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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF PALM KERNEL MEAL (Elaeis guineensis) AT VARYING LEVELS ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN BUFFALO BULLS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) ESHWAR, NUTI; Srinivas Kumar, D(MAJOR); Raja Kishore, K; Naga Raja Kumari, KIn 4 x 4 LSD, four buffalo bulls were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments (T1 to T4) comprising of green fodder viz. Super Napier, paddy straw and concentrate mixture. A concentrate mixture with 20% CP is prepared by using conventional feed ingredients and is used as control (T1). In this concentrate mixture, palm kernel meal is incorporated at 10 (T2), 15 (T3) and 20 (T4) percent level. All the concentrate mixtures were made iso-nitrogenous. All the four diets are evaluated for their effect on in vitro digestibility, rumen fermentation pattern, mineral balances and nutrient utilization in buffalo bulls. The in vitro studies conducted using rumen liquor of buffalo bulls revealed that inclusion of PKM at 10, 15 or 20% level in the concentrate mixture had no effect (P>0.05) on in vitro digestibility (%) of DM, OM and CP as compared to the control. Rumen fermentation studies conducted in fistulated buffalo bulls revealed that rumen pH values were highest at 0 h and declined to minimum by 4 h post feeding, while TVFA, NH3-N, and N fractions reached peak at 4 h post feeding and later followed a decreasing trend in all the treatments. The present study indicated that inclusion of PKM at varying levels in the concentrate mixture had no significant effect (P>0.05) on rumen pH, TVFA concentration, ammonia N, total N, TCA insoluble protein N, residual N and food and protozoal N concentration in buffalo bulls as compared to the control. The digestibility coefficients (%) of gross nutrients and fibre fractions decreased linearly from T1 to T4 with increased levels of inclusion of PKM from 0 to 20% level in the concentrate mixtures but the differences between treatments were not statistically significant (P>0.05). All the buffalo bulls were in positive N, Ca and P balance. Further, inclusion of PKM at varying levels in the concentrate mixture had no significant effect (P>0.05) on N, Ca and P retentions expressed either as g/d or as % intake or as % absorbed. The average DMI of buffalo bulls expressed as kg/d or as % BW was comparable among the treatments. Inclusion of PKM at varying levels in the concentrate mixture had no significant effect (P>0.05) on DCP contents expressed as % in the diet consumed or as kg/d. However, the TDN contents expressed as % in the diet consumed or as kg/d decreased (P<0.05) with increased levels of inclusion of PKM from 0 to 20% level in the concentrate mixtures. The estimated DE and ME intakes (M cal/d) also followed the similar trend. Further, the DCP, TDN and ME intakes per kg W0.75 were similar among the treatments and were higher than the values recommended by ICAR (2013) standards. Inclusion of palm kernel meal at 10, 15 and 20% level in the concentrate mixtures resulted in decreased feed cost by 0.73, 1.09 and 1.46 as compared to the control. Based on the results of the present study, it is concluded that palm kernel meal can be included up to 20% level in the concentrate mixture without any adverse effects on nutrient utilization in buffalo bulls.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF AJWAIN (Trachyspermum ammi L.) AS NATURAL FEED ADDITIVE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-10) DEEPTHI, MUDDADA; Raghava Rao, E(MAJOR); Srinivas Kumar, D; Jagadeeswara Rao, SABSTRACT : The present study was carried out to study the effect of inclusion of ajwain powder at varying levels on growth performance, serum biochemical profile, carcass characteristics and nutrient utilization in Japanese quails. One hundred and fifty day old quail chicks distributed randomly to five dietary groups each with three replicates of ten quails and were offered broiler quail diets to meet the nutrient requirements (NRC, 1994). During the experiment, ajwain powder is included at 0.0% (T1: Control), 0.25% (T2), 0.50% (T3), 0.75% (T4) and 1.0% (T5) level by marginal adjustment of other feed ingredients. All the rations were made iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. Chemical analysis indicated that ajwain powder contained 18.3% CP, 9.86% CF, 4.84% EE, 1.5% calcium and 0.3% phosphorus. Results indicated that inclusion of ajwain powder up to 1.0% level in the diet of Japanese quail had no effect (P>0.05) on body weight gains, feed intake and on feed consumed / kg gain. The serum biochemical profile of quails revealed that inclusion of ajwain powder up to 1.0% level in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on serum total protein, albumin and globulin content in quails. Further, inclusion of ajwain powder in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL cholesterol content. Similarly, there was no effect (P>0.05) on serum calcium and phosphorous levels. However, the study indicated that the serum creatinine levels increased with increase in the level of inclusion of ajwain powder from 0 to 1.0% in the diet but the differences were not significant (P>0.05). The digestibility of DM, OM and NFE increased (P<0.01) with inclusion of ajwain powder at 0.25% in the diet as compared to the control. Further, inclusion of ajwain powder up to 1.0% level in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on the digestibility of CP, CF, EE, NDF, ADF, hemi-cellulose and cellulose. However, inclusion of ajwain powder at 1.0% in the diet resulted in decreased (P<0.05) CP, NDF and cellulose digestibility as compared to 0.25% inclusion in the diet. Similarly, inclusion of ajwain powder up to 1.0% level in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on percent nitrogen, calcium and phosphorous utilization as compared to the control. Furthermore, inclusion of ajwain powder up to 1.0% level in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on carcass yield, dressing percent, ready to cook yield, meat to bone ratio, percent weight of heart, liver, gizzard and giblet in quails. The feed cost / kg gain decreased by 1.01 in T2 while it is increased by 4.11 in T3, 6.84 in T4 and 9.55 in T5 groups of quails fed diets containing ajwain powder up to 1.0% level as compared to the control. The study indicated that ajwain powder can be incorporated up to 0.25% level as natural feed additive in the diet of quails without any adverse effect on production performance.