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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING GRADED LEVELS OF DDGS (DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES) WITH OR WITHOUT SPENT BREWERS YEAST SUPPLEMENTATION ON PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAILS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) SRIKALA, D; DEVASENA, B(MAJOR); RAMANA, J.V; SHAKILA, SABSTRACT : An experiment was conducted to study the effect of including graded levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with or without spent brewer’s yeast (SBY) supplementation in the diets of Japanese quails on performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, serum parameters and cost economics. The chemical analysis of DDGS and SBY revealed DM, CP, EE, CF, TA, AIA and NFE of 90.49, 30.92, 9.80, 8.52, 6.58, 4.03 and 44.18%; 91.53, 38.80, 1.32, 3.63, 5.61, 0.49 and 50.64%, respectively. The percent Ca and P contents were 0.07, 0.76 in DDGS and 0.10 and 1.46 in SBY, respectively. An experiment was carried out on Japanese quail chicks (675) from day old to 35 days of age under cage system. The Japanese quail chicks were randomly distributed to nine treatments with three replicates, each containing twenty five birds. Iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were prepared with inclusion of DDGS at graded levels with or without spent brewer’s yeast (SBY) supplementation for grower (0 to 3 weeks) and finisher (3 to 5 weeks) Japanese quail chicks (ICAR, 2013). The experimental diets T2, T4, T6 and T8 contained DDGS at 10, 15, 20 and 25% level, respectively and T3, T5, T7 and T9 diets contained 1% of SBY along with respective levels of DDGS and T1 as control diet. The body weight gain (g) during grower phase was significantly (P<0.01) highest in quails fed diets containing 20% DDGS with SBY (T7) and 20% DDGS without SBY (T6) while it was lowest (P<0.01) in quails fed control (T1) and 10% DDGS without SBY (T2) diets. The body weight gain (g) for entire growth period was significantly (P<0.01) highest in quails maintained on diets containing 20% DDGS with SBY (T7) and lowest body weight gain was seen in quails fed control diet (T1), diet with 10% DDGS without SBY (T2) and 10% DDGS with SBY (T3). The feed intake (g) during grower phase was significantly (P<0.01) highest in quails fed diets containing 20% DDGS without SBY (T6), 20% DDGS with SBY (T7) and 25% DDGS without SBY (T8), while lowest (P<0.01) was recorded in control (T1) diet. The feed intake did not differ significantly among the treatment groups (T1 to T9) during finisher phase. The FCR and mortality of quails showed non-significant differences among the dietary treatments during different growth phases. The digestibility of DM, CP, EE and NFE was not influenced but CF digestibility decreased (P<0.01) during grower and finisher phases. The carcass characteristics, proximate composition of meat and physical properties of meat in terms of meat pH, percent cooking yield, water holding capacity, free fatty acids did not affected significantly with the inclusion of DDGS at graded levels with or without SBY supplementation among the dietary treatments. The serum total protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl) and globulin (g/dl) levels did not differ significantly, but serum cholesterol (mg/dl) levels decreased significantly (P<0.01) in quails fed experimental diets T1 to T9. The intestinal morphometry i.e. villus height (μm), crypt depth (μm) and villus height/crypt depth ratio in duodenum and ileum showed non-significant differences among the dietary treatment groups. Whereas villus height (μm) and crypt depth (μm) in jejunum was significantly (P<0.01) improved in quails fed diets containing graded levels of DDGS up to 20% with or without SBY supplementation. The cost of feed per bird was significantly (P<0.01) lowest in birds fed diets containing 25% DDGS without SBY (T8) and highest (P<0.01) in quails fed diets containing 20% DDGS with SBY (T7). Based on the results, it is concluded that, dietary incorporation of DDGS up to 25% can be safely included in the quail diets. There is no additional benefit observed with SBY supplementation at 1% level in present study.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF NATURAL GROWTH PROMOTER AS A REPLACEMENT TO ANTIBIOTIC GROWTH PROMOTERS ON THE PERFORMANCE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-09) ASHOK KUMAR, V; SRINIVASA RAO, D(MAJOR); RAMANA, J.V; SURESH, JABSTRACT: The present study was carried out with an objective to investigate the growth performance, digestibility (%) of nutrients, intestinal morphometry, serum biochemical parameters, carcass characteristics cost economics and mortality of broilers fed diets containing natural and antibiotic growth promoters (NGP and AGPs). Basal diets were formulated for pre-starter (0-14 days) starter (15-28 days) and finisher (29-42 days) periods with conventional feed ingredients like maize, soybean meal, and fish meal as per the Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (ICAR, 2013). The CP (%) and ME (kcal/kg) contents of the pre-starter, starter and finisher diets were 22.16, 3021; 20.50, 3084 and 19.21, 3088 respectively. The basal diet T1 was used as control without