Thesis

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 11

Open Access
CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF AEROMONAS SPECIES ISOLATED FROM CULTURED FRESHWATER FISHES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-12) SRUTHI, PERLA; Neeraja, T (MAJOR); Haribabu, P; Balasubramanian, A
Pathogenic Aeromonas species are causing significantly high mortalities and economic losses among the cultured freshwater fish in India and Andhra Pradesh. The aim of the present study was to identify the Aeromonas species isolated from cultured freshwater fishes majorly exhibiting bacterial haemorrhagic septicaemia, abdominal dropsy, tail rot and fin rot in two districts viz., West Godavari and SPSR Nellore districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. The diseased fish species collected from farms were Catla catla (catla), Labeo rohita (rohu), Piaractus brachypomus (pacu) and Pangasius hypophthalmus (pangas). Further, the resistance of the isolated Aeromonas spp. to the currently available antimicrobial therapeutics was determined. In the present study, 15 species of Aeromonas were isolated viz., Aeromonas allosacharrophila (n=3), A. aquariorum (n=2), A. caviae (n=1), A. enchelia (n=1), A. jandaei (n=3), A. media (n=2), A. molluscorum (n=3), A. piscicola (n=1), A. popoffii (n=3), A. sobria (n=3), A. schubertii (n=6), A. tecta (n=9), A. trota (n=3), A. veronii biovar sobria (n=5) and A. veronii biovar veronii (n=13). The Aeromonas species isolated on RS medium and GSPA medium were identified and characterized by conventional biochemical tests. The study on prevalence of Aeromonas spp. was carried out for a period of 7 months from September 2019 to March 2020 in the above two districts revealed that the highest prevalence was recorded in A. veronii bv. veronii. Significantly higher prevalence (P 0.05) with the latter species. Further, prevalence of Aeromonas spp. were significantly different (p <0.05) with respect to fish species and geographic location. In vitro antibiotic resistance study revealed that all the isolates of 15 Aeromonas spp. were highly resistant to ampicillin, amoxyclav and oxytetracycline. Further, all the Aeromonas spp. were found multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR). The MAR index of more than 0.2 was observed in all the isolates of Aeromonas spp. except A. piscicola. It indicates that these Aeromonas spp. might have originated from high risk sources of contamination. Haemolytic activity assay revealed that A. veronii bv. sobria (60%), A. aquariorum (50%), A. jandaei (33.3%), A. sobria (33.3%) and A. tecta (22.22%) were found to be β-haemolytic. However, majority of the Aeromonas spp. isolates were found α- haemolytic.
Open Access
SURVEILLANCE ON BACTERIAL DISEASES OF CULTURED INDIAN MAJOR CARPS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-06) SRIVIDYA, R; Neeraja, T(MAJOR); Haribabu, P; Dhanapal, K
Bacterial fish diseases were considered to be the main cause of high mortalities and economic losses among the cultured freshwater fish in Andhra Pradesh. The aim of the present study was to identify the bacterial strains isolated from farm raised Indian major carps majorly exhibiting bacterial haemorrhagic septicaemia, abdominal dropsy, tail rot and fin rot in two districts viz., SPSR Nellore and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. Further, the susceptibility of the isolated bacterial strains to the currently available antimicrobial therapeutics was determined. In the present study, the pathogenic bacteria isolated were species of Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriacea family. 7 species of Aeromonas viz., Aeromonas hydrophila, A. tecta, A. caviea, A. sobria, A. veronii A. schubertii and A. encheleia; 4 species of Pseudomonas viz., Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas stutzeri, P. diminuta and P. fluoroscenes; 5 species of Enterobacteriacea family viz., Citrobacter freundi, Serratia rubidaea, S. fonticola, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp pneumniae and Enterobacteriacea group were identified and characterized by conventional biochemical tests. The prevalence study carried out for a period of one year from July 2018 to June 2019 in the above two districts revealed the dominance of aeromoniasis caused by Aeromonas spp. Significantly higher prevalence (P 0.05) with that of aeromoniasis. Further, prevalence of bacterial diseases did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) with respect to fish species, geographic location and seasonality. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity study revealed that gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, amikacin and trimethoprim were found to be more effective against Aeromonas sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Enterobacteriaceae family. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) study showed that all the species of Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae family were MAR. Among Aeromonas sp., A. tecta and A. caviea were 100% MAR, however 80% of A. sobria, A. veronii and A. schubertii showed MAR and 50% of A. hydrophila strains only showed MAR. The MAR index of more than 0.2 was observed in all the bacterial strains of Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae family indicated that these bacterial strains might have originated from high risk sources of contamination. Haemolytic activity assay revealed that A. veronii (80%), A. schubertii, (60%), A. sobria (40%) and A. tecta (33.3%) were found to be β-haemolytic.
