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Open Access
UTILIZATION OF SHRIMP SHELLS CONTAINING CHITOSAN AS A SOURCE OF PREBIOTIC IN CROSSBRED PIGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017) YUGANDHAR KUMAR, M; Ramana, J. V(MAJOR); Ravi, A; Suresh, J; Sivakumar, A. V. N.
ABSTRACT: Shrimp shell meal (SSM) containing chitosan was evaluated for its prebiotic effect during creep, grower and finisher phases of swine feeding. During creep phase a total of 240 pre-weaned piglets were assigned at random to 5 dietary treatments of control diet (T1), T1 supplemented with antibiotic (T2), while in treatments T3, T4, and T5 dried and autoclaved SSM containing 15.5% chitosan was included at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, respectively such that the rations contained 700, 1500 and 2300 mg chitosan/kg. Each treatment contained six replicate pens with eight piglets per pen. From 240 piglets at creep stage, 40 pigs were selected as and when they attained 15 kg body weight for growth studies during grower phase (15-35 kg) and were shifted to the corresponding diet during finisher phases ( 35-70 kg live weight). During these phases, the standard ration (T1) was supplemented with chlorotetracyclin (T2) while dried SSM was included at 2.5 (T3), 5.0 (T4) and 7.5% (T5), as a source of chitosan. The experimental diets were formulated as per NRC, 1998 and the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The growth performance and nutrient digestibility were studied. Two pigs per treatment at the end of creep and grower phases and 6 pigs per treatment at the end of finisher phase were slaughtered to study the small intestine morphological structures, gut pathogen load, serum biochemical profile and haematological parameters while carcass characteristics were studied after finisher phase. During creep phase, the initial litter weight (kg) was not significantly different among treatments whereas the final weight (kg) was higher (P<0.01) in piglets fed T2 toT5 than those fed on T1 and the values were 66.01 (T1), 73.33 (T2), 75.16 (T3), 75.83 (T4) and 79.56 (T5). There was no significant difference among treatments in total feed intake (kg). The feed per kg gain was higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in other treatments and the values were 0.88, 0.78, 0.73, 0.65 and 0.71 for T1 to T5 fed piglets, respectively. The height of villi in duodenum, jejunum and ileum as well as the ratio of villi height to crypt depth increased (P<0.01) with increasing levels of SSM. The height of villi (μm) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of pigs fed on T4 and T5 ration was significantly higher (P<0.01) than in other treatments and the values were 166.8, 177.4, 217.8, 393.4 and 315.2; 171.0, 243.0, 245.0, 254.2 and 246.6; 174.4, 184.4, 177.6, 247.4 and 226.8 in duodenum, jejunum and ileum for T1 to T5 fed pigs, respectively. The ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VH/CD) which is a useful criterion for estimating the digestive capacity in the small intestine was highest (P<0.01) in pigs fed T4 ration when compared to other treatments and the values were 0.94, 1.26, 1.14, 2.08 and 1.18; 1.02, 1.27, 1.08, 2.08 and 1.12; 0.97, 1.08, 1.01, 1.76 and 1.06 in duodenum, jejunum and ileum for T1 to T5 fed pigs, respectively. There was a reduction in the E.Coli and Salmonella count in gut content of piglets fed diets containing antibiotic and shrimp waste when compared to control group and the values (cfu/g) were 76.35, 24.09, 32.23, 23.67 and 19.37 (E.coli); 53.52, 31.13, 40.29, 29.98 and 16.99 (Salmonella) in pigs fed T1 to T5, respectively. During grower phase, the ADG (g) was higher (P<0.01) in T4 (348) or T5 (324) than in T3 (310), T2 (303) and T1 (267) fed pigs. The ADFI (kg) was also higher (P<0.01) in T5 (0.80) or T4 (0.78) fed pigs than in T1 (0.73), T2 (0.75) and T3 (0.75) fed pigs which was not significantly different. The quantity (kg) of feed consumed per kg gain and the cost of feed per kg gain (Rs) were higher (P<0.01) in T1 fed pigs than in other treatments and the values were 2.77 and 61.24 (T1), 2.47, and 54.47 (T2), 2.42 and 53.46 (T3), 2.26 and 49.84 (T4) and 2.46 and 54.40 (T5), respectively. During finisher phase, the initial, final and total weight gain (kg) were not significantly different among the treatments and the values were 35.50, 70.75 & 35.25; 35.08, 70.66 & 35.58; 35.91, 71.33 & 35.41; 35.75, 70.91 & 35.16 and 35.75, 71.41 & 35.66, respectively for T1 to T5 fed pigs. The number of days taken was lower (P<0.01) in T4 (72) or T5 (79) than in T2 (90), T3 (80) or T1 (104) fed pigs. The ADG (g) was higher (P<0.01) in T4 (485) followed by T5 (451) than in T1 (338), T2 (393) or T3 (439) fed pigs. The height of villi in duodenum, jejunum and ileum and the ratio of villi height to crypt depth increased (P<0.01) with increasing levels of SSM. The height of villi in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of pigs fed on T4 ration was significantly higher (P<0.01) than in other treatments and the values were 177.4, 190.6, 176.8, 202.8 and 186.2; 176.4, 182.8, 178.4, 187.2 and 188.4; 172.0, 182.0, 171.4, 204.0 and 180.8 (μm) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum for T1 to T5 fed pigs, respectively. There was a reduction in the E. Coli and Salmonella count in gut content of pigs fed diets containing antibiotic and shrimp waste when compared to control group and the values (cfu/g) were 72.36,25.81, 35.70, 26.77 and 18.37 (E.coli); 61.25, 21.49, 34.61, 22.65 and 14.17 (Salmonella) in pigs fed T1 to T5, respectively. The digestibility of major nutrients except ether extract was increased when pigs were offered diets supplemented with SSM during finisher phase. The digestibility of DM, CP, CF and NFE was significantly higher (P<0.01) in pigs fed T4 and T5 rations than in other treatments and the values were 85.27, 85.84, 84.08, 87.69 and 86.61; 85.00, 85.98, 85.13, 89.65 and 85.01; 53.79, 56.78, 56.80, 64.75 and 64.85; 90.37, 90.91, 90.76, 93.22 and 93.15 in pigs fed T1 to T5, respectively, However, EE digestibility was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T1 and T2 compared to T3, T4 and T5 fed pigs. The nitrogen intake (g/d) was higher (P<0.01) in pigs fed T1 than in other treatments and was lowest in pigs fed T4 and it might be due to differences in feed intake during metabolism trial. The serum total protein concentration was increased (P<0.01) in response to SSM supplementation compared to control group which indicated that the protein status of the pigs had improved. The total protein (g/dl) content was highest (P<0.01) in T4 fed pigs than in T1, T2, T3 and T5 and the values were 5.41, 5.98, 5.96, 6.75 and 5.95, respectively for T1 to T5 pig feds. The albumin (g/dl) content was not significantly different among the treatments and the values were 4.25, 4.41, 4.43, 4.15 and 4.26, respectively for T1 to T5 fed pigs. The globulin (g/dl) and IgG (mg/dl) content was highest (P<0.01) in T4 fed pigs and was in order of T4>T5>T2>T3>T1 fed pigs and the values were 1.16, 649.16; 1.57, 695.16; 1.52, 694.16; 2.60, 716.50 and 1.69, 697.00, respectively for T1 to T5 fed pigs. The increased total protein concentration was primarily due to an improved globulin concentration, since there was increase in the serum IgG concentration. During creep phase, there was a decrease in the serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and increase in HDL cholesterol and the values were 76.25, 70.75, 69.00, 64.25 and 65.25 (total cholesterol); 66.80, 65.25, 66.00, 58.50 and 61.75 (triglycerides); 41.00, 43.00, 42.25, 45.00 and 41.75 (HDL); 53.25, 27.75, 26.75, 19.25 and 23.50 (LDL) (mg/dl), respectively for T1 to T5 fed pigs. During grower phase also, there was a decrease in the total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL cholesterol and increase in HDL cholesterol in pigs fed T2 to T5 than in T1 and the values were 76.75, 72.00, 71.75, 64.75 and 69.00 (total cholesterol); 72.25, 68.00, 68.25, 60.25, 68.00 ( triglycerides); 41.50, 43.25, 43.75, 44.25 and 44.25 (HDL); 35.25, 28.75, 28.00, 20.50 and 24.75 ( LDL) and the same trend was observed even in finisher phase and the values were 77.33, 75.33, 74.08, 67.40 and 71.08 (total cholesterol); 72.80, 70.00, 68.58, 61.50 and 65.83 (triglycerides); 43.08, 45.83, 46.16, 48.75 and 46.66 (HDL); 34.25, 29.50, 27.91, 18.65 and 24.41 (mg/dl) ( LDL). The major finding emerging from the current study was that indicators of gut function such as nutrient digestibility, small intestine morphology and ratio of villus height to crypt depth were augmented with supplementation of SSM, resulting in higher body weight gain and superior feed/kg gain ratio and it was concluded that SSM at 1% during creep stage and at 5% during grower and finisher phases was optimum as a source of chitosan to replace antibiotic feed additive. Further, the enhanced small intestinal morphology observed during creep phase was beneficial in sustaining the same trend of improved gut function, nutrient utilization and better growth performance during grower and finisher phases where SSM was included at higher levels than during creep phase.