addition of any growth promoters. Experimental diet T2 was prepared by adding Natural growth promoter (NGP) supplied by Ayurvet private Ltd, @ 500 g/ton of basal diet (T1).The T3, T4 and T5 diets were prepared by adding antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) which were locally available i.e., Chlortetracycline @ 335 g/ton, Terramycin @ 500 g/ton of and Oxymycin @ 500 g/ton of basal diet respectively. All the diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. Three hundred day old commercial broiler chicks were distributed randomly to five treatments with three replicates of twenty birds each. The experiment was carried out from day old to 42 days of age. Weekly feed intake, body weight gain, were recorded and feed efficiency was calculated accordingly. Metabolism trials were conducted to study the digestibility (%) of nutrients. At the end of experiment, two birds per replicate and thus a total of six birds per treatment were sacrificed to study the effect of different growth promoters on intestinal morphometry, serum biochemical parameters, proximate composition, physical properties of meat and other carcass characteristics. The feed intake in broilers was non-significant differences during all the periods i.e., pre-starter, starter and finisher and overall. The body weight gain (g) during pre-starter period was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T1 and T5 groups than T2, T3 and T4 groups. However, in starter, finisher and overall periods the broilers fed with T5 diet showed superior (P<0.01) body weight gain in comparison with T1, T2, T3 and T4 diets. However, the broilers fed with NGP containing diet (T2) had higher (P<0.01) body weight gain in comparison with T1 and T3 in starter, finisher and overall periods. No significant difference was observed in feed efficiency during pre-starter and overall periods. But, in starter (1.40) and finisher (2.01) periods higher (P<0.01) FE was observed in T5 in comparison with other treatment groups. However, the broilers fed with NGP containing diet (T2) had higher (P<0.01) feed efficiency in comparison with T1 and T3 and was not significantly different (P>0.01) with T4 in starter, finisher and overall periods. The digestibilities (%) of DM, OM, CP, CF and NFE and the retention (%) of Nitrogen, Calcium and Phosphorous were not significantly different among the treatment groups. However, EE digestibility (%) was significantly higher (P<0.01) in broilers fed with T4 diet and lower (P<0.01) in T1 diet. Morphometry of duodenum, jejunum and ileum i.e., villus height, width, and crypt depth (μm) indicate differences (P<0.01) among the treatment groups except in villus height of ileum. The villus height (except in ileum), width and crypt depth were significantly higher (P<0.01) in T5 and lower (P<0.01) in T1 in comparison with other treatment groups. However, the broilers fed with NGP (T2) have higher villus height, width and crypt depth of duodenum, jejunum and ileum in comparison with T3 and T1. Serum biochemical parameters i.e., serum total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, glucose, AST and ALT showed significant difference (P<0.01) among various treatment groups. Significantly higher (P<0.01) serum total protein and globulin (g/dl) levels were observed in T2. But, higher albumin (g/dl) level was observed in T3. Whereas, significantly lower (P<0.01) cholesterol, glucose (mg/dl), ALT and AST (IU/L) levels were observed in T2 in comparison with other treatment groups. Significantly higher (P<0.01) live body weight (g) and carcass yield (g) at slaughter were observed in broilers fed with T5 diet in comparison with T1, T2, T3 and T4 diets. However, the T2 group have shown higher (P<0.01) live weight gain (g) at slaughter and carcass yield than T1 and T3 groups. There was no significant difference in dressing (%) of broilers among the treatment groups. The abdominal fat (%) was lower (P<0.01) in T2 group in comparison with other treatment groups i.e., T1, T3, T4 and T5. The physical properties of fresh meat i.e., cooking yield (%) and 2-TBARS value were significantly higher (P<0.01) in T2 group. However, significantly lower (P<0.01) pH, free fatty acids (%) and water holding capacity (%) of the meat were observed in T2 group in comparison with other treatment groups. There was no significant difference in DM (%) of the fresh meat of broilers among the treatment groups. Significantly higher (P<0.01) CP, lower (P<0.01) EE and TA contents (%) were observed in T2 diet than T1, T3, T4 and T5 diets. The feed cost (Rs.) per Kg live weight gain was significantly lower (P<0.01) in broilers fed with T5 diet than T1 and T3 diets. The NGP diet (T2) have lower feed cost per Kg live weight gain in comparison with T1 and T3 diets. But, no significant difference was observed between T2 and T4 groups. No mortality (%) was observed in T1 (Control) and T2 (NGP) groups during overall experimental period. During starter period mortality (%) was recorded in T3 (1.66) and finisher period T4 (3.3) and T5 (1.66) respectively. Based on the weight gains, intestinal morphometry, mortality and cost economics data of the broilers, it can be concluded that NGP can be supplemented at 500 gm/ton of feed for broilers in place of antibiotic