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING GRADED LEVELS OF DDGS (DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES) WITH OR WITHOUT SPENT BREWERS YEAST SUPPLEMENTATION ON PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAILS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) SRIKALA, D; DEVASENA, B(MAJOR); RAMANA, J.V; SHAKILA, SABSTRACT : An experiment was conducted to study the effect of including graded levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with or without spent brewer’s yeast (SBY) supplementation in the diets of Japanese quails on performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, serum parameters and cost economics. The chemical analysis of DDGS and SBY revealed DM, CP, EE, CF, TA, AIA and NFE of 90.49, 30.92, 9.80, 8.52, 6.58, 4.03 and 44.18%; 91.53, 38.80, 1.32, 3.63, 5.61, 0.49 and 50.64%, respectively. The percent Ca and P contents were 0.07, 0.76 in DDGS and 0.10 and 1.46 in SBY, respectively. An experiment was carried out on Japanese quail chicks (675) from day old to 35 days of age under cage system. The Japanese quail chicks were randomly distributed to nine treatments with three replicates, each containing twenty five birds. Iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were prepared with inclusion of DDGS at graded levels with or without spent brewer’s yeast (SBY) supplementation for grower (0 to 3 weeks) and finisher (3 to 5 weeks) Japanese quail chicks (ICAR, 2013). The experimental diets T2, T4, T6 and T8 contained DDGS at 10, 15, 20 and 25% level, respectively and T3, T5, T7 and T9 diets contained 1% of SBY along with respective levels of DDGS and T1 as control diet. The body weight gain (g) during grower phase was significantly (P<0.01) highest in quails fed diets containing 20% DDGS with SBY (T7) and 20% DDGS without SBY (T6) while it was lowest (P<0.01) in quails fed control (T1) and 10% DDGS without SBY (T2) diets. The body weight gain (g) for entire growth period was significantly (P<0.01) highest in quails maintained on diets containing 20% DDGS with SBY (T7) and lowest body weight gain was seen in quails fed control diet (T1), diet with 10% DDGS without SBY (T2) and 10% DDGS with SBY (T3). The feed intake (g) during grower phase was significantly (P<0.01) highest in quails fed diets containing 20% DDGS without SBY (T6), 20% DDGS with SBY (T7) and 25% DDGS without SBY (T8), while lowest (P<0.01) was recorded in control (T1) diet. The feed intake did not differ significantly among the treatment groups (T1 to T9) during finisher phase. The FCR and mortality of quails showed non-significant differences among the dietary treatments during different growth phases. The digestibility of DM, CP, EE and NFE was not influenced but CF digestibility decreased (P<0.01) during grower and finisher phases. The carcass characteristics, proximate composition of meat and physical properties of meat in terms of meat pH, percent cooking yield, water holding capacity, free fatty acids did not affected significantly with the inclusion of DDGS at graded levels with or without SBY supplementation among the dietary treatments. The serum total protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl) and globulin (g/dl) levels did not differ significantly, but serum cholesterol (mg/dl) levels decreased significantly (P<0.01) in quails fed experimental diets T1 to T9. The intestinal morphometry i.e. villus height (μm), crypt depth (μm) and villus height/crypt depth ratio in duodenum and ileum showed non-significant differences among the dietary treatment groups. Whereas villus height (μm) and crypt depth (μm) in jejunum was significantly (P<0.01) improved in quails fed diets containing graded levels of DDGS up to 20% with or without SBY supplementation. The cost of feed per bird was significantly (P<0.01) lowest in birds fed diets containing 25% DDGS without SBY (T8) and highest (P<0.01) in quails fed diets containing 20% DDGS with SBY (T7). Based on the results, it is concluded that, dietary incorporation of DDGS up to 25% can be safely included in the quail diets. There is no additional benefit observed with SBY supplementation at 1% level in present study.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF NATURAL GROWTH PROMOTER AS A REPLACEMENT TO ANTIBIOTIC GROWTH PROMOTERS ON THE PERFORMANCE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-09) ASHOK KUMAR, V; SRINIVASA RAO, D(MAJOR); RAMANA, J.V; SURESH, JABSTRACT: The present study was carried out with an objective to investigate the growth performance, digestibility (%) of nutrients, intestinal morphometry, serum biochemical parameters, carcass characteristics cost economics and mortality of broilers fed diets containing natural and antibiotic growth promoters (NGP and AGPs). Basal diets were formulated for pre-starter (0-14 days) starter (15-28 days) and finisher (29-42 days) periods with conventional feed ingredients like maize, soybean meal, and fish meal as per the Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (ICAR, 2013). The CP (%) and ME (kcal/kg) contents of the pre-starter, starter and finisher diets were 22.16, 3021; 20.50, 3084 and 19.21, 3088 respectively. The basal diet T1 was used as control without addition of any growth promoters. Experimental diet T2 was prepared by adding Natural growth promoter (NGP) supplied by Ayurvet private Ltd, @ 500 g/ton of basal diet (T1).The T3, T4 and T5 diets were prepared by adding antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) which were locally available i.e., Chlortetracycline @ 335 g/ton, Terramycin @ 500 g/ton of and Oxymycin @ 500 g/ton of basal diet respectively. All the diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. Three hundred day old commercial broiler chicks were distributed randomly to five treatments with three replicates of twenty birds each. The experiment was carried out from day old to 42 days of age. Weekly feed intake, body weight gain, were recorded and feed efficiency was calculated accordingly. Metabolism trials were conducted to study the digestibility (%) of nutrients. At the end of experiment, two birds per replicate and thus a total of six birds per treatment were sacrificed to study the effect of different growth promoters on intestinal morphometry, serum biochemical parameters, proximate composition, physical properties of meat and other carcass characteristics. The feed intake in broilers was non-significant differences during all the periods i.e., pre-starter, starter and finisher and overall. The body weight gain (g) during pre-starter period was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T1 and T5 groups than T2, T3 and T4 groups. However, in starter, finisher and overall periods the broilers fed with T5 diet showed superior (P<0.01) body weight gain in comparison with T1, T2, T3 and T4 diets. However, the broilers fed with NGP containing diet (T2) had higher (P<0.01) body weight gain in comparison with T1 and T3 in starter, finisher and overall periods. No significant difference was observed in feed efficiency during pre-starter and overall periods. But, in starter (1.40) and finisher (2.01) periods higher (P<0.01) FE was observed in T5 in comparison with other treatment groups. However, the broilers fed with NGP containing diet (T2) had higher (P<0.01) feed efficiency in comparison with T1 and T3 and was not significantly different (P>0.01) with T4 in starter, finisher and overall periods. The digestibilities (%) of DM, OM, CP, CF and NFE and the retention (%) of Nitrogen, Calcium and Phosphorous were not significantly different among the treatment groups. However, EE digestibility (%) was significantly higher (P<0.01) in broilers fed with T4 diet and lower (P<0.01) in T1 diet. Morphometry of duodenum, jejunum and ileum i.e., villus height, width, and crypt depth (μm) indicate differences (P<0.01) among the treatment groups except in villus height of ileum. The villus height (except in ileum), width and crypt depth were significantly higher (P<0.01) in T5 and lower (P<0.01) in T1 in comparison with other treatment groups. However, the broilers fed with NGP (T2) have higher villus height, width and crypt depth of duodenum, jejunum and ileum in comparison with T3 and T1. Serum biochemical parameters i.e., serum total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, glucose, AST and ALT showed significant difference (P<0.01) among various treatment groups. Significantly higher (P<0.01) serum total protein and globulin (g/dl) levels were observed in T2. But, higher albumin (g/dl) level was observed in T3. Whereas, significantly lower (P<0.01) cholesterol, glucose (mg/dl), ALT and AST (IU/L) levels were observed in T2 in comparison with other treatment groups. Significantly higher (P<0.01) live body weight (g) and carcass yield (g) at slaughter were observed in broilers fed with T5 diet in comparison with T1, T2, T3 and T4 diets. However, the T2 group have shown higher (P<0.01) live weight gain (g) at slaughter and carcass yield than T1 and T3 groups. There was no significant difference in dressing (%) of broilers among the treatment groups. The abdominal fat (%) was lower (P<0.01) in T2 group in comparison with other treatment groups i.e., T1, T3, T4 and T5. The physical properties of fresh meat i.e., cooking yield (%) and 2-TBARS value were significantly higher (P<0.01) in T2 group. However, significantly lower (P<0.01) pH, free fatty acids (%) and water holding capacity (%) of the meat were observed in T2 group in comparison with other treatment groups. There was no significant difference in DM (%) of the fresh meat of broilers among the treatment groups. Significantly higher (P<0.01) CP, lower (P<0.01) EE and TA contents (%) were observed in T2 diet than T1, T3, T4 and T5 diets. The feed cost (Rs.) per Kg live weight gain was significantly lower (P<0.01) in broilers fed with T5 diet than T1 and T3 diets. The NGP diet (T2) have lower feed cost per Kg live weight gain in comparison with T1 and T3 diets. But, no significant difference was observed between T2 and T4 groups. No mortality (%) was observed in T1 (Control) and T2 (NGP) groups during overall experimental period. During starter period mortality (%) was recorded in T3 (1.66) and finisher period T4 (3.3) and T5 (1.66) respectively. Based on the weight gains, intestinal morphometry, mortality and cost economics data of the broilers, it can be concluded that NGP can be supplemented at 500 gm/ton of feed for broilers in place of antibiotic growth promoters i.e., Chlortetracycline and TerramycinThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF DISTILLERS DRIED GRAIN WITH SOLUBLES (DDGS) TO STRAW BASED DIET ON PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN NATIVE SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-11) VISHNU VARDHAN REDDY, P; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); RAMANA, J.V; SURESH BABU, DABSTRACT : A growth study was conducted in growing Nellore ram lambs to investigate the effect of supplementation of different levels of distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) to sorghum stover based diet on performance and nutrient utilization, microbial protein synthesis and carcass characteristics. The growth trial for 90 days was conducted using twenty four growing Nellore ram lambs, which were randomly allotted to the four experimental diets with different levels of DDGS supplementation to sorghum stover. The level of DDGS supplementation to straw based diet was 1, 1.5 and 2% of the animal body weight in D2, D3 and D4 experimental diets, respectively and compared with conventional