Loading...
Thesis
Browse
2 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON ASSOCIATION OF MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERS WITH CERTAIN ECONOMIC TRAITS IN ONGOLE CATTLE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-04) BALA SAMPATH KUMAR, B; Venkata Seshaiah, Ch(MAJOR); Asha Latha, P; Vinoo, RABSTRACT : The present research was carried to study the association of morphometric characters with certain economic traits in Ongole cattle to predict the production and reproduction performance in selection of dairy type of cows. A total 147 Ongole cattle having different parity and stage of lactation were assessed individually for various morphological and morphometric characters and the data was recorded and analyzed statistically by General Linear Model and simple arithmetic calculations. The mean body length, height at withers, heart girth, length of neck, length of shoulders, length and width of fore head and udder in Ongole cattle were 138.10 ±1.10, 141.03 ± 0.63, 171.00 ± 1.35, 50.20 ± 0.43,54.52 ± 0.37, 53.76 ± 0.45 and 35.57 ± 0.41 and 37.83 ± 0.45 and 17.99 ± 0.28, respectively. In Ongole cattle, the per cent of goaty udders are highest (59.18), followed by bowl (21.08) and tucked up (19.73) type and the per cent of cylindrical teats are highest (57.82), followed by funnel (38.09) and bottle (4.08) type. Among various horn patterns, LHDB (25.17%) horn patterns are highest followed by SHDS (23.81%) and LHDS (22.45) while MHDS and Polled (8.16%) type are lowest. The HG was positively and significantly (P<0.01) correlated with LMY, LL, PY and the NL was positively and significantly (P<0.01) correlated with LL, PY. The UL was positively and significantly (P<0.01) correlated with PY and the UW was positively and significantly (P<0.01) correlated with LMY. The cows with bowl shaped udders had significantly (P<0.01) higher LMY than the cows with goaty and tucked up udders. Among udder shapes, the LMY was significantly (P<0.01) higher in goaty shape udder cows than tucked up type of udder cows. Significant difference was not observed in LMY, LL and PY among the cows with various horn patterns. Significant difference was also not observed in CI, SP and DP among the cows with various udder, teat shapes and horn patterns. Highly significant (P<0.01) and positive correlations were observed between lactation milk yield and heart girth (0.269). The heart girth (0.294), LN (0.271) and udder measurements viz., udder length (0.312), udder width (0.316) had significant correlation with peak yield. The regression coefficients between udder width, heart girth and LMY and heart girth, neck length with peak yield were found to be significant ((P<0.05). From the R2 values, it can be inferred that heart girth and udder width significantly influenced lactation milk yield. Heart girth and length of neck has significantly influenced peak yield. Hence, all these three measurements are good indicators of prediction of production parameters in development of score card for dairy type Ongole cattle.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN EAST GODAVARI DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-03) SATYANARAYANA RAO, B.V.V.; JAGADEESWARA RAO, S(MAJOR); ANITHA, A; SUBRAHMANYESWARI, BABSTRACT: An investigation was conducted to study the dairy production management practices, cost of milk production and constraints perceived by the Godavari delta, upland and agency milk producers of East Godavari district in Andhra Pradesh. The cattle and buffalo population increased by 13.98 and 27.40 per cent, respectively, during the period from 1993 to 2012 in the district. The contribution of buffalo milk ranged from 71.68 to 77.76 per cent of the total milk production in the district during the 12 years period. The mean total number of buffaloes per milk producer was significantly (p ≤ .05) higher in Godavari delta area (5.78 ± 1.03) than that in upland (3.75 ± 0.29) and agency area (3.70 ± 0.33). The average total number of cattle was significantly (p ≤ .01) higher in the agency area (2.96 ± 0.45) than that in Godavari delta and upland area. The average age at first calving, service period, calving interval and dry period of graded Murrah buffaloes was significantly (p ≤ .01) lower in Godavari delta than that in upland and agency area. The mean peak yield, lactation milk yield and lactation period of graded Murrah buffaloes was significantly (p ≤ .01) higher in Godavari delta than that in upland and agency area. The service period, calving interval and dry period of local buffaloes was significantly lower in upland than that in the agency area. The average peak yield, lacatation milk yield and lactation period of local buffaloes was significantly (p ≤ .01) higher in upland than that in agency area. The mean age at first calving and dry period of crossbred cows was significantly (p ≤ .01) lower in Godavari delta than that in upland area. There was no significant difference in the service period, calving interval, peak yield, lactation milk yield and lactation period between Godavari delta and upland area. The mean age at first calving, service period, calving interval and dry period of local cows was significantly (p ≤ .01) lower in Godavari delta than that in the upland area. The average