growth promoters i.e., Chlortetracycline and TerramycinThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF DISTILLERS DRIED GRAIN WITH SOLUBLES (DDGS) TO STRAW BASED DIET ON PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN NATIVE SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-11) VISHNU VARDHAN REDDY, P; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); RAMANA, J.V; SURESH BABU, DABSTRACT : A growth study was conducted in growing Nellore ram lambs to investigate the effect of supplementation of different levels of distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) to sorghum stover based diet on performance and nutrient utilization, microbial protein synthesis and carcass characteristics. The growth trial for 90 days was conducted using twenty four growing Nellore ram lambs, which were randomly allotted to the four experimental diets with different levels of DDGS supplementation to sorghum stover. The level of DDGS supplementation to straw based diet was 1, 1.5 and 2% of the animal body weight in D2, D3 and D4 experimental diets, respectively and compared with conventional concentrate mixture supplementation at 2% of body weight (D1). The dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), total ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content of DDGS was 89.5, 94.5, 32.3, 11.2, 7.85, 43.1, 5.54, 44.7, 19.1, 25.6, 15.9 and 2.90 percent, respectively. There was progressive and significant (P<0.01) increase in average daily gain (ADG) in D3 and D4 fed groups compared to D1 group. No significant difference was observed in total feed intake among the four experimental diets. Significant (P<0.01) decrease in FCR was observed in D3 and D4 fed groups. The cost (Rs.) per kg live weight gain in lambs was significantly (P<0.01) lower in D2 and significantly (P<0.01) higher in D1 (control) diet. However, profit/animal was higher by 22.3 and 24.2 percent in D3 and D4 fed lambs compared to D2 fed lambs. The daily average total dry matter intake (DMI) expressed as kg/d during the metabolism trail was not significantly different among four experimental diets. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NFE was either significantly (P<0.01) or non-significantly lower in D2 fed group than D1, D3 and D4 fed groups. Whereas EE digestibility was significantly (P<0.01) lower in D1 fed group compared to D3 and D4 fed groups. Digestibility of CF, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose was not significantly different among four experimental diets. The CP (%), DCP (%), TDN (%), DE (MJ/kg DM) and ME (MJ/kg DM) content of the D4 diet was significantly (P<0.01) highest among all the experimental diets followed by D3, D2 and D1 diets. CP intake (g/d or g/kg w0.75) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in D4 fed groups than D2 and D1 fed groups. ME intake (MJ/d) was not significantly (P>0.05) different among the experimental groups but approached significance closely in D4 and D3 compared to D1 and D2 fed groups. Whereas, ME intake (MJ/kg w0.75) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in lambs fed D4 diet than lambs fed D1 and D2 diet. CP intake (g/d) and ME intake (MJ/d or MJ/kg w0.75) were not significantly different between D3 and D4 fed groups. The N intake and absorbed (g/d) were significantly (P<0.01) higher in D4 fed group among four experimental diets fed groups but significantly (P<0.01) higher nitrogen balance was observed in lambs fed D3 and D4 diets than those fed D1 and D2. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives, purines absorbed (mmol/d) and microbial protein synthesis (g/d) were significantly (P<0.01) higher in lambs fed D4 diet compared to D1 and D2 fed lambs. The values were not significantly different between D3 and D4 fed groups. The pre-slaughter and empty body weights were significantly (P<0.05) higher in D4 fed group than D1 fed group. Carcass weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in D4 fed lambs than D1 and D2 fed lambs. No significant difference in pre-slaughter, empty body and carcass weights were observed between lambs fed D3 and D4 diets. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in dressing percent on pre- slaughter or empty body weight, percent whole sale cuts, yield of visceral organs and proportion of meat, bone and fat in whole carcass and chemical composition of meat among lambs fed different experimental diets. It is concluded that DDGS can be supplemented to low quality roughages at 1.5% of body weight to growing Nellore ram lambs for better growth rate, feed efficiency, cost economics, nitrogen balance, plane of nutrition and carcass characteristics. Further, the results of the present study also indicated that general recommendation of supplementation at particular level of body weight is not valid in sheep. It depends on quality (protein and energy content) of the supplement.1ThesisItem Open Access REPLACEMENT OF SYNTHETIC METHIONINE WITH METHIONINE PRODUCING MICROBES IN BROILER DIETS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-10) BRAHMAIAH, B; RAMANA, J. V(MAJOR); DEVASENA, B; VIJAY BHASKAR REDDY, GABSTRACT: Present study was carried out with an objective to investigate the growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, serum