concentrate mixture supplementation at 2% of body weight (D1). The dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), total ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content of DDGS was 89.5, 94.5, 32.3, 11.2, 7.85, 43.1, 5.54, 44.7, 19.1, 25.6, 15.9 and 2.90 percent, respectively. There was progressive and significant (P<0.01) increase in average daily gain (ADG) in D3 and D4 fed groups compared to D1 group. No significant difference was observed in total feed intake among the four experimental diets. Significant (P<0.01) decrease in FCR was observed in D3 and D4 fed groups. The cost (Rs.) per kg live weight gain in lambs was significantly (P<0.01) lower in D2 and significantly (P<0.01) higher in D1 (control) diet. However, profit/animal was higher by 22.3 and 24.2 percent in D3 and D4 fed lambs compared to D2 fed lambs. The daily average total dry matter intake (DMI) expressed as kg/d during the metabolism trail was not significantly different among four experimental diets. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NFE was either significantly (P<0.01) or non-significantly lower in D2 fed group than D1, D3 and D4 fed groups. Whereas EE digestibility was significantly (P<0.01) lower in D1 fed group compared to D3 and D4 fed groups. Digestibility of CF, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose was not significantly different among four experimental diets. The CP (%), DCP (%), TDN (%), DE (MJ/kg DM) and ME (MJ/kg DM) content of the D4 diet was significantly (P<0.01) highest among all the experimental diets followed by D3, D2 and D1 diets. CP intake (g/d or g/kg w0.75) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in D4 fed groups than D2 and D1 fed groups. ME intake (MJ/d) was not significantly (P>0.05) different among the experimental groups but approached significance closely in D4 and D3 compared to D1 and D2 fed groups. Whereas, ME intake (MJ/kg w0.75) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in lambs fed D4 diet than lambs fed D1 and D2 diet. CP intake (g/d) and ME intake (MJ/d or MJ/kg w0.75) were not significantly different between D3 and D4 fed groups. The N intake and absorbed (g/d) were significantly (P<0.01) higher in D4 fed group among four experimental diets fed groups but significantly (P<0.01) higher nitrogen balance was observed in lambs fed D3 and D4 diets than those fed D1 and D2. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives, purines absorbed (mmol/d) and microbial protein synthesis (g/d) were significantly (P<0.01) higher in lambs fed D4 diet compared to D1 and D2 fed lambs. The values were not significantly different between D3 and D4 fed groups. The pre-slaughter and empty body weights were significantly (P<0.05) higher in D4 fed group than D1 fed group. Carcass weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in D4 fed lambs than D1 and D2 fed lambs. No significant difference in pre-slaughter, empty body and carcass weights were observed between lambs fed D3 and D4 diets. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in dressing percent on pre- slaughter or empty body weight, percent whole sale cuts, yield of visceral organs and proportion of meat, bone and fat in whole carcass and chemical composition of meat among lambs fed different experimental diets. It is concluded that DDGS can be supplemented to low quality roughages at 1.5% of body weight to growing Nellore ram lambs for better growth rate, feed efficiency, cost economics, nitrogen balance, plane of nutrition and carcass characteristics. Further, the results of the present study also indicated that general recommendation of supplementation at particular level of body weight is not valid in sheep. It depends on quality (protein and energy content) of the supplement.1ThesisItem Open Access REPLACEMENT OF SYNTHETIC METHIONINE WITH METHIONINE PRODUCING MICROBES IN BROILER DIETS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-10) BRAHMAIAH, B; RAMANA, J. V(MAJOR); DEVASENA, B; VIJAY BHASKAR REDDY, GABSTRACT: Present study was carried out with an objective to investigate the growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, serum biochemical parameters, intestinal morphometry, carcass characteristics and physical properties of meat of broilers fed diets containing MPM (Methionine Producing Microbes). Basal pre-starter, starter and finisher broiler diets were formulated with conventional feed ingredients like maize, soya bean meal and de-oiled rice bran (DORB) as per the Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (ICAR, 2013). The CP (%) and ME (K.Cal/kg) contents of the basal pre starter, starter and finisher diets were 21.94, 3000; 21.48, 3049 and 19.47, 3099, respectively. The experimental diets in pre-starter phase were prepared, with the supplementation of synthetic Methionine @ 2000 g/ton of feed (C2), MPM @ 500g/ton of feed (T1),MPM @ 1000g/ton of feed (T2) andMPM @ 250g/ton of feed + Methionine @ 1000 g/ton of feed (T3). In starter phase the diets were prepared, with the supplementation of synthetic Methionine @ 1700 g/ton of feed (C2), MPM @ 500g/ton of feed (T1),MPM @ 1000g/ton of feed (T2) andMPM @ 250g/ton of feed + Methionine @ 850 g/ton of feed (T3). Similarly, in finisher phase the diets were prepared, with the supplementation of synthetic Methionine @ 1300 g/ton of feed (C2), MPM @ 500g/ton of feed (T1),MPM @ 1000g/ton of feed (T2) andMPM @ 250g/ton of feed + Methionine @ 650 g/ton of feed (T3), respectively. The basal diet C1 was used as negative control containing maize, SBM and DORB without addition of Methionine in all the phases of growth period. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. Three hundred and seventy five day old commercial broiler chicks were distributed randomly to five treatments with three replicates of twenty five birds each. The experiment was carried out from day old to 42 days of age. Weekly body weight gains and feed intake were recorded and feed efficiency was calculated accordingly. Metabolism trial was conducted to study the digestibility of nutrients during starter (0-28 days) and finisher (29-42 days) phases. At the end of 2, 4 and 6 weeks two birds from each replicate and thus a total of six birds per treatment were sacrificed to study the effect of MPM on serum biochemical and intestinal morphometry parameters. Carcass traits were studied at the end of the each phase of growth trial. There was significant (P<0.01) difference in body weight gain among treatments during pre-starter, starter, finisher and for entire growth period. The values of overall body weight gain (g) found in the treatments C1, C2, T1, T2 and T3 were 1665.74, 2025.15, 1797.86, 1685.84 and 1901.52 g, respectively. Highest (P<0.01) body weight gain (2025.15 g) was recorded in birds supplemented with synthetic Methionine (C2). Whereas the lowest (P<0.01) body weight gain (1665.74 g) was observed in birds fed with diet C1 (negative control) for entire growth period. Feed intake (g) was found to be non significant by different during all the phases of growth period. The feed intake (g) values among the treatment groups were C1 (3433.01), C2 (3429.83), T1 (3425.45) T2 (3420.04) and T3 (3431.32), respectively for entire growth period. Feed conversion ratio for entire growth period ranged from 2.09 (C1) to 1.66 (C2) among the treatment groups. The feed efficiency was significantly (P<0.01) better in the birds fed with the diets containing C2 (1.66) as compared to other treatment groups. The nutrient digestibility (%) of DM, EE and CF was found to be non-significant by different (P<0.01) among the treatment groups during starter and finisher phases. However, CP digestibility (%) was found to be significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed C2 (70.55 in starter phase and 70.04 in finisher phase) diet as compared to birds fed C1, T1, T2 and T3 diets. In pre-starter, starter and finisher phases the levels of serum total protein (g/dl), serum albumin (g/dl), serum globulin (g/dl) and serum AST (IU/L) were found to be higher (P<0.01) in birds fed C2 diet as compared to birds fed C1, T1, T2 and T3 diets. Whereas serum cholesterol (mg/dl) levels were significantly (P<0.01) lower in T1 and T2, serum glucose (mg/dl) levels higher (P<0.01) in T1 and T2 and serum ALT (IU/L) levels were significantly (P<0.01) higher in C1 as compared to other treatment groups. The villi height, villi width, crypt depth of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were found to be significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed C2 diet as compared to birds fed C1, T1, T2 and T3 diets. Whereas, villi/crypt depth ratio of duodenum, jejunum and ileum was more (P<0.01) in C1 (8.80, 8.18 and 7.73) group and low in C2 (7.20, 6.85 and 5.66) treatment group. At the end of each phase (pre starter, starter and finisher) of the growth period the hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, weight expressed as percent of hot carcass for giblet, breast muscle, and legs were significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed C2 diet as compared to birds fed C1, T1, T2 and T3 diets. While the abdominal fat (%) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in C1 group as compared to other treatment groups during all the phases of study. The proximate composition (%) of breast muscle during all the phases of the growth period showed significant (P<0.01) difference regarding CP and EE content (%). While DM and TA content (%) showed non significant difference among the treatment groups. The breast muscle contained significant (P<0.01) higher CP (%) in C2 and higher EE (%) in C1 group. Whereas in thigh muscle the DM, EE, CP and TA content (%) showed non significant difference among the treatment groups during all the phases of growth period. The physical properties of the meat i.e., pH, cooking yield (%), water holding capacity (%) and free fatty acids (%) during all the phases of the growth period showed non significant (P<0.01) difference among the treatment groups. While 2-TBARS value of meat was found to be significantly (P<0.01) higher in C2 as compared to other treatment groups during all the phases of study. The results of present study indicated that, supplementation of synthetic Methionine (C2) was better for feeding during overall period (0-6 weeks of age) based on BWG, FCR, good economic returns, and carcass yield as compared to birds fed other diets. Whereas cholesterol content of the serum was reduced in the birds supplemented with MPM (500g and 1000g per ton feed) fed alone and it appears to be beneficial from the human health point of view. The MPM used in the present study revealed that, as the dosage increased from 500g to 1000g per ton feed there was negative effect with regard to body weight gain and FCR. So, future work can be taken up to study the MPM supplementation at lower doses during pre starter, starter and finisher phases.ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF SHRIMP SHELLS CONTAINING CHITOSAN AS A SOURCE OF PREBIOTIC IN CROSSBRED PIGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017) YUGANDHAR KUMAR, M; Ramana, J. V(MAJOR); Ravi, A; Suresh, J; Sivakumar, A. V. N.ABSTRACT: Shrimp shell meal (SSM) containing chitosan was evaluated for its prebiotic effect during creep, grower and finisher phases of swine feeding. During creep phase a total of 240 pre-weaned piglets were assigned at random to 5 dietary treatments of control diet (T1), T1 supplemented with antibiotic (T2), while in treatments T3, T4, and T5 dried and autoclaved SSM containing 15.5% chitosan was included at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, respectively such that the rations contained 700, 1500 and 2300 mg chitosan/kg. Each treatment contained six replicate pens with eight piglets per pen. From 240 piglets at creep stage, 40 pigs were selected as and when they attained 15 kg body weight for growth studies during grower phase (15-35 kg) and were shifted to the corresponding diet during finisher phases ( 35-70 kg live weight). During these phases, the standard ration (T1) was supplemented