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ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI IN PORK PRODUCTION CHAIN IN HASSAN DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2023-06) SUDARSHAN .S; ESWARA RAO .B (MAJOR); WILFRED RUBAN .S; NAGA MALLIKA .E; SRINIVASA RAO .T; NARENDRA NATH .DThe present investigation was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of AMR E. coli in pork production chain in and around Hassan. Initial survey indicated that majority of the pig farmers were marginal farmers (65%) and kitchen / hotel waste was the major source of feed. The major antibiotics used were enrofloxacin followed by streptopenicillin, tetracycline, fortified procaine penicillin sulphonamides (Co-trimazole) and antibiotics were administered by themselves (92%). A total of 280 samples (40 each from piglets, weaners and adults, 20 feed, 30 water and 20 hand swabs from 10 pig farms and 20 each from meat samples, cutting board, hand swabs and knives swab and 10 water sample from retail pork outlets ) were screened and 227 E. coli isolates were used for further characterization. The average E. coli count ranged from 6.104 to 6.464 log10cfu/g. The overall occurrence of E. coli from various samples from pig production system was 67.89 per cent (129/190). The highest per cent of AMR E. coli counts as proportion of total E. coli was observed in human hand swabs (83.90%) followed by water trough (30.56%) and piglets (22.06%) samples as compared to other samples in this study. The overall prevalence of tetracycline, fluoroquinolone, ESBL resistant and colistin resistant E. coli in the entire pork production chain irrespective of the samples was 52.11, 37.37, 17.89 and 13.16 per cent, respectively. Of the 208 isolates, 191 isolates (91.83%) carried either one or the other gene, whereas, only 8.17 per cent of the isolates did not harbor any of the genes screened. Majority of the isolates carried tetA (68.38%), followed by blaTEM (55.77%), qnrS (44.23%), and none of the isolates carried colistin resistance gene (mcr1 to mcr5). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that majority of the isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (86.96-100%) followed by extended-spectrum b lactamase inhibitors and fluoroquinolones and complete sensitivity to carbapenem followed by aminoglycosides. It was observed that 96.92 per cent of E. coli isolates were MDR. The occurrence of ESBL and colistin resistant E. coli was 17.89 and 0.714 per cent per cent, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF PACKAGING FILMS EMBEDDED WITH DIFFERENT NANO PARTICLES TO ENHANCE THE SHELLIFE OF PORK(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-05) NAVEEN, ZILLABATHULA; ESWARA RAO, B(MAJOR); NAGA MALLIKA, E; SRINIVASA RAO, T; NARENDRA NATH, D; PRASAD, T.N.V.K.VIn the present study an attempt was made to develop, standardize and evaluate packaging films embedded with different nanoparticles to enhance the shelf life of pork. Nanoparticulates of Zinc Oxide and Silver were synthesized by sol-gel method. The characterization of Nanoparticles was done by Dynamic Light Scattering technique, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic analysis, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer analysis. Nanoparticles were embedded in LDPE base, at different levels to enhance the shelf life of pork. Blown films were prepared with ZnO, Silver and ZnO + Silver nanoparticles at three different levels of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% each. The packaging films embedded with three different combinations of NPs at three different levels each, were further evaluated for physical strength and antimicrobial properties. The film characteristics, like tensile strength, tear resistance, per cent elongation at break, bursting strength, puncture strength, fragmentation tests, antimicrobial activity and water sorption kinetics were evaluated. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic analysis, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer analysis of packaging films embedded with three different NPs were also evaluated. The Overall Mean ± SE tensile strength, tear resistance, per cent elongation at break, bursting strength, puncture strength, fragmentation of packaging films embedded with ZnO NPs at 1.0 % level was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to packaging films embedded with other NPs at different levels. The anti-microbial activity, measured as diameter of inhibition zones (mm) of Silver NPs embedded packaging films were significantly superior (P<0.05) compared to all other levels of each NP. Based on the evaluation of film characteristics, the packaging film embedded with ZnO nanoparticles at 1.0% level was statistically selected and was evaluated for its efficacy to enhance the shelf-life of pork patties under refrigerated (4 ± 1°C) storage. pH, 2- TBARS values, Tyrosine values and Microbial counts of pork packaged in packaging film embedded with ZnO nanoparticles at 1.0% level were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of pork packed in control film, while the sensory quality of pork packaged in packaging film embedded with ZnO nanoparticles at 1.0% level was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in control film. The pork packaged in control film was acceptable up to ten days and in packaging film embedded with ZnO nanoparticles at 1.0% level were acceptable up to 12 days of refrigerated storage.