biochemical parameters, intestinal morphometry, carcass characteristics and physical properties of meat of broilers fed diets containing MPM (Methionine Producing Microbes). Basal pre-starter, starter and finisher broiler diets were formulated with conventional feed ingredients like maize, soya bean meal and de-oiled rice bran (DORB) as per the Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (ICAR, 2013). The CP (%) and ME (K.Cal/kg) contents of the basal pre starter, starter and finisher diets were 21.94, 3000; 21.48, 3049 and 19.47, 3099, respectively. The experimental diets in pre-starter phase were prepared, with the supplementation of synthetic Methionine @ 2000 g/ton of feed (C2), MPM @ 500g/ton of feed (T1),MPM @ 1000g/ton of feed (T2) andMPM @ 250g/ton of feed + Methionine @ 1000 g/ton of feed (T3). In starter phase the diets were prepared, with the supplementation of synthetic Methionine @ 1700 g/ton of feed (C2), MPM @ 500g/ton of feed (T1),MPM @ 1000g/ton of feed (T2) andMPM @ 250g/ton of feed + Methionine @ 850 g/ton of feed (T3). Similarly, in finisher phase the diets were prepared, with the supplementation of synthetic Methionine @ 1300 g/ton of feed (C2), MPM @ 500g/ton of feed (T1),MPM @ 1000g/ton of feed (T2) andMPM @ 250g/ton of feed + Methionine @ 650 g/ton of feed (T3), respectively. The basal diet C1 was used as negative control containing maize, SBM and DORB without addition of Methionine in all the phases of growth period. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. Three hundred and seventy five day old commercial broiler chicks were distributed randomly to five treatments with three replicates of twenty five birds each. The experiment was carried out from day old to 42 days of age. Weekly body weight gains and feed intake were recorded and feed efficiency was calculated accordingly. Metabolism trial was conducted to study the digestibility of nutrients during starter (0-28 days) and finisher (29-42 days) phases. At the end of 2, 4 and 6 weeks two birds from each replicate and thus a total of six birds per treatment were sacrificed to study the effect of MPM on serum biochemical and intestinal morphometry parameters. Carcass traits were studied at the end of the each phase of growth trial. There was significant (P<0.01) difference in body weight gain among treatments during pre-starter, starter, finisher and for entire growth period. The values of overall body weight gain (g) found in the treatments C1, C2, T1, T2 and T3 were 1665.74, 2025.15, 1797.86, 1685.84 and 1901.52 g, respectively. Highest (P<0.01) body weight gain (2025.15 g) was recorded in birds supplemented with synthetic Methionine (C2). Whereas the lowest (P<0.01) body weight gain (1665.74 g) was observed in birds fed with diet C1 (negative control) for entire growth period. Feed intake (g) was found to be non significant by different during all the phases of growth period. The feed intake (g) values among the treatment groups were C1 (3433.01), C2 (3429.83), T1 (3425.45) T2 (3420.04) and T3 (3431.32), respectively for entire growth period. Feed conversion ratio for entire growth period ranged from 2.09 (C1) to 1.66 (C2) among the treatment groups. The feed efficiency was significantly (P<0.01) better in the birds fed with the diets containing C2 (1.66) as compared to other treatment groups. The nutrient digestibility (%) of DM, EE and CF was found to be non-significant by different (P<0.01) among the treatment groups during starter and finisher phases. However, CP digestibility (%) was found to be significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed C2 (70.55 in starter phase and 70.04 in finisher phase) diet as compared to birds fed C1, T1, T2 and T3 diets. In pre-starter, starter and finisher phases the levels of serum total protein (g/dl), serum albumin (g/dl), serum globulin (g/dl) and serum AST (IU/L) were found to be higher (P<0.01) in birds fed C2 diet as compared to birds fed C1, T1, T2 and T3 diets. Whereas serum cholesterol (mg/dl) levels were significantly (P<0.01) lower in T1 and T2, serum glucose (mg/dl) levels higher (P<0.01) in T1 and T2 and serum ALT (IU/L) levels were significantly (P<0.01) higher in C1 as compared to other treatment groups. The villi height, villi width, crypt depth of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were found to be significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed C2 diet as compared to birds fed C1, T1, T2 and T3 diets. Whereas, villi/crypt depth ratio of duodenum, jejunum and ileum was more (P<0.01) in C1 (8.80, 8.18 and 7.73) group and low in C2 (7.20, 6.85 and 5.66) treatment group. At the end of each phase (pre starter, starter and finisher) of the growth period the hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, weight expressed as percent of hot carcass for giblet, breast muscle, and legs were significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed C2 diet as compared to birds fed C1, T1, T2 and T3 diets. While the abdominal fat (%) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in C1 group as compared to other treatment groups during all the phases of study. The proximate composition (%) of breast muscle during all the phases of the growth period showed significant (P<0.01) difference