Open Access
EFFECT OF DIETARY MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION AT DIFFERENT SALINITIES ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI (BOONE 1931)
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502, ANDHRA PRADESH (INDIA), 2020-10) PAMANNA, DASARI; RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D (MAJOR); CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, A; SUDHAKAR, O; MADHAVI, K
The present study on “Effect of dietary mineral supplementation at different salinities on growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931).” was conducted in the Wet Laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture, College of Fishery Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Muthukur for a period of 125 days (including acclimatization period of 34 days) and experiment 2 for a period of 28 days. In experiment 1, the Litopenaeus vannamei were fed with 4 different diets containing the various levels of Ca, Mg, K and Na in Diet 1(0.1% Ca, 0.01% Mg, 0.5% K and 0.5% Na), Diet 2 (0.2% Ca, 0.02% Mg, 1% K and 1% Na), Diet 3 (0.3% Ca, 0.03% Mg, 1.5% K and 1.5% Na) and Diet 4 (0.4% Ca, 0.04% Mg, 2% K and 2% Na) and control diet is without addition of extra minerals. The control and experimental diets with 35% protein using the ingredients such as fish meal, soya meal, deoiled ricebran and groundnut oil cake as major ingredients. Feeding was given at the rate 8% to 3% of shrimp body weight. The experiment was conducted in plastic tubs and maintained triplicates at 0, 5, 10 and 15 ppt salinity water. After completion of experiment, the highest average body weight gain of 18.27±0.01 g, the highest specific growth rate (SGR) 2.52±0.01, highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) 2.18±0.02 and lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) 1.31±0.010 were recorded in the treatment Diet 2 (Ca 0.2%, Mg 0.02%, K 1% and Na 1%) and the lowest average body weight gain of 16.55±0.01 g was recorded in control (C) at 15 ppt salinity. The overall highest survival of 90% was found in Diet 2 (Ca 0.2%, Mg 0.02%, K 1% and Na 1%) and Diet 3 (Ca 0.3%, Mg 0.03%, K 1.5% and Na 1.5%) was recorded. There was a significant difference in weight gain, SGR, FCR and PER in L. vannamei fed with various levels of minerals incorporated diets compared to control diet fed group. In all the treatments Diet 2 (Ca 0.2%, Mg 0.02%, K 1% and Na 1%) showed better performance in terms of growth. The survival rate was better in the Diet 2 (Ca 0.2%, Mg 0.02%, K 1% and Na 1%) and Diet 3 (Ca 0.3%, Mg 0.03%, K 1.5% and Na 1.5%)for Litopenaeus vannamei. In experiment 2, Studies on essential mineral among Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and Sodium individually supplemented through diet at 15 ppt salinity. The Litopenaeus vannamei fed with diets containing Ca 0.2% (DCa), Mg 0.02% (DMg), K 1% (DK) and Na 1% (DNa) individually and control diet without addition of extra minerals. The control and experimental diets with 35% protein using the ingredients such as fish meal, soya meal, deoiled ricebran and groundnut oil cake as major ingredients. Feeding was given at the rate 2% of shrimp body weight. The plastic tubs were maintained in triplicate. Important water quality parameters were recorded daily (Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Total ammonia and Nitrite), Growth and Survival were recorded at weekly intervals. After completion of experiment, the highest average body weight gain of 5.30±0.04 g, the highest specific growth rate (SGR) 3.06±0.01 and lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) 1.28±0.01 was recorded in the treatment supplemented with 1% K in diet (DK). The overall highest survival of 100% was recorded in diet 0.02% Mg (DMg). Therefore, these findings clearly indicate that inclusion of minerals in shrimp feed will have positive benefits in increasing growth and survival in Litopenaeus vannamei.
Open Access
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF GINGER, GARLIC AND FENUGREEK POWDER SUPPLEMENTED DIETS ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF PACIFIC WHITE LEG SHRIMP, LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502, ANDHRA PRADESH (INDIA), 2018-08) MAHESH KUMAR, R; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, A (MAJOR); CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B; MADHAVI, K
