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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of superovulatory response in Sahiwal x Jersey crossbred cows with different doses of FSH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-01) PRIDHVIDHAR REDDY, Y.V; Veerabramhaiah, K(MAJOR); Mouli Krishna, K; Ravindra Reddy, YThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF VARIOUS METHODS OF EARLY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS IN GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2014-10) SRILATHA, BETHAPUDI; VENKATA NAIDU, G (Major); SRINIVAS, MANDA; DEVI PRASAD, VABSTRACT: The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the different methods of early pregnancy diagnosis viz., Heat-aid rapid detection kit, Serum progesterone assay, Punyakoti test and Transrectal ultrasonography and to compare between and among different methods. The present study was conducted on 86 Graded Murrah buffaloes aged between 4 to 8 years showing estrus signs and were artificially inseminated upon rectal and ultrasonographic observations. These were randomly divided into four test groups and pregnancy diagnosis was carried out at an early stage from day 20 post insemination. Pregnancy diagnosis in Group 1 (Heat-aid kit) was carried out using qualitative commercial kit on day 21 post insemination with appearance of pink colour in nonpregnant and no colour change in pregnant buffaloes. Buffaloes in Group II (Serum progesterone assay) were analyzed for early pregnancy with estimation of serum progesterone concentration on day 21 post insemination using ELISA and were recorded as 4.63 ± 0.93 and 0.954 ± 0.318 ng/ml in pregnant and nonpregnant buffaloes, respectively. Pregnancy diagnosis in Group III (Punyakoti test) was undertaken using seed germination inhibition test at day 26 post insemination and the buffaloes diagnosed pregnant showed significant inhibition of seed germination and shoot length than the nonpregnant buffaloes with a mean germination inhibition percentage (%) and shoot length (cm) of 70.66 ± 1.63 ; 3.33 ± 0.074 and 45.99 ± 1.84 ; 5.44 ± 0.17 in pregnant and nonpregnant buffaloes, respectively. Buffaloes in Group IV (Transrectal ultrasonography) were analyzed for early pregnancy using ultrasound at day 20, 25 and 30 post insemination. Pregnant buffaloes showed anechoic embryonic vesicle within the echogenic uterus on day 20, expansion of embryonic vesicle and embryo proper in some buffaloes on day 25 and clear visualization of anechoic embryonic vesicle and echogenic embryo proper in all pregnant buffaloes on day 30 post insemination. Confirmation of pregnancy in all the buffaloes that were selected in the four test groups was done by rectal examination at day 45-60 post insemination. The overall diagnostic accuracy of Group I, II, III and IV was 93.75, 85.00, 75.00 and 100 per cent on days 21, 21, 26 and 30 post insemination. The study concluded that Heat-aid kit and Transrectal ultrasonography was 100 per cent accurate in diagnosing nonpregnancy. Among all the diagnostic techniques in the present study, transrectal ultrasonography was more accurate in diagnosing pregnancy and nonpregnancy from day 25 post insemination.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF VARIOUS GROWTH FACTORS AND HORMONES ON IN VITRO CULTURE OF GOAT PREANTRAL FOLLICLES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-02) TEJA, ALLU; SADA SIVA RAO, K (Major); ARUNA KUMARI, G; RAGHAVENDER, K. B. PThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF MODE OF ADMINISTRATION (SINGLE AND MULTIPLE DOSES) OF FSH ON SUPEROVULATORY RESPONSE IN SAHIWAL COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-08) VENKATESWARA REDDY, Ch; Veerabramhaiah, K (Major); Mouli Krishna, K; Veena, PABSTRACT : Superovulaory response with different mode of administration of FSHp was studied in Sahiwal cows based on estrus response, number of ovulations, embryos recovery and anovulated follicles including endocrine response. All the selected donor cows were synchronized with double PG prior to superovulation and on 3rd day of superovulation with single PG. The difference in the interval between PG treatment and onset of estrus and duration of estrus between the cows synchronized prior to and after superovulation with 250 mg of FSHp in multiple doses (group I) and single dose (group II) was significant (P<0.05). Higher percentage of cows showed intense estrus in group I cows and intermediate estrus in group II cows. Superovulation of group I donor cows resulted in development of 8.50 ± 0.56 and 5.67 ± 0.56 mean number of follicles and mean number of ovulations, respectively and the same in group II donor cows were 5.17 ± 0.17 and 3.33 ± 0.21, respectively. The difference in the total follicles and total ovulations were significantly (P<0.05) higher in group Icows than in group II 12 cows. The overall total mean number of anovulations were significantly higher in