regarding CP and EE content (%). While DM and TA content (%) showed non significant difference among the treatment groups. The breast muscle contained significant (P<0.01) higher CP (%) in C2 and higher EE (%) in C1 group. Whereas in thigh muscle the DM, EE, CP and TA content (%) showed non significant difference among the treatment groups during all the phases of growth period. The physical properties of the meat i.e., pH, cooking yield (%), water holding capacity (%) and free fatty acids (%) during all the phases of the growth period showed non significant (P<0.01) difference among the treatment groups. While 2-TBARS value of meat was found to be significantly (P<0.01) higher in C2 as compared to other treatment groups during all the phases of study. The results of present study indicated that, supplementation of synthetic Methionine (C2) was better for feeding during overall period (0-6 weeks of age) based on BWG, FCR, good economic returns, and carcass yield as compared to birds fed other diets. Whereas cholesterol content of the serum was reduced in the birds supplemented with MPM (500g and 1000g per ton feed) fed alone and it appears to be beneficial from the human health point of view. The MPM used in the present study revealed that, as the dosage increased from 500g to 1000g per ton feed there was negative effect with regard to body weight gain and FCR. So, future work can be taken up to study the MPM supplementation at lower doses during pre starter, starter and finisher phases.ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF CHITOSAN EXTRACTED FROM SHRIMP WASTE MEAL USING ORGANIC ACIDS AND YEAST AS A PREBIOTIC IN BROILERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-01) AMIT VINAYAKRAO, JANBANDHU; RAVI, A(MAJOR); RAMANA, J.V; Narendranath, DABSTRACT: The present study was carried out to extract Chitosan from shrimp shell waste by bioremediation method using organic acids and yeast and to study the effect of chitosan as a prebiotic in broilers. The chitosan was characterised by FTIR and the effect of chitosan on broiler growth performance, gut pathogen load, intestinal morphology, serum metabolites and carcass characteristics was studied. The shrimp waste meal contained 96.5 (DM), 52.3 (CP), 3.14 (EE), 19.3 (CF), 22.4 (TA) and 3.7 % (NFE). A pilot study was conducted by incubating the shrimp waste meal with 1,4,and 8% HCl or 5,10 and 20 % organic acids i.e. fumaric, propionic and lactic acids for 24, 48 and 72 h. Based on the pH changes, demineralization and deproteinization of shrimp waste meal, 8% HCl and 20 % organic acids were selected for subsequent extraction of chitosan for inclusion in broiler diets. The demineralization (%) of shrimp waste meal was 78.3, 60.0, 68.7 and 85.6 while the deproteinization (%) was 84.6, 60.2, 53.9 and 71.0 for 8 % HCl and 20%, fumaric, propionic and lactic acid, respectively. The degree of deacetylation of the chitin was 65, 40, 44 and 47 % for 8% HCl and 20% fumaric, lactic and propionic acids, respectively. The yield of chitosan was 7.0, 8.0, 11.0 And 8.0 % from 8% HCl and 20% fumaric, lactic and propionic acids, respectively. The solubility (%) of chitosan was 90, 70.5, 74.5 and 79.5% for 8% HCl and 20% Fumaric, Lactic and Propionic acid, respectively and the absorbance bands for NH stretching, CH stretching, Amide 1 band, Amide 2 band, CH2 bending, COstretching, CH3 wagging alone chain and NH-out of plane bending for the Chitosan extracted in the present study with 8 % HCl or 20 % organic acids compared well with the pure Chitosan. 360 commercial day old broiler chicks were divided at random into five equal groups of four replicates each with 18 birds per replicate and allotted to five experimental isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (T1 to T5) formulated as per ICAR, 2013 feeding standards for pre-starter (0-14 days), starter (14-28 days) and finisher (28-42 days) phases. The chitosan extracted from shrimp waste using 8 % HCl or 20 % Fumaric, Propionic and Lactic acid was included as prebiotic at 1% in T2 to T5, respectively for a growth trial of 6 weeks duration. The liquid portion remaining after deproteinization of shrimp waste meal using organic acids and yeast culture was used to enrich the deoiled rice bran and the sun dried bran was incorporated into the broiler experimental rations (T2 to T5). The CP content of the enriched deoiled rice bran was 10.9, 11.24 and 11.76 % respectively for the 20% fumaric, lactic and propionic acid treatments which was higher than the value of 8.57 % CP in the untreated deoiled rice bran. The E.coli count (log10 cfu/g) of the caecal content was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in T2 (2.59), T3 (2.81), T4 (2.24) or T5 (2.44) than in T1 (4.03) fed birds. The Salmonella count (log10 cfu/g) of the caecal content was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in T5 (2.0) than in T1(2.64) fed birds while the values were 2.29, 2.19 and 2.43 for T2, T3 and T4 fed birds. The villi height (μm) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in birds fed on diets T2, T5 than in those fed T1 during prestarter, starter and finisher phases. The overall treatment average for the villi height of the duodenum was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in birds