Open Access
A STUDY ON ASSOCIATIVE EFFECT OF NON-STARCH POLYSACHARIDE DEGRADING ENZYMES WITH PHYTASE, PREBIOTICS AND PROBIOTICS ON PERFORMANCE IN BROILERS AND LAYERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-09) NARASIMHA, JATOTH; NAGALAKSHMI, D(MAJOR); RAMANA REDDY, Y; RAJASEKHARA REDDY, A; SUDHAKAR, K; VIROJI RAO, S.T
ABSTRACT: A study was undertaken to develop a suitable NSP enzyme combination to improve nutrient utilization from corn-soybean meal based diets for broilers and layers by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Also the associative effect of NSP enzymes with prebiotics, probiotics and phytase was investigated. The broiler and layer diets were supplemented with eight concentrations of xylanase (1000, 2500, 5000, 7500, 10000, 20000, 40000 and 60000 IU/kg), cellulase (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200 and 6400 IU/kg) and β-D-glucanase (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200 and 6400 IU/kg), three best concentrations of each NSP enzyme was selected for both broiler and layer diets. With these enzyme concentrations, twenty seven (3x3x3) combinations were formulated and among them, the significantly (P<0.01) higher sugars release was recorded for combination of xylanase -7500, cellulase -100 and β-D-glucanase -100 IU/kg/diet for broiler diet and for layer, the NSP enzyme combination was xylanase-10000, cellulase-400 and β-D-glucanase-100 IU/kg and these were selected for conducting in vivo experiments in broilers and layers. The synergistic effect of NSP enzyme and protease was observed in broilers with supplementation of 2000 IU/kg diet. In broiler Experiment-I, 360 day old broiler chicks were weighed, wing banded and randomly distributed in to twelve experimental groups, six replicates per group and five birds per replicate and raised in electrically heated battery brooders to evaluate the effect of the NSP enzyme combination selected from in vitro studies along with or without protease supplemented to four corn-soybean meal based broiler diets varying in energy concentration i.e. standard energy (SD) and three low energy diets, [(-75 (LE1), -150 (LE2) and -225 (LE3) kcal lower ME than SD] on performance, nutrient retentions, carcass traits, gut conditions and cost economics. Significant (P<0.01) interaction of dietary energy concentration and NSP enzymes was observed for body weight gain from week 1 to 6, during starter (0-3 weeks), finisher (4-6 weeks) and total gain (0-6 weeks). The total weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) higher in enzyme supplemented groups in SD, LE1 and LE3. The total body weight gain reduced (P<0.01) with reduction of 225 kcal/ME in diet (LE3) compared to SD. No further improvement was observed with additional supplementation of protease. The feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly (P<0.05) improved with supplementation of NSP enzymes, alone or in combination with protease, irrespective of level of energy. The supplementation of NSP enzymes increased (P<0.05) the organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and gross energy (GE) retentions and further improvement was observed with addition of protease. Tibia ash content in broilers was not influenced by either the level energy or NSP enzymes supplementation. Irrespective of level of energy, enzyme supplementation with or without protease reduced (P<0.05) intestinal pH, viscosity and E. coli count (cfu/ml). Sections of intestines revealed elongated villi with uniform distribution of goblet cell in NSP enzyme supplemented diets fed birds, where as congested and moderately short ruptured villi were observed in no enzyme fed ones. Dressing and breast yield was un effected by dietary energy but NSP enzyme supplementation increased (P<0.01) the yields. Abdominal fat (%) was lower in LE2, LE3, but no effect of NSP enzyme and protease was observed. Feed cost of production per kg live weight gain for overall period was comparable in SD, LE1 and LE2 and decreased (P<0.01) in LE3. Supplementing NSP enzyme increased (P<0.01) the feed cost of production and further with addition of protease. Based on the Experiment-I findings, LE3 diet was selected for 2nd broiler experiment to study the associative effect of NSP enzymes with prebiotics, probiotics and phytase on broiler performance. Supplementing BD (LE3 diet of Experiment-I) with NSP enzymes with or without prebiotics and phytase had no effect on total body weight gain, while addition of probiotics or synbiotics along with NSP enzymes significantly (P<0.05) improved the total weight gain. Supplementing all feed additives to BD had increased the gain by 7.48%. The overall feed intake was not affected in broilers fed BD or BD supplemented with NSP enzymes along with either, prebiotics, probiotics, phytase or synbiotics. Similarly, supplementation of all feed additives had no effect on feed intake. The FCR improved with addition of NSP enzymes along with either, prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics. While no associative effect of phytase was observed on FCR. The FCR improved with addition of all feed additives to BD compared to both BD and