group I (2.83 ± 0.17) compared to group II (1.83 ± 0.31). The overall mean number of embryos, transferable embryos and unfertilized ova recovered from group I donor cows were 3.17 ± 0.65, 2.33 ± 0.42 and 0.83 ± 0.31, respectively per collection with an overall mean recovery percentage of 55.88 ± 7.68. The corresponding values in group II donor cows were 1.67 ± 0.21, 1.00 ± 0.26 and 0.67 ± 0.21, per collection with an overall mean recovery percentage of 50.00 ± 6.09. The total number of embryos and transferable embryos recovered after superovulation were insignificantly (P>0.05) higher in group I cows than in group II cows. Embryos collected were cryopreserved by OPS vitrification method. In Group I and II, the overall mean progesterone concentrations recorded on different days of synchronization and superovulation i.e., at 2nd PGF2α, synchronized estrus, initiation of superovulation, PGF2α on 3rd day of superovulation, super estrus and embryo collection were 5.08 ± 0.83, 2.24 ± 0.22,5.24 ± 0.53, 5.12 ± 0.53, 1.93 ± 0.60 and 6.53 ± 0.41 ng/ml, respectively and 3.98 ± 0.83, 2.47 ± 0.22,5.39 ± 0.53, 4.31 ± 0.53, 2.49 ± 0.51 and 4.80 ± 0.56 ng/ml, respectively. The overall mean estrogen concentrations on same days were 15.05 ± 0.55, 26.30 ± 1.20, 17.46 ± 0.54, 32.16 ± 2.41, 39.04 ± 1.06 and 17.72 ± 0.45 pg/ml, respectively in group I and 20.20 ± 0.99, 24.14 ± 0.86, 21.76 ± 0.74, 32.41 ± 2.08, 38.22 ± 0.86 and 20.05 ± 1.03 pg/ml, respectively in group II. The concentrations of progesterone and estrogen at the time of embryo collection were significantly (P<0.05) different between Group I and II. But the difference between the groups at 2nd PGF2α administration and synchronized estrus and after administration of PGF2α, at the time initiation of superovulation, PGF2α administration, super estrus and embryo collection was not significant (P>0.05). There was a positive and significant (P<0.05) correlation between concentrations of progesterone at synchronized estrus and super estrus in group I while a negative and significant (P<0.05) correlation between 2nd PG and anovlations;initiation of superovulation and embryo collection and superovulation PG and embryo collection in group II. The concentration of estrogen at 2nd PG with recovered embryos and transferable embryos and at initiation of superovulation with anovulations was positively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated in Group I and at 2nd PG with recovered embryos and 13 transferable embryos and at initiation of superovulation with transferable embryos was negatively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGY OF UTERINE NEOPLASIA IN INFERTILE CROSSBRED COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-03) SUNNY PRAVEEN, K; Mouli Krishna, K (Major); Veerabramaiah, K; Srilatha, ChABSTRACT : The objective of the present study was to ascertain the prevalence and cytological, histopathological description of uterine neoplasia in infertile crossbred cows. To fulfill the objective, cytopathology, histopathology and AgNOR were taken up. In the present study clinical and gross observations in slaughter house crossbred genitalia were uterine wall thickening (61.53%), purulent discharge (21.15%), slimy discharge (9.61%), whitish foci over endometrium (21.15%), endometrial congestion (11.53%), petechiae over caruncles (7.69%) and atrophied caruncles (flattened endometrium) (5.76%). Furthermore clinical observations in infertile crossbred cows noticed were thickened uterus (73.68%), extended estrus duration (68.42%), irregular estrus cycle (78.94%), and copious discharge (52.63%). Cytological studies revealed abnormal cellular pattern suspicious of neoplasia in 82.69% in slaughter house genitalia and 42.10% in infertile crossbred cows. Whereas, 17.30% slaughter house genitalia and 57.89% infertile crossbred cows presented normal epithelial cellular pattern. Based on histopathological studies 73.07% neoplasia and 21.15% dysplasia in slaughter house genitalia, whereas 31.57% neoplasia and 5.26% eosinophilia in infertile crossbred cows. However chronic endometritis was found in 5.76 and 5.26% in slaughter house genitalia and infertile crossbred cows, respectively. The neoplasms recorded in slaughter house crossbred genitalia were adenocarcinoma (65.78%), followed by lymphosarcoma (7.90%), haemangiosarcoma and haemangiosarcoma with adenocarcinoma both accounted to 5.26% each. In adenocarcinoma, histiocytic adenocarcinoma, scirrhous adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, and papillary adenocarcinoma were accounted to 20 (5), 12 (3), 12 (3) and 4% (1), respectively. Other neoplasms reported were histiocytoma, fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, myxosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma with haemangiopericytoma, leiomyosarcoma with adenocarcinoma and lymphosarcoma with adenocarcinoma each accounted to 2.63%. Whereas in infertile crossbred cows the highest prevalence of the neoplasm in uterus was adenocarcinoma, haemangiosarcoma accounted to 50% each. In adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma accounted to 33.33%. The mean AgNOR count varied from 5.2 to 8.7 with a mean of 6.45 ± 0.06 per cell in neoplasia. Whereas for dysplasia and chronic endometritis AgNOR count varied from 4.0 to 4.3 and 3.1 to 3.2 with a mean of 4.17 ± 0.09 and 3.16 ± 0.10 per cell, respectively. The AgNOR counts significantly differed between groups (P ≤ 0.05). Finally it was concluded that uterine neoplasia could be one of the contributing factors to infertility and special focus may be given to cytopathology so as to initially screen the chronic infertile cows for neoplasia.