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ThesisItem Open Access HAEMATOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND ENDOMETRIAL HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN POSTPARTUM EWES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-06) ANJAIAH, V; MOULI KRISHNA, K(MAJOR); VENU GOPAL NAIDU; SRI LATHA, Ch; MOHAN NAIDU, GThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF OOCYTE RETRIEVAL METHODS AND STAGE OF ESTROUS CYCLE ON QUANTITY AND QUALITY CHARACTERlSTlCS OF OOCYTES IN LOCAL GOATS OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-12) LAKAVATH RAMSINGH; SOLMON RAJU, K.G(MAJOR); SADASIVA RAO, K; CHANDRA SEKHAR, E.LThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF ANESTRUM IN CROSSBRED CATTLE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-05) KASTHURI, K; VENUGOPAL NAIDU, K(MAJOR); MOULI KRISHNA, K; SRILATHA, Ch.ABSTRACT : Studies on anestrum in cattle with special reference to treatment regimen were undertaken at Veterinary hospitals and villages in and around Tirupati. A total of 624 cattle (335 heifers and 289 cows) with a history of not coming to heat were examined. The incidence of anestrum, cystic ovaries, persistent corpus luteum due to uterine Pathology and pregnancy were found to be 93.11, 1.60, 2.73 and 2.56 per cent, respectively. The anestrus cattle were classified into true anestrum (59.90%) and subestrm (40.10%). The incidence of anestrum was 43.08 per cent among crosssbred cows as per the data of Animal Husbandry Department, Chittoor for the year 1998-99 to 2004-05. The mean values of hemoglobin, serum calcium, serum inorganic phosphorus and serum iron profiles were found to be significantly lower in anestrus cattle than in normal cyclic cattle. Among 96 cattle treated with various treatment protocols, the estrus response was found to be markedly better in PMSG (75.00%) group compared to KI (70.83%), mineral mixture (70.83%) and GnRH (66.66%) groups. Interval between treatment and onset of estrus was noticed to be significantly earlier in PMSG group. However, the duration of estrus was longer in cattle treated with PMSG. The intensity of estrus was observed to be better in PMSG, GnRH and mineral mixture groups than in KI group. The first service conception rate and overall conception rate was higher in PMSG group. Synchronization of estrus in 40 subestrus cows with various treatment protocols revealed that the estrus response was observed to be 100 per cent in double PGF2, GnRH-PGF2-GnRH and CIDR protocols except in single PGF2 (90%) protocol. Interval between treatment and onset of estrus was observed to be significantly shorter in GnRH-PGF2- GnRH treatment group. The duration of estrus was also observed to be significantly shorter in single PGF2. The intensity of estrus was noticed to be better in CIDR, double PGF2 and GnRH-PGF2-GnRH groups compared to single PGF2 group. The first service conception rate and overall conception rate was higher in double PGF2 (40 and 70%, respectively) and GnRH-PGF2-GnRH (40 and 70%, respectively) groups than single PGF2 (33.33 and 66.66%, respectively) and CIDR (30 and 40%, respectively) treatment regimens. It is concluded that treatment of true anestrus cattle with GnRH, PMSG and synchronization of subestrus cows with double PGF2 and GnRH-PGF2-GnRH protocols proved to more effective and can be utilized under field conditions to curtail these two reproductive hazards.ThesisItem Open Access AUGMENTATION OF FERTILITY IN REPEAT BREEDER CROSS BRED COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-10) KRISHNA KUMAR, R; VENUGOPAL NAIDU, K(MAJOR); MOULIKRISHNA, K; SREENIVASULU, DABSTRACT : The studies on “Augmentation of fertility in repeat breeder cross bred cows” were carried out at Department of Animal Reproduction and Gynaecology, college of veterinary science, Tirupati by utilising 60 repeat breeders cross bred cows and 30 normal breeders cross bred cows. The repeat breeder cross bred cows were subjected to various treatments such as GnRH, hCG, Placentrex, Double insemination on day 0 and compared the efficacy of the treatment groups with the control group. The incidence of repeat breeding was 36.93 per cent among infertility cases examined during the present study. Where as the incidence of repeat breeding was 4.38 per cent in cross bred cows. It was analysed as per the data of Animal Husbandry Department, Chittoor for the years of 1998-99 to 2004-05. The incidence of short, normal and long estrous cycles was 16.66, 56.67 and 26.67 per cent in normal breeders and 20, 51.67 and 28.33 per cent in repeat breeders respectively. The duration of estrus in repeat breeder cows (73.33per cent) was higher than the normal breeders (50per cent). In the present investigation, the cervical discharge of repeat breeder was thick in consistency (65 per cent) than in normal breeder cows (10per cent). The fern pattern of cervical mucus was mostly atypical (60 per cent) in repeat breeder cows when compared to normal breeders cows (20 per cent). The average pH of the cervical mucus of repeat breeder cows (7.68±0.15) was significantly higher than in normal breeder cows (6.95±0.14). Spinnbarkeit (SBK) values of cervical mucus of repeat breeder cows (8.33±0.32 cm) were significantly lower than in normal breeder cows (15.86 ± 0.66 cm). The mean values of