SD. The retention of OM, CP and GE was significantly (P<0.05) improved with addition of NSP enzymes along with either prebiotics, probiotics or phytase. NSP enzymes with synbiotics had no effect on nutrient retention except GE. BD supplemented with NSP enzymes with phytase and all feed additives improved the retention of OM, CP, NFE, GE and phosphorus indicating synergistic effect of these feed additives. Addition of either prebiotics, probiotics and phytase, individually or combination of all along with NSP enzymes to BD reduced (P<0.05) intestinal pH and viscosity, cost of feeding and cost of production per kg live weight gain compared to BD and SD. The selected enzyme combination for layers from in vitro studies was supplemented to four layer diets varying in dietary energy concentration to investigate the possibility of reducing the energy concentration in the diets with NSP enzymes supplementation. The diets were standard energy diet (2600 kcal ME/kg) (SD) and other three were low energy diets having 100 (LE1), 200 (LE2) and 300 (LE3) kcal lower ME/kg diet than the SD and were fed for three laying periods of twenty eight days. Significant (P<0.01) interaction of dietary energy concentration and NSP enzymes was observed on percent hen day production during 2nd period and such interaction was not observed for 1st and 3rd period. During 2nd period, NSP enzymes supplementation increased the percent hen day production for SD and LE2 and a trend of improvement was observed for LE1 diet with NSP enzymes supplementation. Feed intake was comparable among various groups, in 1st, 2nd and third period. The feed intake was higher (P<0.05) in LE3 compared to SD and LE1 and no effect of NSP enzyme supplementation was observed. No effect of dietary energy or NSP enzymes supplementation was observed on weight changes, dressing yield, abdominal fat, weight of liver and gizzard, tibia ash, egg weight, egg mass, shell thickness and specific gravity of egg. However, breast yield reduced (P<0.05) gradually with lowering of dietary energy and heart weight was higher in SD compared to low energy dietary groups. NSP enzyme supplementation increased (P<0.01) intestinal length. Albumen and yolk index was lower in (P<0.01) LE2 and LE3 groups compared to SD. The mean shell weight in birds fed LE2 or LE3 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those fed SD and LE1. Irrespective of level of energy, NSP enzymes addition significantly (P<0.01) improved the utilization of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NFE and GE. Intestinal pH, viscosity and E. coli count was reduced (P<0.01) in NSP enzymes supplemented groups compared to un supplemented ones. The sections of intestines revealed elongated broad and dividing villi with increased number of goblet cell in NSP enzymes supplemented groups irrespective of level of energy. The feed cost to produce dozen eggs was higher (P<0.05) for LE3 compared to SD and irrespective of dietary energy, NSP enzymes supplementation reduced the feed cost of production. The LE3 diet was selected to test the additive effect of supplementing NSP enzymes with prebiotics or probiotics and phytase. The percent hen day production was not affected by supplementation of NSP enzymes along with prebiotics or probiotics but improved with addition of phytase or synbiotics with NSP enzymes. Feed intake (g/bird/day), FCR (g/feed/g egg) and egg quality traits and slaughter attributes were not affected by supplementation of various feed additives (NSP enzymes, prebiotics, probiotics and phytase) alone or their combination. The DM, OM and NFE retention was comparable among the experimental groups. Supplementation of NSP enzymes along with other feed additives, (probiotics and phytase) improved (P<0.05) retention of CP, CE, EE, GE and phosphorus and no associative effect of prebiotics was observed on nutrient retention. Intestinal pH, viscosity and E. coli count in feed additives supplemented groups was significantly (P<0.05) reduced compared to un supplemented ones. The feed cost per dozen eggs did not increase with supplementation of NSP enzymes alone or along with either of prebiotics, probiotics, phytase or synbiotics and was comparable to SD. While supplementing all the feed additives to BD significantly (P<0.05) reduced to the feed cost per dozen eggs compared to BD and SD. From this study, it can be concluded that supplementing NSP enzyme combinations developed from in vitro studies improved body weight gain feed conversion efficiency in broilers and egg production in layers fed corn-soybean meal based diets varying in energy concentration with improvement in nutrient retentions and gut health. Associative effect of NSP enzymes with either prebiotics, probiotics or phytase was observed for nutrient retentions and gut health at reduced cost of production in both broilers and layers.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF FEEDING PRACTICES FOR OPTIMUM GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS IN WEANED/GROWING RAM LAMBS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-02) MALISETTY VENKATESWARLU, U; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); NAGALAKSHMI, D; RAJASEKHAR KEDDY, A; MAHENDER, M