The present study : “Studies on the effect of ginger, garlic and fenugreek powder supplementation diets on the growth and survival of pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei’’ was conducted in the Wet Laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture, College of Fishery Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Muthukur. L. vannamei was fed with three different herbal powder of ginger , garlic and fenugreek of varying levels of 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of concentrations respectively to assess the optimal growth promoting potential and survival rate. The feeding trial was continued for 63 days with triplicates in each treatment. The growth parameters (ABW, weight gain, SGR) feed efficiency parameters (FCR) and survival rate were significantly (P ginger > fenugreek > control. It was found that GP 4% supplementation in the diet was optimal level of inclusion in garlic supplementation for L. vannamei culture. The diet supplemented with GP 4% fed L. vannamei was showed best FCR with higher significance (P <0.01) compared to other treatments. Survival rate of the L. vannamei fed diets containing garlic powder were significantly (P <0.01) higher in GP 6% (91.6%) compared to control (58%). Similar trend of elevated survival rates was noticed in L. vannamei at ZP 2.5 (91.3%) and FP 1.5% (83.3%) compared to control. The growth promoting ability of herbs with varying concentrations higher in GP 4% followed by ZP 2.5% and FP 1% supplemented in L. vannamei diets.
Open Access
HAEMATO-IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP, LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI FED WITH SELECTED DIETARY PHYTOBIOTICS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502, ANDHRA PRADESH (INDIA), 2018-11) LOKESH, B; Neeraja, T (MAJOR); Haribabu, P; Ramalingaiah, D
A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of adding three levels of garlic powder and tamarind pulp powder at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% in a basal diet (commercial pellet feed) of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (5.51±0.34 g) on growth performance, survival rate, haematological and immunological parameters. This study also evaluated the utilization of garlic powder and tamarind pulp powder in the diets of L. vannamei as antibacterial agent against vibrio harveyi infection. The experiment was carried out for 49 days as two set ups. In experimental set up-1, L. vannamei were fed on four experimental diets with 0% (G0), 0.1% (G1), 0.5% (G2) and 1.0% (G3) of garlic powder in basal diet. Similarly, experimental set up-2 consisted of four experimental diets with 0% (T0), 0.1% (T1), 0.5% (T2) and 1.0% (T3) of tamarind pulp powder in basal diet. After 49 days of feeding trial, shrimp were challenged with vibrio harveyi by intramuscular injectionand observed for 72 hrs at every 12 hrs interval, to determine survival rate. The dietary garlic and tamarind pulp powder inclusion at three different levels had significantly (p 0.05) different between T2 and T3. Survival rate was not significantly different among T2, T3 and T1. After the feeding trial, shrimp fed with different doses of the garlic and tamarind diets had higher survival rates compared to the controls from 12-72 hrs of challenge by Vibrio harveyi. Among the garlic inclusion diets a significantly (p 0.05) different between T2 and T3 after 60 and 72 hrs of Vibrio harveyi challenge. The results indicate that garlic and tamarind powders at 0.5% inclusion can be recommended as supplements to L. vannamei feed to increase growth, survival, immunity, and disease resistance against the pathogen, V. harveyi.
Open Access
Toxicity Bioassay of Organophosphorous Pesticide, Dichlorvos (DDVP) in Fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517502, A.P. (INDIA), 2018-12) LAXMI, B; MADHAVI, K (MAJOR); DHANAPAL, K; CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B
Toxicological effects of pesticides on aquatic organisms are very important, especially when these animals are serving as functional foods with respect to human consumption. Dichlorvos, one of the extensively used insecticides was investigated in the present study for acute and sublethal toxicity. Fingerling common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was selected for the bioassay experiments. Acute toxicity test through static bioassay was conducted by exposing common carp fingerlings to dichlorvos in the laboratory. The 96 hour LC50 value was found to be 21.11 ppm. Impact of test conditions (hardness of water) on LC50 value was evidenced in the present research, water hardness has resulted in decreased toxic potential of test substance, there by increased LC50 value compared to earlier works. The animals were experimented in pH: 7.1±0.2; Salinity: 1 ppt; Temperature: 32±2˚C; Alkalinity: 220±18 ppm; Hardness: 380±26 ppm; Dissolved oxygen: 8.0±0.6 ppm. For sublethal toxicity studies 1/5th & 1/10th LC50 concentrations were selected and were carried out following semi-static (static renewal) bioassay method for 28 days (4 weeks) to observe pesticide induced changes in physiological activities (feed consumption rate, ammonia excretion rate) and proximate composition (crude protein, crude fat, ash and moisture contents) of fingerling common carp. In sublethal toxicity studies, fishes seemed to be under stress with reduced metabolic performance, but were not fatal. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos resulted in dose (concentration) and duration dependent decrease in case of crude protein, crude fat, food consumption rate and increase in ash, moisture contents, ammonia excretion rate by the end of the test tenure. Food consumption and ammonia excretion rates though showed minor changes during the study period, by the end of exposure they equalized the initial values in case of control groups, whereas showed 1.17 fold decrease and 1.1 fold increase respectively in 1/5th LC50 compared to 1/10th LC50 concentration. The sublethal toxicity impact (either negative or positive) of ‘dichlorvos’ on biochemical (proximate) composition of fingerling common carp was in the order of crude fat > ash > moisture > crude protein. Though toxicant impact was seemed to be somewhat less on crude protein, the intensity of damage due to this on nutritive value of fish is more compared to its counter parts. The findings of present lethal and sublethal toxicity studies would be helpful in framing guidelines to protect aquatic animals against physiological death (i.e., mortality) and ecological death (i.e., unable to function in an ecological context, due to altered biological activities) respectively.
Open Access
STUDIES ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL IN GROWOUT PHASE OF FINFISH SPECIES IN FLOATING NET CAGES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-08) GANESH, GUGULOTHU; CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B (MAJOR); CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, A; MADHAVI, K
The present studies were conducted at the closed bay near Suryalanka, Baptla, Guntur on “Studies on growth and survival in grow out phase of finfish species in floating net cages.” Total three (3) studies were conducted. The first study was on the effect of stocking density on growth and survival of seabass Lates calcarifer floating net cages in closed bay, Baptla. Triplicates groups of sea bass with an average initial weight of 10.28±1.08were randomly stocked in floating net cages(1m×1m×2m) at 4,6,8 and 10fish/m3 designated as SD4, SD6, SD8 and SD10 respectively. Seabass in the cages were fed with 35% CP formulated diet at 5% of body weight twice daily. Sampling was done 15 days. At the end of the stocking trail, growth in terms of body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival rate of fish was high in SD4 than those in SD6, SD8 and SD10. Total Feed conversion ratio was lower in SD4 Followed by SD6, SD8 and SD10. The cages stocked with 4 fish/m3 have highest growth performance and survival. 4 fish/m3 showed better survival percentage than SD6, SD8 and SD10. Water quality parameters were at optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 4 fish/m3 could be recommend for producing better quality sea bass and 10 fish/m3 for highest number of production. Second study was conducted to study the effect of stocking density on growth and survival of milk fish, Chanos chanos in floating net cages in closed bay, Baptla. Triplicates groups of milk fish with an average initial weight of 351.72±1.05 were randomly stocked in floating net cages (1m×1m×2m) at 6,8,10, and 12 fish/m3 designated as SD6, SD8, SD10 and SD12 respectively. Milk fish in the cages were fed with 35% formulated diet at 3% body weight below 350g and 2% of body weight above 500g of milk fish twicely. Sampling was done15 days. At the end of the stocking trail, growth in terms of body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate of fish was high in SD6 than those in SD8, SD10 and SD12. The cages stocked with SD6 fish/m3 have highest growth performance and survival is all stocking densities same performance. Water quality parameter were optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 6 fish/m3 could be recommended for producing better quality milk fish and12 fish/m3 for highest number of production. Another experiment was conducted to study the effect of stocking density on growth of milk fish brood stock in floating net cages in closed bay, Baptla. Triplicates groups of milk fish with an average initial weight of 720.30±1.36 were randomly stocked in floating net cages (1m×1m×2m) at 2, 4, 6 and 8 fish/m3 designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Milk fish in the cages were fed with 35% formulated diet at 2% body of milk fish twicely. Sampling was done15 days. At the end of the stocking trail, growth in terms of body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate of fish was high in T1 than those in T2, T3 and T4. The cages stocked with T1 fish/m3 have highest growth performance and survival is all stocking densities same performance. Water quality parameter were optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 2 fish/m3 brood stock could be recommended for producing better quality milk fish and 8 fish/m3 for highest number of production.
Open Access
EFFECT OF DIETARY TRYPTOPHAN SUPPLEMENTATION ON CANNIBALISM, SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF JUVENILE STRIPED MURREL, CHANNA STRIATA
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-11) CHINNARI, M; CHANDRASEKHARARAO, A (MAJOR); RAVINDRAKUMARREDDY, D; MADHAVI, K