fed on T5, i.e. diet containing chitosan extracted using propionic acid than control diet. The villi height (μm) was 1200.9, 1445.2, 1347.3, 1514.0 and 1702.8 in birds fed on T1 to T5, respectively. The crypt depth was not significantly different among treatments during prestarter , starter and finisher phases. However, the overall treatment mean was significantly lower in T1 fed birds than in other treatments and the values (μm) were 262.9, 336.9, 321.4, 366.8 and 360.8 in T1 to T5 fed birds, respectively. The height of villi in jejunum was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in T1 and T2 than in other treatments and the values were 202.2, 195.9, 129.6, 135.6 and 151.9 in T1 to T5 fed birds, respectively. The villi height of ileum was not significantly different among treatments and the values (μm) were 793.7, 869.1, 818.9, 802.3 and 758.5 in T1 to T5 fed birds respectively. The crypt depth was not significantly different among the treatments and the value were 218.2, 204.8, 216.2, 197.7 and 200.6 in T1 to T5 fed birds, respectively. The overall body weight gain was not significantly different among treatments and the values (kg) were 32.4, 33.0, 32.6, 32.0 and 32.5 in T1 to T5 diet fed groups birds, respectively. The feed intake of birds in T1 i.e. 56 kg was significantly higher (P<0.01) than 48.4, 49.8, 47.5 and 46.8 kg in T2 to T5 fed birds, respectively. The FCR of 1.73 in T1 fed birds was higher but not significantly different from the FCR of birds fed T2 to T5 diets. The cost of feed/kg gain was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T1 and T2 fed birds than in other treatments and the values were Rs.42.2,45.8,41.2,40.8 and 39.0 for T1 to T5, respectively. The serum total protein, albumin, globulin and cholesterol were not significantly different among treatments while a significantly higher (P<0.01) triglyceride content in serum of birds fed T1 than in other treatments was observed and the values were 110.6, 99.9, 100.0,102.8 and 104.9 mg/dl in birds fed T1 to T5, respectively. The weight at slaughter was in the range of 2.03 to 2.29 kg and was not significantly different among treatments. The dressing percentage ranged from 63.76 (T5) to 66.09 (T1) fed birds and was not significantly different among treatments. The stomach and intestine full weight (g) was lower in T2 to T5 fed birds than in T1 but the differences were not significantly different. The weight of lung, heart and liver was not significantly different among treatments. The percent mortality observed was 0,1.39, 1.39, 2.78 and 6.94 (Pre starter phase), 0, 0, 0,1.59 and 2.94 (Starter phase) and 3.17, 4.76.0,1.72 and 11.29 (Finisher phase) in T1 to T5 fed birds, respectively. It was concluded that chitosan extracted by using organic acids viz. 20% Fumaric, Lactic and Propionic acids along with yeast exhibited the characteristics of pure Chitosan and prebiotic effects in broilers and using propionic acid followed by lactic acid was more economical.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING FIBROLYTIC ENZYME MIXTURE IN DRY AND SOLUBILIZED FORMS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF RAM LAMBS FED JOWAR STOVER BASED TOTAL MIXED RATION(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-11) PRADEEP KUMAR REDDY, Y; Suryanarayana, M.V.A.N(MAJOR); Raghava Rao, E; Ananda Rao, KABSTRACT : An enzyme cocktail containing Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes (EFE) was tested in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in 30 ram lambs (15.5±0.57 Kg) of about 3 months age, randomly divided in 5 equal groups and each group containing 6 animals to evaluate effect of supplementing EFE to TMR on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plane of nutrition, carcass characteristics and cost economics. Five treatments were formulated with TMR containing Concentrate:Roughage ratio 50:50 with no enzyme cocktail supplementation as T1 (control), T1 supplemented with 2.5 g of enzyme cocktail per animal per day in dry form (T2), T1 supplemented with 2.5 g of enzyme cocktail incubated overnight per animal per day in dry form (T3), T1 supplemented with 2.5 g of enzyme cocktail soluble in 50 ml of water per animal per day (T4) and T1 supplemented with 2.5 g of enzyme cocktail soluble in 50 ml of water incubated overnight per animal per day (T5). A growth trial for 120 days was conducted. After the end of the growth trial, a digestion trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of cocktail enzyme containing Cellulase, Hemicellulase, β-glucanase, Amylase and Protease on the nutrient utilization. A basal ration was formulated as control and EFE was added at different forms to make treatments 2 to 5. T5 recorded highest (P<0.05) weight gain (kg) indicating that feed incubated with enzymes would be utilized better for improving the performance. The weight gains (kg) for the treatment groups were in the decreasing order from T5 to T1. There was about 15% hike in the total weight gain (kg) for T5 as compared to T1. ADG (g) was in the order of T5>T4>T3>T2>T1 (105, 100, 101, 99 and 90 g/d, respectively). There was an increase (%) of 15, 6, 4 and 5 for T5 as compared to T1, T2, T3, T4, respectively. FCR was recorded lowest (P<0.05) for T5. EFE incubated groups