ABSTRACT: The first experiment was conducted to develop a suitable feeding system to early weaned Nellore ram lambs by feeding traditional creep (R-I), creep plus berseem hay (R-11) and sorghum straw (unconventional) based creep (R-111) for the first one month followed by sorghum straw based wmplete ration (50:50) for remaining four months period to all the three groups for obtaining optimum growth at lower cost. The second investigation was carried out by feeding sorghum straw (Sorghum bicolor) based wmplete rations at the ratio of 70:30 (CR-I), 60:40 (CR-II), 50:50 (CR-111) and 40:60 (CR-IV) for I80 days to find out suitable ratio of sorghum straw and concentrate feed in the economic wmplete ration (mash form) for optimum growth, production and carcass characteristics in Nellore ram lambs. The third experiment was conducted on-farm in Nellore ram lambs by feeding intensively for five months period with sole maize silage (R-I), silage + concentrate at 0.5 per cent body weight (R-11). silage + concentrate at 1.0 per cent body weight (R-III), silage + wncentrate at 1.5 per cent body weight (R-IV), silage + lucerne hay (R-V) and silage + GN haulms (R-VI) to develilp a feeding system based on maize (Zea mays) silage with supplementation of wncentrate mixture and or legume hay/straw at appropriate level for optimum growth, production and carcass characteristics and compared with the performance of ram lambs fed sweet sorghum bagasse based complete diet (R-VII). The first experiment with early weaned ram lambs. the weight gain (kg) and average daily gains (g) were non significantly different among the lambs fed different creep rations. The FCR was significantly (Pc0.01) higher by 9.17 and 19.98 per cent in ram lambs fed R-I and R-I1 rations, respectively in comparison to lambs fed R-111 ration (unconventional creep). Cost (Rs.)/kg live weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) lower by 14.60 and 16.56 per cent in lambs fed R-I and R-I11 rations, respectively in comparison to those fed R-I1 ration. The DCP intake (g/d or g/kg w0 ") was significantl y (P<0.05) higher by 1 1.9 1, 1 8.75 and 1 3.90 and 1 5.14 per cent in ram lambs fed R-I ration in comparison to those fed R-I1 and R-Ill rations, respectively. TDN (g/d) and ME (W/d) intake in early weaned ram lambs fed R-I, R-I1 and R-I11 rations were comparable among the creep rations. In the second growth trail with complete rations containing different ratios of sorghum straw and concentrate in Nellore ram lambs, the ADG was significantly (PK0.05) different among the four experimental complete rations. No difference was found in ADG between CR-I and CR-I1 rations and also between CR-111 and R-IV rations. There was 69.35, 39.58 and 17.72 per cent higher gain, respectively in lambs fed CR-IV ration than CR-I, CR-I1 and CR-I11 rations. The FCR was lower (P<0.01) by 1 1.87, 16.91 and 22.54 per cent with CR-111, CR-I1 and CR-I rations, respectively in comparison to CR-IV ration. Cost (Rs.) per kg live weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) highest in the ram lambs fed CR-rV ration and was lowest in CR-I and it was lower by 4.53, 14.33 and 20.84 per cent, respectively in comparison to CR-11, CR-I11 and CR-IV rations. The DM1 (g/d) increased significantly (P<0.05) as the level of concentrate increased in the complete rations. No significant difference was found in digestibilities of DM, OM, EE, CF and NFE. However, CP digestibility was higher either significantly or non significantly by 2.12, 5.50 and 9.36 per cent, respectively in lambs fed CR-I1 (P>0.05), CR-111 (P>0.05) and CR-IV (P4.05) rations in comparison to lambs fed CR-I ration. Further, CP digestibility was higher by 7.09 and 3.66 per cent in lambs fed CR-IV ration than those fed CR-I1 (P<0.05) and CR-I11 (PB0.05) ration. The average NDF, ADF, hemicelluloses and cellulose digestibility coefficients were non significantly different among the four rations. The DCP content of complete rations was progressively increased significantl y (P<0.05) by 19.49, 4 1.1 7 and 64.12 per cent in CR-11. CR-111 and CR-IV rations, respectively in comparison to CR-I ration as the level of concentrate increased from 30% to 60% in the diet. TDN (%), DE (MJkg DM) and ME (MJAcg DM) values were higher either significantl y or non significantly by 5.13-5.16, 9.39-9.51 and 14.65-14.67 per cent in lambs fed CR-I1 (P>O.OS), CR-I11 (Pc0.05) and CR-IV (Pc0.05) rations, respectively. The N intake (g/d) was significantly (PO.O5), 133.46 (P<0.01) and 198.87 (Pc0.01) per cent with CR-11, CR-I11 and CR-IV rations, respectively in comparison to CR-I ration. The N balance expressed as per cent intake or per cent absorbed was comparable among the four complete rations. The DCP intake (g/d) was significantly higher by 34.26, 56.80 and 99.86 per cent, respectively with CR-11, CR- 111 and CR-IV rations in wmparison to CR-I ration. Intakes of TDN (gld), DE (MJId) and ME (MJ/d) were significantly (P
Open Access
EFFECT OF FEEDING SWEET SORGHUM BAGASSE (SSB) BASED DIETS ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND PERFORMANCE IN NATIVE SHEEP