with chlorotetracyclin (T2) while dried SSM was included at 2.5 (T3), 5.0 (T4) and 7.5% (T5), as a source of chitosan. The experimental diets were formulated as per NRC, 1998 and the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The growth performance and nutrient digestibility were studied. Two pigs per treatment at the end of creep and grower phases and 6 pigs per treatment at the end of finisher phase were slaughtered to study the small intestine morphological structures, gut pathogen load, serum biochemical profile and haematological parameters while carcass characteristics were studied after finisher phase. During creep phase, the initial litter weight (kg) was not significantly different among treatments whereas the final weight (kg) was higher (P<0.01) in piglets fed T2 toT5 than those fed on T1 and the values were 66.01 (T1), 73.33 (T2), 75.16 (T3), 75.83 (T4) and 79.56 (T5). There was no significant difference among treatments in total feed intake (kg). The feed per kg gain was higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in other treatments and the values were 0.88, 0.78, 0.73, 0.65 and 0.71 for T1 to T5 fed piglets, respectively. The height of villi in duodenum, jejunum and ileum as well as the ratio of villi height to crypt depth increased (P<0.01) with increasing levels of SSM. The height of villi (μm) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of pigs fed on T4 and T5 ration was significantly higher (P<0.01) than in other treatments and the values were 166.8, 177.4, 217.8, 393.4 and 315.2; 171.0, 243.0, 245.0, 254.2 and 246.6; 174.4, 184.4, 177.6, 247.4 and 226.8 in duodenum, jejunum and ileum for T1 to T5 fed pigs, respectively. The ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VH/CD) which is a useful criterion for estimating the digestive capacity in the small intestine was highest (P<0.01) in pigs fed T4 ration when compared to other treatments and the values were 0.94, 1.26, 1.14, 2.08 and 1.18; 1.02, 1.27, 1.08, 2.08 and 1.12; 0.97, 1.08, 1.01, 1.76 and 1.06 in duodenum, jejunum and ileum for T1 to T5 fed pigs, respectively. There was a reduction in the E.Coli and Salmonella count in gut content of piglets fed diets containing antibiotic and shrimp waste when compared to control group and the values (cfu/g) were 76.35, 24.09, 32.23, 23.67 and 19.37 (E.coli); 53.52, 31.13, 40.29, 29.98 and 16.99 (Salmonella) in pigs fed T1 to T5, respectively. During grower phase, the ADG (g) was higher (P<0.01) in T4 (348) or T5 (324) than in T3 (310), T2 (303) and T1 (267) fed pigs. The ADFI (kg) was also higher (P<0.01) in T5 (0.80) or T4 (0.78) fed pigs than in T1 (0.73), T2 (0.75) and T3 (0.75) fed pigs which was not significantly different. The quantity (kg) of feed consumed per kg gain and the cost of feed per kg gain (Rs) were higher (P<0.01) in T1 fed pigs than in other treatments and the values were 2.77 and 61.24 (T1), 2.47, and 54.47 (T2), 2.42 and 53.46 (T3), 2.26 and 49.84 (T4) and 2.46 and 54.40 (T5), respectively. During finisher phase, the initial, final and total weight gain (kg) were not significantly different among the treatments and the values were 35.50, 70.75 & 35.25; 35.08, 70.66 & 35.58; 35.91, 71.33 & 35.41; 35.75, 70.91 & 35.16 and 35.75, 71.41 & 35.66, respectively for T1 to T5 fed pigs. The number of days taken was lower (P<0.01) in T4 (72) or T5 (79) than in T2 (90), T3 (80) or T1 (104) fed pigs. The ADG (g) was higher (P<0.01) in T4 (485) followed by T5 (451) than in T1 (338), T2 (393) or T3 (439) fed pigs. The height of villi in duodenum, jejunum and ileum and the ratio of villi height to crypt depth increased (P<0.01) with increasing levels of SSM. The height of villi in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of pigs fed on T4 ration was significantly higher (P<0.01) than in other treatments and the values were 177.4, 190.6, 176.8, 202.8 and 186.2; 176.4, 182.8, 178.4, 187.2 and 188.4; 172.0, 182.0, 171.4, 204.0 and 180.8 (μm) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum for T1 to T5 fed pigs, respectively. There was a reduction in the E. Coli and Salmonella count in gut content of pigs fed diets containing antibiotic and shrimp waste when compared to control group and the values (cfu/g) were 72.36,25.81, 35.70, 26.77 and 18.37 (E.coli); 61.25, 21.49, 34.61, 22.65 and 14.17 (Salmonella) in pigs fed T1 to T5, respectively. The digestibility of major nutrients except ether extract was increased when pigs were offered diets supplemented with SSM during finisher phase. The digestibility of DM, CP, CF and NFE was significantly higher (P<0.01) in pigs fed T4 and T5 rations than in other treatments and the values were 85.27, 85.84, 84.08, 87.69 and 86.61; 85.00, 85.98, 85.13, 89.65 and 85.01; 53.79, 56.78, 56.80, 64.75 and 64.85; 90.37, 90.91, 90.76, 93.22 and 93.15 in pigs fed T1 to T5, respectively, However, EE digestibility was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T1 and T2 compared to T3, T4 and T5 fed pigs. The nitrogen intake (g/d) was higher (P<0.01) in pigs fed T1 than in other treatments and was lowest in pigs fed T4 and it might be due to differences in feed intake during metabolism trial. The serum total protein concentration was increased (P<0.01) in response to SSM supplementation compared to control group which indicated that the protein status of the pigs had improved. The total protein (g/dl) content was highest (P<0.01) in T4 fed pigs than in T1, T2, T3 and T5 and the values were 5.41, 5.98, 5.96, 6.75 and 5.95, respectively for T1 to T5 pig feds. The albumin (g/dl) content was not significantly different among the treatments and the values were 4.25, 4.41, 4.43, 4.15 and 4.26, respectively for T1 to T5 fed pigs. The globulin (g/dl) and IgG (mg/dl) content was highest (P<0.01) in T4 fed pigs and was in order of T4>T5>T2>T3>T1 fed pigs and the values were 1.16, 649.16; 1.57, 695.16; 1.52, 694.16; 2.60, 716.50 and 1.69, 697.00, respectively for T1 to T5 fed pigs. The increased total protein concentration was primarily due to an improved globulin concentration, since