recorded lowest FCR. The enzyme incubated group recorded more ADG (g) with lowest FCR, indicating the advantage of use of pre-ingestion enzyme substrate complex before entering the rumen. FCR was in the order of T1>T2>T3>T4>T5. No significant differences were observed for treatments in terms of ADFI (Kg). The digestibility of all nutrients with the exception of CF, were found to be non-significant. The CF digestibility was highest (P<0.05) for T5 followed by T4, T3, T2 and T1. They were in the order of T5>T4>T3>T2>T1. However the digestibility of DM, OM, EE and NFE linearly increased non-significantly from T1 to T5. The NDF digestibility was highest (P<0.05) for enzyme incubated group (T5). Supplementation of enzymes increased (P<0.05) TDN (Kg/day), DE (Mcal/day) and ME (Mcal/day). Except for DMI and DCP, the digestibilities of other parameters were found to be significant at 5% level. The values of TDN, DE and ME were highest for T5 indicating that the feed incubated with EFE in solubilized form had higher digestibility. None of the carcass parameters like pre-slaughter weight (Kg), empty body weight (Kg), hot carcass weight (Kg), dressing percentage and the weights of other visceral organs were affected by enzyme treatment. Enzyme added treatments recorded higher (P<0.05) total feed cost (Rs) as compared to the control, indicating that enzyme supplementation increased the feed intake. However, the cost of the feed per kg gain showed a decreased trend for EFE added groups. It was the lowest but non-significant for the enzyme incubated feed in solubilized form. It was concluded that EFE added to TMR can promote the growth by increasing nutrient utilization and reducing the cost of production. EFE applied in solubilized form and fed to the lambs after incubation recorded higher growth rate and improved nutrient digestibility of certain nutrients.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF BLACK PEPPER (Piper nigrum) AS NATURAL FEED ADDITIVE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-04) SRI DIVYA, VEERANKI; Raghava Rao, E(Major); Srinivas Kumar, D; Sudhakar, KABSTRACT: The present investigation is carried out to study the effect of inclusion of black pepper at varying levels on the growth performance, serum biochemical profile, carcass characteristics and nutrient utilization of Japanese quails. One hundred and fifty day old quail chicks distributed randomly to five dietary groups each with three replicates of ten quails and were offered diet containing 24% CP and 2900 kcal/kg ME. During the experiment, black pepper is included at 0.0% (T1: Control), 0.25% (T2), 0.50% (T3), 0.75% (T4) and 1.0% (T5) level by marginal adjustment of other feed ingredients. All the rations were made iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. Chemical analysis indicated that black pepper contained 12.87 % CP, 4.85% EE, 20.97% CF, 1.46% calcium and 0.8% phosphorous. Results indicated that body weight gain increased (P<0.05) while feed intake and feed consumed/kg gain decreased (P<0.01) with increased level of inclusion of black pepper from 0 to 1.0% in the diet The serum biochemical profile of quails revealed that the total protein (P<0.01), albumin (P<0.05), creatinine (P>0.05), calcium and phosphorus (P<0.01) contents increased while serum glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol levels decreased (P<0.01) with increase in the inclusion of black pepper from 0 to 1.0% in the diet. Further, the study indicated that the HDL cholesterol level increased (P<0.01) while LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels decreased (P<0.01) in serum with increased level of inclusion of black pepper from 0 to 1.0 % in the diet. The digestibility of gross nutrients and fibre fractions increased (P<0.01) with increased level of inclusion of black pepper from 0 to 1.0% in the diet. Similarly, the percent nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus utilization also increased (P<0.01) with increase in the level of inclusion of black pepper from 0 to 1.0 % in the diet. Further, the study indicated that the carcass yield (P<0.05), dressing percentage (P<0.01), ready to cook yield (P<0.05) and meat to bone ratio (P<0.01) increased with increased level of inclusion of black pepper from 0 to 1.0% in the diet. However, inclusion of black pepper at graded levels in the diet of quails had no effect ( P>0.05) on percent weight of heart, liver, gizzard and giblet. The feed cost/kg gain decreased by 2.19 (T2), 2.20 (T3), 3.67 (T4) and 3.99 (T5) in quails fed diets containing black pepper at varying levels as compared to the control.The present study indicated that black pepper can be incorporated up to 1.0% level as natural feed additive in the diet of quails without any adverse effect on production performance.