peak yield and lacatation milk yield of local cows was significantly higher in Godavari delta than that in upland area. The practice of rearing of high milk yielding dairy animals i.e., graded Murrah buffaloes and crossbred cows was higher in Godavari delta (85%) followed by upland (63%) and agency area (13%). Adoption of A.I in dairy animals was higher in the Godavari delta (95%) and upland (84%) than that in agency area (54%). Majority of milk producers bred their dairy animals between 3-5 months after calving in the Godavari delta (86%) followed by upland (81%) and agency area (68%). Most of the milk producers adopted pregnancy diagnosis in Godavari delta (99%), upland (99%) and agency area (80%). Overall majority of dairy animals calved in rainy season (66.67%) followed by winter (32.00%) and summer season (1.33%) in the study area. The practice of green fodder production was higher in Godavari delta (78%) and upland area (61%) than that in agency area (13%). The practice of chaffing of green fodder was very low in the entire study area. Majority of milk producers provided home made concentrate mixture in the upland (98%) followed by Godavari delta (90%) and agency area (85%). Most of the milk producers practiced soaking of concentrates in agency area (71%) followed by Godavari delta (60%) and upland area (51%). Most of the milk producers provided concentrate feed to milch animals on flat rate basis in Godavari delta (81%), upland (96%) and agency area (85%). Overall supplementation of mineral mixture and common salt in the feed was practiced by 29 and 9 per cent of milk producers, respectively, in the study area. The practice of extra concentrate feeding during advanced pregnancy was higher in Godavari delta (42%) followed by upland (27%) and agency area (13%). Majority of milk producers in upland (95%), Godavari delta (87%) and agency area (77%) provided drinking water to milk animals from tube well. Majority of milk producers in agency (94%) and upland area (77%) located the animal shed separately nearer to their dwelling, whereas in Godavari delta area, most of the milk producers (51%) located the shed far away from their dwelling. Kutcha type of flooring was provided in the sheds by majority of milk producers in upland (99%) followed by Godavari delta (82%), whereas cement type of floor was provided by only 18 per cent of milk producers in Godavari delta area. Thatched roofing was practiced by majority of milk producers in agency (98%) followed by upland (94%) and Godavari delta (72%). Wallowing of buffaloes was practiced by most of the milk producers in Godavari delta (61%) followed by upland area (47%). Colostrum feeding to new born calf within one to two hours of birth was practiced by most of milk producers in Godavari delta (85%) followed by upland (39%) and agency area (16%). Overall 62.67 per cent of milk producers allowed calf to suckle milk from mother before and after milking. Very few milk producers in Godavari delta (29%), upland (20%) and agency area (9%) adopted feeding of calf starter to calves. Overall calf mortality was more in winter (69.67%) followed by rainy (32.67%) and summer season (1.66%). Knuckling method of milking was practiced by majority of milk producers in Godavari delta area (93%), upland (90%) and agency area (87%). Washing of udder and utensils with clean water before milking was practiced by all the milk producers in the study area. Majority of milk producers in Godavari delta (90%) and upland area (56%) marketed the milk to the cooperative and private dairies, whereas, agency milk producers (65%) marketed milk to milk vendors because of very limited organized market in agency (hilly) area. The average net income per litre was higher in graded Murrah buffaloe than that in crossbred and local cow. The average cost of milk production and net income per litre in graded Murrah buffaloes was significantly (p ≤ .01) higher in Godavari delta than that in upland and agency area. The average cost of milk production and net income per litre in local buffalo was significantly (p ≤ .01) higher in upland area than that in agency area. There was no significant difference in the cost of milk production and net income per litre in crossbred cows between Godavari delta and upland area. The average cost of milk production and net income per litre in local cow was significantly (p ≤ .01) higher in Godavari delta than that in upland and agency area. High cost of pure bred buffaloes and crossbred cows, non remunerative price for milk, high cost of feed ingredients and high incidence of repeat breeding in dairy animals were found to be major constraints felt by the milk producers in the study area. Problem of anestrous, repeat breeding in buffaloes, lack of sufficient knowledge to the farmers about scientific feeding and management, inadequate facilities for diagnostic purpose and specialized treatment were some of the constraints felt by the field veterinarians for increasing the milk production in East Godavari district. More technical services, inputs and extension services are to be provided to the milk producers in agency and upland areas so as to increase the adoption of the best feeding and management practices in dairy animals in agency and upland areas of East Godavari district.