haemoglobin, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, alkalinephosphatase activity and acidphosphatase activity were found to be 10.84±0.31gm%/dl, 10.65±0.29mg/dl, 4.74± 0.15mg/dl, 6.02±0.35KAU and 1.87±0.13KAU in normal breeders respectively and 9.55±0.25 gm%/dl, 10.92±0.26 mg/dl, 3.75±0.08 mg/dl, 11.38±0.49 KAU and 2.33±0.24 KAU in repeat breeders respectively. The haemoglobin and the serum inorganic phosphorus levels in repeat breeders were significantly lower than the normal breeders. The serum alkalinephosphatase and acidphosphatase activity were significantly higher in repeat breeders than the normal breeders. However no significant change was noticed in serum calcium levels in both repeat breeders and normal breeders. The conception rates in repeat breeding cross bred cows to first insemination, second insemination and overall were observed to be 50.00, 16.67 and 58.33 percent in GnRH treated group; 58.33, 20.00 and 66.66 percent in hCG treated group; 41.67, 28.57 and 58.33 percent in Placentrex treated group; 33.33, 12.50 and 41.66 percent in Double insemination group and 8.33, 9.10 and 16.67 percent for control groups respectively. Higher conception rate was observed in hCG treated repeat breeder cows. To conclude in the present study, the enhanced conception rates were observed in all the three hormones treated and double inseminated cross bred cows when compared to control.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SCROTAL BIOMETRY AND SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH FERTILITY IN ONGOLE BULLS (Bos indicus)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-10) THIRUMALA RAO, T; BABU RAO, K(MAJOR); VENU GOPAL NAIDU, K; SARJAN RAO, KABSTRACT: The biometry of scrotum and testes, age, body weight, semen characteristics and fertility rates were studied in two groups of pure Ongole breed bulls. Group-I (n=25) constitutes retrospective analysis of data previously generated in respect of above characters on mature bulls aged between 3 and 9 years. Group-II (n=9) bulls aged between 3 and 6 years were subjected to semen collection once a week and their body weight and scrotal biometry was recorded in different age group. 90 ejaculates equally distributed between bulls were used to study various physical characters and the fertility rate of each bull was evaluated by inseminating 20 estrus cows per bull. The average body weight of Group-I and Group-II bulls was 715.76 and 481.11 Kg and their mean age was 84.56 and 50.33 months respectively. A significant positive correlation (P<0.01) was observed between age and body weight in the both groups of bulls. The average scrotal circumference was measured to be 36.68 and 36.22 cm in Group-I and Group-II bulls respectively. The mean length and width testes was found to be 13.77 and 9.83 in Group-I bulls and 15.22 and 9.78 cm in Group-II bulls respectively. The scrotal circumference, testicular length and width were found to be uniformly increasing up to 5 to 6 years of age in both groups of bulls. In both groups the age, body weight and scrotal circumference were positively correlated. The overall mean ejaculate volume was measured to be 5.78 and 4.88 ml in Group-I and Group-II respectively. The mean mass activity was 2.95 and 2.50 in Group-I and Group-II respectively. The overall mean percentage of initial motility was recorded as 75.00 and 71.00 in Group-I and Group-II respectively. Significant difference was noticed between bulls of both groups in respect of mass activity and initial motility which may be attributed to individual variation. The mean ejaculate volume was significantly (P<0.05) different between bulls and between collections of Group-I. The mean sperm concentration (millions per ml) was 1337.80 and 1176.00 in Group-I and Group-II bulls respectively. Significant difference (P<0.05) was observed between bulls and between collections in Group-I, where as in Group-II bulls no significant difference was noticed both between bulls and between collections. 80.03 and 70.88 per cent of live sperms were recorded in both Group-I and Group-II bulls respectively and there was significant (P<0.05) difference was observed between bulls of both groups. The overall mean percentage of head, mid piece, tail and total sperm abnormalities in Group-I and Group-II bulls respectively was 2.3, 1.04, 3.34 and 6.83 and 2.43, 0.96, 4.72 and 8.08. The total sperm abnormalities differed significantly (P<0.01) between bulls of both groups. Pre thaw and post the motility studies, which were conducted in Group-II bulls, revealed mean values as 69.55 per cent and 57.85 per cent. The post the motility was significantly (P<0.05) lower than pre freeze motility. The overall fertility rate of Group-I and Group-II bulls was 71.63 per cent and 63.55 per cent respectively. In both the groups the bulls with maximum scrotal circumference (40 cm) showed highest (>85 per cent) fertility rates. The fertility rate was observed to be positively and significantly and correlated with scrotal circumference, sperm concentration, mass activity and percentage of live spermatozoa. From the results of the present study it may be concluded that the age, body weight and scrotal circumference were positively correlated. The pre freeze motility was significantly higher than post motility. The fertility rate was found to be consistently higher in Ongole in comparison to other Indian breeds.