there was increase in the serum IgG concentration. During creep phase, there was a decrease in the serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and increase in HDL cholesterol and the values were 76.25, 70.75, 69.00, 64.25 and 65.25 (total cholesterol); 66.80, 65.25, 66.00, 58.50 and 61.75 (triglycerides); 41.00, 43.00, 42.25, 45.00 and 41.75 (HDL); 53.25, 27.75, 26.75, 19.25 and 23.50 (LDL) (mg/dl), respectively for T1 to T5 fed pigs. During grower phase also, there was a decrease in the total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL cholesterol and increase in HDL cholesterol in pigs fed T2 to T5 than in T1 and the values were 76.75, 72.00, 71.75, 64.75 and 69.00 (total cholesterol); 72.25, 68.00, 68.25, 60.25, 68.00 ( triglycerides); 41.50, 43.25, 43.75, 44.25 and 44.25 (HDL); 35.25, 28.75, 28.00, 20.50 and 24.75 ( LDL) and the same trend was observed even in finisher phase and the values were 77.33, 75.33, 74.08, 67.40 and 71.08 (total cholesterol); 72.80, 70.00, 68.58, 61.50 and 65.83 (triglycerides); 43.08, 45.83, 46.16, 48.75 and 46.66 (HDL); 34.25, 29.50, 27.91, 18.65 and 24.41 (mg/dl) ( LDL). The major finding emerging from the current study was that indicators of gut function such as nutrient digestibility, small intestine morphology and ratio of villus height to crypt depth were augmented with supplementation of SSM, resulting in higher body weight gain and superior feed/kg gain ratio and it was concluded that SSM at 1% during creep stage and at 5% during grower and finisher phases was optimum as a source of chitosan to replace antibiotic feed additive. Further, the enhanced small intestinal morphology observed during creep phase was beneficial in sustaining the same trend of improved gut function, nutrient utilization and better growth performance during grower and finisher phases where SSM was included at higher levels than during creep phase.ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF CHITOSAN EXTRACTED FROM SHRIMP WASTE MEAL USING ORGANIC ACIDS AND YEAST AS A PREBIOTIC IN BROILERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-01) AMIT VINAYAKRAO, JANBANDHU; RAVI, A(MAJOR); RAMANA, J.V; Narendranath, DABSTRACT: The present study was carried out to extract Chitosan from shrimp shell waste by bioremediation method using organic acids and yeast and to study the effect of chitosan as a prebiotic in broilers. The chitosan was characterised by FTIR and the effect of chitosan on broiler growth performance, gut pathogen load, intestinal morphology, serum metabolites and carcass characteristics was studied. The shrimp waste meal contained 96.5 (DM), 52.3 (CP), 3.14 (EE), 19.3 (CF), 22.4 (TA) and 3.7 % (NFE). A pilot study was conducted by incubating the shrimp waste meal with 1,4,and 8% HCl or 5,10 and 20 % organic acids i.e. fumaric, propionic and lactic acids for 24, 48 and 72 h. Based on the pH changes, demineralization and deproteinization of shrimp waste meal, 8% HCl and 20 % organic acids were selected for subsequent extraction of chitosan for inclusion in broiler diets. The demineralization (%) of shrimp waste meal was 78.3, 60.0, 68.7 and 85.6 while the deproteinization (%) was 84.6, 60.2, 53.9 and 71.0 for 8 % HCl and 20%, fumaric, propionic and lactic acid, respectively. The degree of deacetylation of the chitin was 65, 40, 44 and 47 % for 8% HCl and 20% fumaric, lactic and propionic acids, respectively. The yield of chitosan was 7.0, 8.0, 11.0 And 8.0 % from 8% HCl and 20% fumaric, lactic and propionic acids, respectively. The solubility (%) of chitosan was 90, 70.5, 74.5 and 79.5% for 8% HCl and 20% Fumaric, Lactic and Propionic acid, respectively and the absorbance bands for NH stretching, CH stretching, Amide 1 band, Amide 2 band, CH2 bending, COstretching, CH3 wagging alone chain and NH-out of plane bending for the Chitosan extracted in the present study with 8 % HCl or 20 % organic acids compared well with the pure Chitosan. 360 commercial day old broiler chicks were divided at random into five equal groups of four replicates each with 18 birds per replicate and allotted to five experimental isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (T1 to T5) formulated as per ICAR, 2013 feeding standards for pre-starter (0-14 days), starter (14-28 days) and finisher (28-42 days) phases. The chitosan extracted from shrimp waste using 8 % HCl or 20 % Fumaric, Propionic and Lactic acid was included as prebiotic at 1% in T2 to T5, respectively for a growth trial of 6 weeks duration. The liquid portion remaining after deproteinization of shrimp waste meal using organic acids and yeast culture was used to enrich the deoiled rice bran and the sun dried bran was incorporated into the broiler experimental rations (T2 to T5). The CP content of the enriched deoiled rice bran was 10.9, 11.24 and 11.76 % respectively for the 20% fumaric, lactic and propionic acid treatments which was higher than the value of 8.57 % CP in the untreated deoiled rice bran. The E.coli count (log10 cfu/g) of the caecal content was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in T2 (2.59), T3 (2.81), T4 (2.24) or T5 (2.44) than in T1 (4.03) fed birds. The Salmonella count (log10 cfu/g) of the caecal content was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in T5 (2.0) than in T1(2.64) fed birds while the values were 2.29, 2.19 and 2.43 for T2, T3 and T4 fed birds. The villi height (μm) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in birds fed on diets T2, T5 than in those fed T1 during prestarter, starter and finisher phases. The overall treatment average for the villi height of the duodenum was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in birds fed on T5, i.e. diet containing chitosan extracted using propionic acid than control diet. The villi height (μm) was 1200.9, 1445.2, 1347.3, 1514.0 and 1702.8 in birds fed on T1 to T5, respectively. The crypt depth was not significantly different among treatments during prestarter , starter and finisher phases. However, the overall treatment mean was significantly lower in T1 