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PESTICIDE AND METAL RESIDUES IN MARKET MEAT AND EFFECT OF COOKING METHODS ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008) MUTHUKUMAR, M; SUDHAKAR REDDY, K(MAJOR); KONDAL REDDY, K; GOPALA REDDY, A; JAGDISHWAR REDDY, D; KONDAIAH, NABSTRACT : A study was conducted to estimate certain pesticides (DDT-Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane, HCH - Hexachloro cyclo hexane and Cyclodiene compounds - aldrin, α endosulfan, β endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate and heptachlor) and heavy metals (lead and cadmium) residues in muscle and organs of chicken (broiler), buffalo, goat, sheep and pig collected from Hyderabad city. The effect of cooking methods on endosulfan level in spiked buffalo meat samples were also studied. The residues of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals were found in majority of the analysed muscle and organs samples of food animals. The contamination pattern of organochlorine pesticides residues in tissues among common food animal species were in the descending order of p,p’DDE, γ HCH, α endosulfan, p,p’DDT, aldrin, β endosulfan, δ HCH, β HCH, α HCH, p,p’DDD and endosulfan sulfate. However, the levels of contamination were quite low and well below the maximum residue level. Amongst various species of food animals, tissue samples of buffalo showed highest mean concentration for p,p’DDD, α ,β, γ and δ HCH and endosulfan sulfate residues, whereas pig samples showed highest residues level for p,p’DDE, p,p’DDT, α endosulfan and β endosulfan. Among tissues, muscle showed highest concentration of p,p’DDD, p,p’DDT, β HCH, aldrin, α endosulfan, β endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate, whereas liver showed highest mean concentration for γ HCH and δ HCH. The concentration of p,p’DDE and α HCH residues were highest in kidney samples. Pressure cooking of meat resulted in significant reduction in the residual level of endosulfan. In case of heavy metal residues, tissue samples of buffalo showed highest mean concentration for lead, whereas chicken samples showed highest residues level for cadmium. Among tissues, kidney showed highest concentrations of both lead and cadmium. From the study, it can be concluded that the contamination levels of pesticides and heavy metals residues in muscle and organs were well below the maximum residue level and present no threat to public health on the basis of current toxicological knowledge. Moreover, substantial reduction in pesticide level due to cooking, especially pressure cooking reduces the risk to meat consumer.ThesisItem Open Access Effect Of Partial Dehydration And Application Of Antimicrobial Agents On Storage Of Goat Meat At Ambient Temparatures(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1996-04) Sai sekhar, Y; Sreeramulu Reddy, K(MAJOR); Krishna, N; Krishna reddy, K; Masthan reddy, PThesisItem Open Access Studies On The Quality Characteristics Of Meat Pickle-In-Oil (Achar)As a Ready To Eat Product(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1994-09) Sudhakar reddy, Keshi Reddy; Sree Ramulu reddy, K(MAJOR); Masthan Reddy, P; Ravindra reddy, V; Krishna, N; Ramakrishna reddy, GThesisItem Open Access Identification Of Species Origin Of Coocked Meats Using Antisera To Testicular Antigens(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1990-12) Surya rao, K; Varadarajulu, P(MAJOR); Masthan reddy, P; Prabhakara rao, Z; Subba reddy, K.VThesisItem Open Access A Study On Chemical And physico Chemical Characteristics Of Rabbit Meat As Influenced By Sex,Age And Breed Group(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1989-09) Damodar, N; Varadarajulu, P(MAJOR); KRISHNA, N; SREENIVASA REDDY, M; AYYANNA NAIDU, MThesisItem Open Access A Study On The Influence Of Packaging Material On The Quality Of Prepackaged Meat and Meat Products Under Display Conditions(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1989-06) Mohan lal Brahma; Varadharajulu, P(MAJOR); Sreeramaulu reddy, K; Subba reddy, K.VThesisItem Open Access Isolectric focusing As A Method For Species Differentiation Of Raw And Cooked meat(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 1987-12) Abraham, J; Varadharajulu, P(MAJOR); Sreeramulu Reddy, K; Krishna, N; Subba Reddy, K.V
