed at 70:30 ratio. Carnitine supplementation to UFA: SFA diets significantly (P<0.05) increased moisture content of dark muscle, whereas in light muscle it resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction of moisture percentage. The interaction effect was significant for light and dark muscles and liver. Fat content in liver and light muscle was significantly (P<0.05) lower for tallow and crude soybean oil and for UFA: SFA ratio at 75:25 and 70:30 ratio respectively. Carnitine supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased fat content of liver, light and dark muscles except at UFA: SFA ratios for liver and light muscle, where there was significant (P<0.05) decrease in fat deposition by carnitine supplementation. Serum triglycerides concentration was significantly low (P<0.05) for bird fed crude soybean oil and 70: 30 ratio of UFA: SFA at 12 hrs fasting whereas, the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol at 3hrs fasting was significantly (P<0.05) low for birds fed with tallow diet and at 65:35 UFA: SFA ratio. Carnitine supplementation reduced significantly (P<0.05) serum triglyceride and cholesterol for fat source and UFA: SFA ratios. Thus it can be concluded that for fat source body weight gain, FCR and carcass quality traits (abdominal, light and dark muscle fat percentage) were better for CSBO with carnitine and CSBO without carnitine respectively. In case of ratio of UFA: SFA, better body weight gain and FCR were observed at 70:30 and 60:40 ratios of UFA: SFA without carnitine respectively. However, lean meat was obtained at 70:30 ratio with carnitine.