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2022 - 20232
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Subject: Livestock Product Technology × End date: 2024 × Start date: 2022 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI IN PORK PRODUCTION CHAIN IN HASSAN DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2023-06) SUDARSHAN .S; ESWARA RAO .B (MAJOR); WILFRED RUBAN .S; NAGA MALLIKA .E; SRINIVASA RAO .T; NARENDRA NATH .D
    The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of AMR E. coli in pork production chain in and around Hassan. Initial survey indicated that majority of the pig farmers were marginal farmers (65%) and kitchen / hotel waste was the major source of feed. The major antibiotics used were enrofloxacin followed by streptopenicillin, tetracycline, fortified procaine penicillin sulphonamides (Co-trimazole) and antibiotics were administered by themselves (92%). A total of 280 samples (40 each from piglets, weaners and adults, 20 feed, 30 water and 20 hand swabs from 10 pig farms and 20 each from meat samples, cutting board, hand swabs and knives swab and 10 water sample from retail pork outlets ) were screened and 227 E. coli isolates were used for further characterization. The average E. coli count ranged from 6.104 to 6.464 log10cfu/g. The overall occurrence of E. coli from various samples from pig production system was 67.89 per cent (129/190). The highest per cent of AMR E. coli counts as proportion of total E. coli was observed in human hand swabs (83.90%) followed by water trough (30.56%) and piglets (22.06%) samples as compared to other samples in this study. The overall prevalence of tetracycline, fluoroquinolone, ESBL resistant and colistin resistant E. coli in the entire pork production chain irrespective of the samples was 52.11, 37.37, 17.89 and 13.16 per cent, respectively. Of the 208 isolates, 191 isolates (91.83%) carried either one or the other gene, whereas, only 8.17 per cent of the isolates did not harbor any of the genes screened. Majority of the isolates carried tetA (68.38%), followed by blaTEM (55.77%), qnrS (44.23%), and none of the isolates carried colistin resistance gene (mcr1 to mcr5). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that majority of the isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (86.96-100%) followed by extended-spectrum b lactamase inhibitors and fluoroquinolones and complete sensitivity to carbapenem followed by aminoglycosides. It was observed that 96.92 per cent of E. coli isolates were MDR. The occurrence of ESBL and colistin resistant E. coli was 17.89 and 0.714 per cent per cent, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF PACKAGING FILMS EMBEDDED WITH DIFFERENT NANO PARTICLES TO ENHANCE THE SHELLIFE OF PORK
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-05) NAVEEN, ZILLABATHULA; ESWARA RAO, B(MAJOR); NAGA MALLIKA, E; SRINIVASA RAO, T; NARENDRA NATH, D; PRASAD, T.N.V.K.V
    In the present study an attempt was made to develop, standardize and evaluate packaging films embedded with different nanoparticles to enhance the shelf life of pork. Nanoparticulates of Zinc Oxide and Silver were synthesized by sol-gel method. The characterization of Nanoparticles was done by Dynamic Light Scattering technique, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic analysis, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer analysis. Nanoparticles were embedded in LDPE base, at different levels to enhance the shelf life of pork. Blown films were prepared with ZnO, Silver and ZnO + Silver nanoparticles at three different levels of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% each. The packaging films embedded with three different combinations of NPs at three different levels each, were further evaluated for physical strength and antimicrobial properties. The film characteristics, like tensile strength, tear resistance, per cent elongation at break, bursting strength, puncture strength, fragmentation tests, antimicrobial activity and water sorption kinetics were evaluated. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic analysis, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer analysis of packaging films embedded with three different NPs were also evaluated. The Overall Mean ± SE tensile strength, tear resistance, per cent elongation at break, bursting strength, puncture strength, fragmentation of packaging films embedded with ZnO NPs at 1.0 % level was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to packaging films embedded with other NPs at different levels. The anti-microbial activity, measured as diameter of inhibition zones (mm) of Silver NPs embedded packaging films were significantly superior (P<0.05) compared to all other levels of each NP. Based on the evaluation of film characteristics, the packaging film embedded with ZnO nanoparticles at 1.0% level was statistically selected and was evaluated for its efficacy to enhance the shelf-life of pork patties under refrigerated (4 ± 1°C) storage. pH, 2- TBARS values, Tyrosine values and Microbial counts of pork packaged in packaging film embedded with ZnO nanoparticles at 1.0% level were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of pork packed in control film, while the sensory quality of pork packaged in packaging film embedded with ZnO nanoparticles at 1.0% level was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in control film. The pork packaged in control film was acceptable up to ten days and in packaging film embedded with ZnO nanoparticles at 1.0% level were acceptable up to 12 days of refrigerated storage.