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-02) NALINI KUMARI, N; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); BLUMMEL, Y; NAGALAKSHMI, D; SUDHAKAR, K; RAVINDER REDDY, V
ABSTRACT: Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) is a by-product of ethanol industry and gaining importance in the country. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the nutritional value of SSB and SSB silage based rations, to optimize the SSB to concentrate ratio and evolve an economically viable and easily adaptable processed SSB based complete diet, documented with the performance of growing lambs in terms of growth rate, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics. ' Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract, total ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, hemicellulose, cellulose and lipin content of SSB was 92.5, 90.75, 3.94, 1.89, 37.58, 47.34, 9.25, 74.76, 42.93, 3 1.84, 37.75 and 4.24 per cent, respectively. The major elements calcium, phosphorus and trace elements like Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe content were 0.82, 0.47 per cent and 57.40, 47.67, 48.78 and 0.27 ppm, respectively. The IVDMD (%) of SSB was 40.27k1.68. The gas. volume (m1/200mg) produced during 24 hr of incubation of SSB was 42.67*0.17 and IVOMD (mg), ME (MJ/kg DM), PF, TDOM (mg), MBP (mg) and EMBP (%) were 93.87rt0.37, 8.13*0.02, 2.79*0.01, 1 19.08*0.34, 25.2 1*0.35, 2 1.1 7dz0.28, respectively. The bulk density of SSB was 4.W0.06 and 6.5 *0.25 kglcft, respectively for chopped and ground forms. The modulus of uniformity, modulus of fineness, particle size (p) and molasses absorbability (%) of SSB were 5:2:3, 5.33,665.303*1.52 and 33.0, respectively. The nutritive value of SSB was estimated in adult Deccani rams by using difference method of digestibility trial with sunflower cake. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE of SSB were 52.57k0.93, 57.48h1.85, 47.2 1k2.50, 58.62*1.24, 50.83*1.09 and 57.32k3.86 per cent, respectively. The SSB contained 1.86*0.10 and 50.5W1.79 per cent DCP and TDN, respectively. The SSB was made into silage in chopped and unchopped forms and evaluated for nutrient utilization in Deccani ram lambs with concentrate supplementation. Chopping significantly (Pc0.05) depressed the DM and CF digestibility of SSB silage. There was no significant difference observed in the digestibility of CP, EE, NFE and fibre fractions, nitrogen balance, DCP and TDN intakes of ram lambs fed unchopped and chopped SSB silage. The optimum ratios of SSB to concentrate in complete feed were determined by using in vitro gas technique with eight SSB to concentrate ratios of 100:O (Ration I), 90:lO (Ration II), 80:20 (Ration 111), 70:3G (Ration TV), 60:40 (Ration V), 50:50 (Ration VI), 40:60 (RationVII) and 30:70 (Ration VIII), respectively. The in vitro gas production volume and IVOMD was significantly (Pc0.01) higher for the ration I11 to VIII. Among all the rations, VIII has shown higher (Pc0.01) ME and TDOM compared to other rations and the trend observed in ME, TDOM values reflected that, as the concentrates proportion increased, these values were also proportionately increased. The rations fiom I1 to VIII were significantly (Pc0.01) higher in PF, MBP and EMBP. However, no significant difference was observed for PF and EMBP among the rations from V to VIII. Based on the in vitro studies, rations containing 60 (CR-I), 50 (CR-11), 40 (CR-111) and 30 per cent (CR-IV) SSB were selected as best levels of inclusion in complete diets and evaluated in a growth trial (180 d) using twenty four Nellore x Deccani cross ram lambs. No significant difference was observed in total weight gain, ADG, FCR, whereas costlkg gain was significantly (P<0.01) higher in lambs fed CRIV ration. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CF, NFE and fibre fractions were not significantly different among the rations. The CP and EE digestibilities were significantly (Pc0.01) higher in CR-IV ration. The average daily intakes of GE, DE and ME were similar among the lambs fed experimental rations. The N balance was significantly (Pe0.05) lower in lambs fed CR-1 ration than CR-I11 and IV. All lambs were in positive Ca and P balance. The DCP content of the diets exhibited significant (P<0.01) linear increase with increased proportion of concentrate in the diet. The TDN values were similar among the experimental rations. No significant difference was observed in carcass characteristics and meat quality of experimental animals. In another growth trial, a complete ration with 50:50 SSB to concentrate was processed into mash (SSBM), expander extruded pellets (SSBP) and chopped SSB mixed with concentrate (SSBC) and evaluated in twenty four Nellore x Deccani cross ram lambs in comparison to sorghum stover based complete ration (50 SS: 50C) in mash (SSM) fonn. The total weight gain, ADG, FCR of ram lambs fed SSBP was sibaificantly (P<0.01) higher than SSM, SSBC, SSBM diets, but the values were comparable among the SSBM, SSM and SSBC diets. The SSBP diet was more (PcO.01) economical to gain one kg of body weight than the SSBC and SSM diet and it was comparable in ram lambs fed SSBM and SSM