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN PERIPARTURIENT CROSSBRED COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-10) SIVA NAGA PAVANI, Ch.; MOULI KRISHNA, K(MAJOR); VENUGOPAL NAIDU, K; PADMAJA, KABSTRACT: The periparturient period is, physiologically, the most important, highly sensitive and vulnerable in the reproductive life of dairy cows. A greater and abrupt physiological and metabolic change occurs in peripartum period and directs the subsequent reproductive events in dairy cows. If the body's homeostasis is disturbed, oxidative stress may result, which may affect the health. The supplementation of antioxidants to preparturn cows was known to ameliorate the oxidative stress. In view of this the present study was planned with the objective to ascertain the beneficiary role of antioxidants in periparturient crossbred cows. A total of 22 healthy pregnant crossbred cows maintained under similar conditions were selected and uniformly divided into group I and 11. Cows in group I were administered injections of vit. E (1000 mg) and Se (30rng) 2-3 week prior to calving and group I1 served as control. Blood samples were collected fiom each cow at -3, -2, -1, 0 and 1 week peripartum into heparinized vacutainer. Oxidative stress expressed in terms of nmol of MDA per mg Hb was estimated in blood and acute phase proteins viz., seromucoid, fibrinogen and ceruloplasmin were estimated in blood plasma. The incidence of RFM in group I and I1 was 36.36 (411 1) and 45.45% (511 l), respectively. In the present study the trend of MDA level was almost similar both in group I and I1 and not varied between collections. There was no significant difference in MDA levels between the RFM affected and non-RFM cows in both groups. However, group I1 RFM affected cows had significantly higher MDA levels over non-RFM cows. In the present study the overall trend in the mean levels of seromucoid was a slow and gradual increase upto 0 wk and later a sharp elevation by 1 week (Pc0.05) both in group I and 11. Similar pattern was observed in the profiles of fibrinogen but not significant. The levels of ceruloplasmin were not altered significantly between and within groups. It was concluded that administration of antioxidants neither ameliorated the oxidative stress nor reduced the incidence of RFM.ThesisItem Open Access INVITRO STUDIES ON UTERINE FLUSHING IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT PHASES OF ESTROUS CYCLE AND REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS IN BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-03) RAVINDRA PRASAD, Ch; SADASIVA RAO, K(MAJOR); BABU RAO, K; GIRISH KUMAR, VABSTRACT: The study on invitro studies on uterine flushings in relation to different phases of estrous cycle and reproductive disorders was carried out by procuring female buffalo genitalia from abattoirs of Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad and Alkabeer slaughter house private limited, Medak district. The incidence of abnormal genital tracts were 30.41 per cent among 1398 genitalia examined during the present study. Among the genital abnormalities, ovarian abnormalities (12.09%) oviductal abnormalities (3.15%), uterine abnormalities (10.09%), Cervical abnormalities (4.15%) and miscellaneous abnormalities (0.93%) were observed. The total protein level in uterine flushings were high (1.80 gr %) in endometritis condition. The albumin levels were recorded low (0.19 gr %) in follicular cyst and no significant difference was found in the globulin and albumin and globulin ratio. The cholesterol levels were non-significant between the phases of estrous cycle and among the disorders. Significantly high alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in cystic condition of the ovaries, follicular cyst (1 06.97 KAU) and lateral cyst (1 56.62 KAU) respectively. The mineral concentration was found to be non-significnat among the phases of estrous cycle and reproductive disorders. The cellular count regarding lymphocytes was found to be significantly different among disorders without any difference between the phases of estrous cycle. The histopathology of follicular cyst revealed thickened cystic appearance of granulosa cell layer with infiltration of inflammatory cells above granulosa cell layer. In luteal cyst hyperplasia of epithelial cells with infiltration of mononuclear cells and milid fibrosis was noticed. In hydrosalphinx mild fibrosis of interstitial connective tissue with infiltration of mononuclear cells was noticed. In endomatritis cystic appearancl of endosmetrial glands and degeneration of endometrial granular epithelium with infiltration of lymphocytes and neutrophils was observed.ThesisItem Open Access Semi And Non-Invasive Techniques For Detection Of The Stages Of Oestrous Cycle And Pregnancy In Bitches(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2001-09) Arunmozhi, N; Venugopal Naidu, K(MAJOR); Seshagiri Rao, A; Sreenu, MakkenaThesisItem Open Access Studies On The Efficacy of Certain Treatment Regimen In The Prevention Of Retention Of Fetal Membranes And To Hasten The Involution Of Uterus In Crossbred Cows Under Field Conditions(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2001-09) Kalesha, Shaik; Seshagiri Rao, A(MAJOR); Venugopal Naidu, K; Sreenu, Makkena