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN TRANSITION COWS AND POST PARTUM ENDOMETRIAL CYTOLOGY(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-03) RAVI BABU, G; Mouli Krishna, K; Veerabramaiah, K; Padmaja, KABSTRACT : The transition period is physiologically the most important, highly sensitive and venerable in the reproductive life of dairy cows. The physiological and metabolic changes occurring in peripartum period imposes oxidative stress and directs the subsequent reproductive events in dairy cows. The objective of the study was to evaluate oxidative stress, antioxidant status and endometrial cytology for predicting the uterine involution in cows. A total of 14 multiparous crossbred cows maintained in a commercial farm were assigned to group I (8 Healthy) & II (6 Infected). Blood samples were collected periodically on day -10, 0, 10, 25 and CUI. Spectrophoto-metric procedures were adopted to determine concentrations of MDA, Vit.E, GSH, glucose, total proteins and SOD and Catalase activity, in addition to endometrial cytological smears on day 25 and CUI. Neutrophils counts were decreasing after day 25 and in infected group II the counts were significantly higher. Values of MDA, Vit.E, GSH and Catalase activity were significantly different (p≤0.05) between collections in group I and II while, glucose and total proteins remained within physiological ranges. Progesterone concentration significantly different (p≤0.05) between collections in group I and II. The cows in group II had high lipid peroxidese and low antioxidant status during early part of the experiment and was affected with uterine infections. It was concluded that there were significant differences between two groups of cows investigated. The high MDA profiles recorded on day 0 and low antioxidant status observed in group II animals might have compromised host`s immune defense and suffered them from uterine infections. Further, the presence of neutrophils significantly in high percentages in uterine cytological smears obtained at CUI (after morphological completion of uterine involution) indicates the persistence of infection after declaring completion of involution. From the present study, it was suggested that the routine rectal examination of the tract is insufficient to conclude completion of involution. It was felt that in routine practice the endometrial cytology may be adopted in clinical diagnosis of uterine involution.ThesisItem Open Access TREATMENT OF POSTPARTUM ANESTRUS BY USING CERTAIN HORMONAL COMBINATIONS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF FERTILITY IN BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2014-02) MULLA SANDANI BASHA SHAIK; VENKATA NAIDU, G (Major); SREENU, MAKKENA; SRINIVAS, MANDAABSTRACT : The aim of the present study was to test the efficacy of the Norgestomet and Ovsynch alone and in combination for the treatment of postpartum anoestrus buffaloes on conception rate. The present study was conducted on forty eight postpartum (3 to 8 months) anoestrus buffaloes suffering from postpartum ovarian inactivity confirmed on the basis of rectal palpation and serum progesterone concentrations. Buffaloes were randomly assigned in to three treatment groups and a control group of twelve animals each. Buffaloes in treatment Group A (Ovsynch) were administered 20μg of GnRH (Receptal) on the day of initiation of treatment, Seven days later 25mg of PGF2α (Lutalyse) administered and again 10μg of GnRH (Receptal) on day 9. Buffaloes in treatment Group B (Norgestomet) were treated by inserting a Crestar ear implant containing 1.3gm of norgestomet and 2ml of Crestar injection containing 3mg of norgestomet and 5mg of estradiol valerate on the day of initiation of treatment. On day 7, PGF2α @ 25mg was injected intra muscularly and Crestar implant was removed on day 9. Buffaloes in treatment Group C (Ovsynch plus Norgestomet) were treated with Ovsynch protocol plus Crestar ear implant for a period of seven days starting from first GnRH (Day 0) to PGF2α injection (Day7) of Ovsynch. The buffalo cows which were bred at natural physiological estrus were treated as control (Group D). The buffaloes which responded exhibited estrus within three days and were bred at