diets. The SSBP had significantly higher (P<0.01) DM, OM, CP, CF (Pc0.05) digestibility than the other three diets SSM, SSSBC and SSBM, but these were comparable between SSBM and SSM diets. The cellulose digestibility was significantly higher in lambs fed SSBP diet than SSM and SSBC diets. Significantly (P<0.01) higher ME was taken by the lambs fed SSBP than the other three diets. There was significantly higher N (P<0.05), Ca (P<0.01) and P (Pc0.05) balance in lambs fed SSBP diet compared to those fed the other three rations. SSBP was significantly (P<0.01) higher in DCP, TDN, DE and ME values compared to SSM, SSBC and SSBM rations. The DCP, DE and ME values were comparable between SSBM and SSM diets, but TDN was higher (Pc0.01) in SSBM diet. The average DCP and TDN intake (g/d and g/ kg wO.") of lambs fed SSBP diet was significantly (P<0.01) higher than those fed the other three rations, whereas these were comparable between SSBM and SSM diet. The pre slaughter weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in SSBP ration compared to other three rations. Processing could not influence the other carcass characteristics and meat quality. The SSB can be included at 50-60 per cent level in the complete rations of growing ram lambs for economic meat production and it could be better utilized, if processed into expander extruder pellets.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF RATIONS CONTAINING SLOW RELEASE UREA ON PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF RUMINANTS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-03) RAVI KANTH REDDY, P; Srinivas Kumar, D(MAJOR); Raghava Rao, E; Venkata Seshiah, Ch.; Satheesh, K
ABSTRACT: In the present study, two in vitro and four in vivo trials were conducted to evaluate the usage efficiency of slow release urea (Optigen II) product in buffalo bulls, adult rams, and ram lambs fed crop residue based total mixed rations and in lactating buffaloes fed green fodder and conventional concentrate mixture. An in vitro nitrogen release test was conducted to analyze the damage caused to SRU coating during handling and processing. The urea release from the coated urea (SRU) as supplied by manufacturer and SRU collected from the total mixed rations fed to adult rams, ram lambs, buffalo bulls, and lactating animals were 69.01, 85.68, 84.51, 82.16, and 76.29 per cent as much urea as uncoated urea in 1 h, revealing a considerable damage caused to the coating at varying levels in the four in vivo trials conducted. Another in vitro trial was conducted to assess the rate of NH3-N release from various protein sources used in the in vivo experiments. The rate of increase in NH3-N release was much more pronounced in urea group followed by SRU (Optigen II), CSM, SBM, and urea, with a significant (P<0.01) treatment x time interactions. In the 1st trial, four graded Murrah buffalo bulls (avg. b. wt. 365.47 ± 16.45 kg), arranged in a 4 x 4 LSD, were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments viz. total mixed ration (TMR) with maize stover and concentrate in 70: 30 proportion, incorporated with SRU at 0 (T1), 1.0 (T2), 2.0 (T3), and 3.0 (T4) per cent level, and evaluated for their effect on rumen fermentation pattern, mineral balances, and nutrient utilization in buffalo bulls. The rumen fermentation studies in fistulated Murrah buffalo bulls revealed that the pH, TVFA and nitrogen fractions i.e. NH3-N, TCA insoluble N and residual N were higher (P<0.01) in SRU fed groups (T2, T3, and T4) compared to control (T1). The concentration of TVFA, TCA ppt N, and Residual N peaked at 4 hours post feeding, while the NH3-N, total N, and food and protozoal N showed a dose-dependent relationship with the peak values at 4, 4, 6 and 8 hrs post feeding for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, NDF and hemi-cellulose were higher (P<0.05) in SRU incorporated rations as compared to the control. However, incorporation of SRU in rations had no effect (P>0.05) on the digestibility of EE, CF, NFE, ADF and cellulose. All the buffalo bulls were in positive balance for N, Ca and P. The intake (g/d) of N, Ca and P were similar among all treatments. Incorporation of SRU in the diets of buffalo bulls had no effect (P>0.05) on N, Ca and P retentions expressed either as g/d, per cent of intake or as per cent absorbed. The average DMI of buffalo bulls expressed as kg/d or as % BW was comparable among the treatments. The present study indicated that incorporation of SRU in the ration increased (P<0.05) the DCP and TDN content expressed as % in the diet consumed or as kg/d. Further, the DM, DCP, TDN and ME intakes per kg W0.75 were similar among the treatments and were higher than the values recommended by ICAR (1998) standards. In the 2nd trial, twelve lactating Murrah buffaloes were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments and fed hybrid Napier (APBN-1) ad libitum and concentrate mixture incorporated with SRU at 0 (T1) and 2.0 (T2) per cent level, and evaluated for their effect on nutrient utilization, milk yield and composition. The per cent digestibility of gross nutrients and cell wall fractions increased in lactating Murrah buffaloes