The present study “Effect of dietary tryptophan supplementation on cannibalism, survival and growth of juvenile striped murrel, Channa striata” was conducted in the Wet Laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture, College of Fishery Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Muthukur, Nellore Dist. A 63 day feeding trail was conducted to evaluate the effect of different dietary tryptophan supplementation on growth, SGR, FCR, survival and cannibalism in C. striata juveniles. Two hundred and twenty five juveniles were distributed into 5 treatment groups (200 lit tank, 15fish per tank and 0.90 gm in body weight and 3.00 cm in total length). Each treatment group in triplicate setup was fed with a diet containing either 0% (T1), 0.25% (T2), 0.75% (T3), 1% (T4) L- Tryptophan supplementation in the diet. Results obtained in the weekly sampling were subjected to statistical analysis. The water quality parameters recorded were with the optimal range for fish culture. Tryptophan supplemented diets were effective in the reducing the aggressive behavior in juveniles resulted in reduction of cannibalism in treatment diets than in Control. Lowest cannibalism was recorded in the T3 (2.3±0.451) and T4 (2.3± 0.351). The highest survival rate (77.7%) was noticed in the T3 treatment and the lowest was in Control. Growth enhancement was also obtained in the tryptophan supplementations diet treatments. At the end of experiment period, the highest average body weight of 8.15gm (T3 – 0.75% TRP) and the lowest average body weight of 6.49 gm (C – 0.0% TRP) was observed among all varied tryptophan percentage supplementation treatments. The highest weight gain of 7.23 gm was observed in T3 animals and lowest 5.56 gm in Control. The lowest FCR values of 1.59 better suited for culture of juvenile C. striata was found in T3 diet among all experimental diets. In all the tryptophan supplementation treatments the highest SGR (3.45%) was observed in T3 and the lowest recorded for Control (3.07%).
Open Access
PATHOGENICITY OF Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) AND ASSOCIATED WHITE FECES SYNDROME (WFS) IN FARM RAISED Litopenaeus vannamei PONDS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-11) ANUSHA, BOKKA; Haribabu, P (MAJOR); Neeraja, T; Madhavi, K
Microsporidian parasite Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an emerging pathogen of cultured penaeid shrimp causing hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM). This parasite causes slow growth in cultured shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in many of the shrimp growing countries globally. In addition to this, from 2016 onwards a new disease called white feces syndrome (WFS) has been negatively impacting the shrimp farming industry. In the present study, shrimp samples from various L. vannamei ponds from different mandals of SPSR Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India collected over a period of five months from February to June, 2018. During the study period, the growth, survival and economic analysis of L. vannamei production was observed between EHP and WFS affected and unaffected ponds. Further, the prevalence of EHP and WFS was studied besides predisposing factors for EHP and WFS in L. vannamei. Nellore district was chosen as the study area in view of abundant L.vannamei shrimp farming activities in the district. The net weight gain (g) for normal ponds was ranging from 25.00-33.33g, for WFS infected ponds was ranging from 14.28-20.00 g followed by EHP infected ponds showed range from 6.66- 12.50 g. The survival rate was maximum at 37/m2 for normal ponds and minimum at 116/m2 for white feces infected ponds. In this study, the economic analysis of the shrimp farming practices was carried out for one crop with a culture period of 2 to 4 months or 60-120 days. In the present study, normal ponds recorded the gross sales of shrimp ranging from ₹8-14 lakh with the production cost per kg was Rs 230-390. Similarly, for white feces infected ponds, gross sale value of shrimp ranging from ₹5-18 lakh with average production cost per kg was Rs 165-350. And for EHP infected ponds gross sale returns was ranged from ₹84,000 to 8 lakh with production cost per kg was 120-230 rupees respectively. Important diagnosis were histopathological studies and by PCR. Histological observations of infected shrimps showed the degeneration of hepatopancreatic tubules, haemocytic infiltration, basophilic inclusions, melanised granuloma and large number of spore aggregations in the tubule lumen. From this study, out of 57 pond case studies, 41 cases showed EHP in WFS ponds with 80% prevalence and for WFS ponds showed 89% prevalence. In this study, the highest prevalence for white feces syndrome was observed in Muthukur mandal compared to the other mandals due to high stocking densities. The predisposing factors for EHP and white feces syndrome was Low quality seed, Vibrio bacterial infection and / or EHP infection might be responsible for white feces syndrome, High stocking densities, Over feeding or improper feed management, Contamination of white feces from infected ponds to healthy ponds, High water temperatures, Lack of proper Biosecurity measures, Poor/No pond preparation prior to stock PL’s are some of the factors associated with.

Thesis

Browse

Thesis Type

Type

Author

Date

Subject

Search Results