fed birds than in other treatments and the values (μm) were 262.9, 336.9, 321.4, 366.8 and 360.8 in T1 to T5 fed birds, respectively. The height of villi in jejunum was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in T1 and T2 than in other treatments and the values were 202.2, 195.9, 129.6, 135.6 and 151.9 in T1 to T5 fed birds, respectively. The villi height of ileum was not significantly different among treatments and the values (μm) were 793.7, 869.1, 818.9, 802.3 and 758.5 in T1 to T5 fed birds respectively. The crypt depth was not significantly different among the treatments and the value were 218.2, 204.8, 216.2, 197.7 and 200.6 in T1 to T5 fed birds, respectively. The overall body weight gain was not significantly different among treatments and the values (kg) were 32.4, 33.0, 32.6, 32.0 and 32.5 in T1 to T5 diet fed groups birds, respectively. The feed intake of birds in T1 i.e. 56 kg was significantly higher (P<0.01) than 48.4, 49.8, 47.5 and 46.8 kg in T2 to T5 fed birds, respectively. The FCR of 1.73 in T1 fed birds was higher but not significantly different from the FCR of birds fed T2 to T5 diets. The cost of feed/kg gain was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T1 and T2 fed birds than in other treatments and the values were Rs.42.2,45.8,41.2,40.8 and 39.0 for T1 to T5, respectively. The serum total protein, albumin, globulin and cholesterol were not significantly different among treatments while a significantly higher (P<0.01) triglyceride content in serum of birds fed T1 than in other treatments was observed and the values were 110.6, 99.9, 100.0,102.8 and 104.9 mg/dl in birds fed T1 to T5, respectively. The weight at slaughter was in the range of 2.03 to 2.29 kg and was not significantly different among treatments. The dressing percentage ranged from 63.76 (T5) to 66.09 (T1) fed birds and was not significantly different among treatments. The stomach and intestine full weight (g) was lower in T2 to T5 fed birds than in T1 but the differences were not significantly different. The weight of lung, heart and liver was not significantly different among treatments. The percent mortality observed was 0,1.39, 1.39, 2.78 and 6.94 (Pre starter phase), 0, 0, 0,1.59 and 2.94 (Starter phase) and 3.17, 4.76.0,1.72 and 11.29 (Finisher phase) in T1 to T5 fed birds, respectively. It was concluded that chitosan extracted by using organic acids viz. 20% Fumaric, Lactic and Propionic acids along with yeast exhibited the characteristics of pure Chitosan and prebiotic effects in broilers and using propionic acid followed by lactic acid was more economical.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SUBABUL BASED COMPLETE RATIONS ON PERFORMANCE OF KIDS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-12) UDAY KUMAR, G; DEVASENA, B(MAJOR); RAMANA, J.V; SURESH BABU, DABSTRACT: An attempt was made in the present study to include the untreated and treated Leucena leucocephala leaf meal (ULLLM and TLLLM) by replacing the concentrate mixture in complete rations of growing kids. The nutritive value, plane of nutrition, and economics of production were studied. The proximate composition of untreated and treated Leucena leucocephala leaf meal obtained by treating with moist heat for 45 minutes revealed dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, cruder fibre, total ash and nitrogen free extract of 89.90, 92.30, 21.08, 4.51, 15.96, 7.70 and 50.78%; 95.50, 88.89, 20.11, 2.98, 19.78, 11.10 and 46.03%, respectively. The cell wall constituents (%) neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin and silica, were 55.55, 21.22, 34.33, 13.73, 13.33 and 0.40, respectively for ULLLM 50.60, 25.87, 24.73, 17.94, 8.76 and 0.52, respectively for TLLLM. A growth trial was conducted for 90 days with 30 kids (9.00 kg±0.150) by allocating at random to five complete rations CR1 (control), CR2 (30% ULLLM), CR3 (30 % TLLLM), CR4 (40% ULLLM) and CR5 (40% TLLLM). The ADG (g/d) was higher (P<0.05) in CR1 followed by CR3, CR5, CR4 and CR2. The efficiency of feed utilization was highest (P<0.05) in CR1 and CR3, mediocre in CR5 and CR4 and lowest in CR2. The DM digestibility (%) ranged from 59.77 (CR2) to 69.13 (CR1) and OM digestibility (%) from 63.99 (CR4) to 70.01 (CR1). The CP digestibility (%) was in the range of 63.16 (CR4) to 71.76 (CR1) and that of CF digestibility (%) from 49.09 (CR4) to 59.33 (CR3). The difference among the digestibility of nutrients was nonsignificant. The NDF and ADF digestibility (%) was higher (P<0.05) in CR3 and lower (P>0.05) in CR4. The N intake (g/d) was highest (P<0.05) in CR1 and lowest (P<0.05) in CR4. While the differences among the CR2, CR3 and CR5 were non-significant. The DCP and TDN intake g/kg W 0.75 did not reveal any significant differences among the treatment groups. Carcass characteristics in terms of dressing percentage (39.53 to 44.99), empty body weight (7.39 to 12.13) did not indicate significant changes among the treatment groups. The edible, non edible (blood, skin, legs and gut with ingesta), organ weights, wholesale cuts, meat and bone ratio did not indicated significant difference among the kids maintained on experimental rations CR1 to CR5. The inclusions of untreated and treated Leucena leucocephala leaf meal (ULLLM and TLLLM) in the complete rations of kids on serum T3 and T4 hormonal profile determined at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of experiment showed significant reduction (P<0.05) in CR2 and CR4 as compared to CR1 or CR3 or CR5. Histopathological examination of thyroid gland indicated morphological changes in terms of hyperplasia of epithelial cells and follicular vacuolation with cuboidal epithelium were prominent in CR2 and CR4 group, while in control group there was normal pattern and very mild changes were seen in CR3 and CR5. The result of present study indicated that the treated Leucena leucocephala leaf meal can be included at 30% level in complete ration of growing kids as replacement of concentrate mixture on weight by weight basis under intensive system of rearing.