fed rations incorporated with SRU as compared to the control, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05). Incorporation of SRU in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on the DCP and TDN content expressed as % in the diet consumed or as kg/d. Further, the DM, DCP, TDN and ME intakes per kg W0.75 were similar among the treatments and were higher than the values recommended by ICAR (1998). The average yield of milk, fat, SNF, total solids, lactose, protein, butter fat yield, 6% FCM yield, and energy corrected milk yield were higher in buffaloes fed SRU compared to control but the differences were not significant (P>0.05). The feed efficiency (kg DMI per kg 6% FCM) was similar in both the rations. The cost of feed/kg 6% FCM was higher (P>0.05) in T1 compared T2, with a net increase in benefit over feed cost by 4.67% in SRU fed rations. In the 3rd trial, four adult rams (avg. b. wt. 43.02 ± 0.76 kg), arranged in 4 x 4 LSD were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments viz. TMR with green gram straw and concentrate in 60: 40 proportion, incorporated with SRU at 0 (T1), 1.0 (T2), 2.0 (T3), and 3.0 (T4) per cent level, and evaluated for their effect on serum urea nitrogen and nutrient utilization. The mean SUN concentration (M mol/L) was higher (P<0.01) in T4 and lower in T1 compared to other treatments. Time after feeding significantly (P<0.01) affected the SUN concentration with a peak at 4 h postprandial period. Further, Incorporation of SRU in the rations had no effect (P>0.05) on the digestibility of nutrients except CP which increased significantly (P<0.05) at 3.0% level as compared to the control. The DCP content expressed as per cent in the diet consumed or as intake (kg/d) was higher (P<0.05) in T4 as compared to T1. The present study indicated that incorporation of SRU in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on the TDN content expressed as % in the diet consumed or as kg/d. Further, the DM, DCP, TDN and ME intakes per kg W0.75 were similar among the treatments and were higher than the values recommended by ICAR (2013). In the 4th trial, twelve ram lambs were randomly distributed to two dietary treatments and fed TMR with green gram straw and concentrate in 50: 50 proportions, incorporated with SRU at 0 (T1) and 2 (T2) per cent level, and evaluated for its effect on growth, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics. The DMI expressed as Kg/d (P<0.05) or g/kg W0.75 (P<0.01) was lower in SRU fed group as compared to the control. Incorporation of SRU in the rations had no effect (P>0.05) on ADG, FCR (kg feed / kg gain) and cost of feed ( /kg gain). Incorporation of SRU in the TMR had no effect (P>0.05) on the digestibility of nutrients, except CP, which increased significantly (P<0.05) as compared to the control. Incorporation of SRU in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on the DCP and TDN content expressed as % in the diet consumed or as kg/d. Further, the DM, DCP, TDN and ME intakes per kg W0.75 were similar among the treatments and were higher than the values recommended by ICAR (1998). Carcass studies revealed that the SRU incorporation had no effect (P>0.05) on slaughter data, dressing per cent, proportion of wholesale cuts and carcass composition, when compared to the control. Further, it is observed that both yield of visceral organs and chemical composition of longissimus dorsi muscle were unaltered upon replacing SBM by SRU in the diets. Based on the results of the present study, it is concluded that slow release urea (Optigen II) can be incorporated up to 3% in total mixed rations for buffalo bulls and adult rams, up to 2% in ram lambs and up to 2% in the concentrate mixture for lactating buffaloes thus reducing the cost of feed per kg gain in ram lambs and cost of feed per kg 6% fat corrected milk in lactating buffaloes without any adverse effects.
Open Access
Effect Of Feeding Calicum Soaps Of Vegetable Fats As Concentrated Energy Source On Nutrient Utilization And Performance In Native Sheep
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2000-08) Ramana Reddy, Y; Krishna, N(MAJOR); Janardhan Reddy, T; Rao, B.V; Rama Subba Reddy, V; Raghava Rao, E
Open Access
Utilization Of Palm Press Fibre,An Important By Product Of Oil Palm Industry As An Alternative Roughages Source For Buffaloes Through Urea Ammoniation Treatment
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1997-12) Syama Dayal, J; Krishna, N(MAJOR); Janardhana reddy, T; Krishna reddy, G.V; Rama Subba reddy, V; Raghava rao, E
Open Access
Studies On Supplementation Of Gliricidia Leaf Meal To Paddy Straw And Urea-Treated Paddy Straw For Feeding To Diary Cattle
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1997-02) Srinivasulu, Chigurupati; Raj reddy, M(MAJOR); Ravindra reddy, V; Narasimha reddy, D; Krishna reddy, G.V
Open Access
Studies On The Nutrient Requirements For Growth And Meat Production Of Deccani Sheep
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1996-08) Swaroopa rani, K; Purushotham, N.P(MAJOR); Raj Reddy, M; Ravindra reddy, V; Nageswara rao, G; Reddy, T.J

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