observed induced estrus and at subsequent estrus. Higher number of postpartum anoestrus buffaloes, treated with Norgestomet in Group B and C exhibited intense to intermediate estrus, while in Ovsynch treated Group B the estrus signs were intermediate to weak. The estrus response following hormonal treatment was 66.66 (8/12), 100.00 (12/12), and 100.00 (12/12) per cent in A (Ovsynch), B (Norgestomet) and C (Ovsynch plus Norgestomet) groups, respectively. An ovulatory response of 75 (6/8), 66.66 (8/12), 75 (9/12) per cent were observed in Ovsynch, Norgestomet, Ovsynch plus Norgestomet groups, respectively. The conception rates at induced estrus were 16.67 (2/12), 33.33 (4/12), 41.67 (5/12) per cent in Ovsynch, Norgestomet, Ovsynch plus Norgestomet groups, respectively. The overall conception rate among the anestrous animals treated was higher (75.00%) in Ovsynch plus Norgestomet group followed by Norgestomet (58.33%), Ovsynch (25.00%) and 16.67 per cent in control group. The progesterone profile could be used to assess the anestrus, estrus, luteolysis and CL formation which is an indicative of ovulation and thus used to determine the effectiveness of hormonal therapy.ThesisItem Open Access SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS AND OVULATION IN POSTPARTUM ACYCLIC CROSSBRED COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI – 517 502 [A.P.] INDIA, 2015-11) RAMALAKSHMI, N; SRINIVAS, M (Major); MOULI KRISHNA, K; SREEDEVI, BABSTRACT: The present Research work was undertaken by utilizing 24 postpartum acyclic crossbred cows maintained under diverse (village) managemental conditions. The work was designed to study the efficacy of different synchronization protocols viz., Ovsynch (Group I), Ovsynch+PRID (Group II) and PRID+PG (Group III) based on estrus response, duration of estrus, intensity of estrus, serum progesterone concentration and conception rate. The estrus response and duration of estrus after synchronization of postpartum acyclic crossbred cows inGroup I, Group II and Group III was 75.00, 100.00 and 87.50 percent; 50.62±8.39hrs, 68.00±2.61hrs and 58.63±9.36 hrs,respectively. Intensity of estrus exhibited was high of (62.5%) when synchronized with Ovsynch+PRID protocol followed by PRID+PG (50.0%) andOvsynch (25.0%) protocols. In Ovsynch (12.5% weak, 62.5% intermediate and 25% intense) Ovsynch+PRID, (0% weak, 37.5% intermediate and 62.5% intense) and PRID+PG, (12.5% weak, 37.5% intermediate and 50% intense). The mean serum progesterone concentrations in Group I, Group II and Group III on day ‘0’ were 2.56±1.04ng/ml, 1.66±0.24 ng/ml and 1.43±0.32 ng/ml,respectively and at the time of AI they were 7.60±0.87 ng/ml, 1.86±0.28 ng/ml and 2.50±0.65 ng/ml, respectively. The difference in the serum progesterone concentrations amongst all the three synchronization protocols was non-significant (P>0.05) recorded on day ‘0’ and day of AI. The first service conception rate was 50% and 50% in crossbred acyclic cows synchronized with Ovsynchand PRID+PG protocols, respectively while it was comparatively lower in Ovsynch+PRID protocol (37.50%). The overall conception rate in Ovsynch, Ovsynch+PRID and PRID+PG protocols was 50%, 50% and 62.50%. It was concluded from the present study that Ovsynch+PRID protocol obtained better estrus exhibition, while PRID+PG was found to be effective in getting optimum conception rate with fixed time artificial inseminationin postpartum acyclic crossbred cows.ThesisItem Open Access EFFICACY OF PROSTAGLANDIN INDUCED MILK FLOW TEST (PGIMFT) FOR EARLY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS IN ONGOLE (Bos indicus) COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502 (A.P) INDIA., 2015-10) SATISH, SANAPATI; MUTHA RAO, M (Major); VENKATA NAIDU, G; DEVI PRASAD, VABSTRACT : The aim of this research was to determine the accuracy and efficacy of PGIMFT for early diagnosis of pregnancy in Ongole cows. The diagnosis of pregnancy was based on observation of milk ejection response due to release of luteal oxytocin induced by intravenous administration of non-luteolytic dose of PGF2α. The study was performed on 42 lactating cows, 22-23 days post insemination, 5 hours after morning milking. The cows were divided into 3 groups; 250μg of PGF2α (Group I, n=16) and 500μg of PGF2α (Group II, n=16) were administered intrajugularly, while group III cows served as control. The pregnancy status was confirmed by per rectal examination 45-60 days post AI. It was found that the accuracy of the test did not vary between the groups. However, the accuracy of positive result (90.47 vs. 84.61%), negative result (45.45 vs. 25.0%) and overall diagnostic accuracy (75.0 vs. 61.90%) non-significantly exceeded that obtained by ELISA of plasma progesterone method. The test being inexpensive, rapid, easy to interpret, field friendly and does not require highly qualified personnel to perform, can be used for early pregnancy diagnosis with reasonable accuracy.