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIETARY INCORPORATION OF CORIANDER SEED (Coriandrum sativum L.) AT VARYING LEVELS ON THE PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-03) BALA CHENNA REDDY, NARALA; Srinivas Kumar, D(MAJOR); Raja Kishore, K; Naga Raja Kumari, KABSTRACT: The present investigation is carried out to study the effect of dietary incorporation of coriander seed at varying levels on the growth performance, serum biochemical profile, carcass characteristics and nutrient utilization of Japanese quails. One hundred and fifty, day old quail chicks distributed randomly to five dietary groups each with three replicates of ten quails and were offered a basal diet containing 24% CP and 2900 kcal/kg ME. During the experiment, coriander seed powder is included at 0.0% (T1; Control), 0.5% (T2), 1.0% (T3), 1.5% (T4) and 2.0% (T5) level by marginal adjustment of other feed ingredients. All the rations were made iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. Chemical analysis indicated that coriander seed contained 14.70% CP, 9.34% EE, 0.64% calcium and 0.35% phosphorous. Results indicated that the body weight gains and feed intake increased (P<0.01) while feed consumed/kg gain decreased (P<0.01) with increased level of incorporation of coriander seed from 0 to 2.0% in the diet. The serum biochemical profile of quails revealed that the total protein, globulin, albumin, calcium and phosphorous contents increased (P<0.01) while serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and creatinine levels decreased (P<0.01) with increase in the level of incorporation of coriander seed from 0 to 2.0% in the diet. Further, the study indicated that the HDL cholesterol level increased (P<0.01), while LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels decreased (P<0.01) in serum with increased level of incorporation of coriander seed from 0 to 2.0% in the diet. Furthermore, serum glucose level decreased (P<0.05) with increase in the level of incorporation of coriander seed from 0 to 2.0% in the diet. The digestibility of OM, CP, EE and fibre fractions increased (P<0.01) with increased level of incorporation of coriander seed from 0 to 2.0% level in the diet. Similarly, the per cent nitrogen utilization increased (P<0.01) and percent calcium and phosphorous utilization also increased (P<0.05) with increase in the level of incorporation of coriander seed from 0 to 2.0% level in the diet. Further, the study indicated that the meat to bone ratio increased (P<0.01) with increased level of incorporation of coriander seed from 0 to 2.0% level in the diet. However, incorporation of coriander seed at graded levels in the diet of quails had no effect (P>0.05) on carcass yield, dressing percentage, ready to cook yield and, per cent weight of heart, liver, gizzard and giblet. The feed cost / kg gain decreased by 6.15 (T5) and 2.72 (T4) and increased by 0.97 (T2) and 0.34 (T3) in quails fed diets containing coriander seed at varying levels as compared to the control. The present study indicated that coriander seed can be incorporated up to 2.0% level as a natural feed additive in the diet of quails without any adverse effect on production performance of quails.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF CINNAMON (Cinnamomum cassia) POWDER AS PHYTOBIOTIC GROWTH PROMOTER ON THE PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-02) VASUNDARA PRIYANKA, MUDRAGADA; Srinivas Kumar, D(MAJOR); Raghava Rao, E; Venkata Seshaiah, Ch.ABSTRACT: The present investigation is carried out to study the effect of inclusion of cinnamon powder at varying levels on the growth performance, serum biochemical profile, carcass characteristics and nutrient utilization of Japanese quails. One hundred and fifty day old quail chicks distributed randomly to five dietary groups each with three replicates of ten quails and were offered diet containing 24% CP and 2908 kcal/kg ME. During the experiment, cinnamon powder is included at 0.0% (T1: Control), 0.25% (T2), 0.50% (T3), 0.75% (T4) and 1.0% (T5) level by marginal adjustment of other feed ingredients. All the rations were made iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. Chemical analysis indicated that cinnamon powder contained 5.06 % CP, 30.00% CF, 2.00% calcium and 0.90% phosphorous. Results indicated that body weight gain increased (P<0.01) while feed intake and feed consumed/kg gain decreased (P<0.01) with increased level of inclusion of cinnamon powder from 0 to 1.0% in the diet. The serum biochemical profile of quails revealed that the serum total protein, albumin, globulin and phosphorus contents increased (P<0.01) while serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and creatinine levels decreased (P<0.01) with increase in the inclusion of cinnamon powder from 0 to 1.0% in the diet. Further, the study indicated that the HDL cholesterol level increased (P<0.01) while LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels decreased (P<0.01) in serum with increased level of inclusion of cinnamon powder from 0 to 1.0 % in the diet. The digestibility of gross nutrients and fibre fractions increased (P<0.01) with increased level of inclusion of cinnamon powder from 0 to 1.0% in the diet. Similarly, the percent nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus utilization also increased (P<0.01) with increase in the level of inclusion of cinnamon powder from 0 to 1.0 % in the diet. Further, the study indicated that the dressing percentage (P<0.01) and ready to cook yield (P<0.05) increased with increased level of inclusion of cinnamon powder from 0 to 1.0% in the diet. However, inclusion of cinnamon powder at graded levels in the diet of quails had no effect (P>0.05) on carcass yield, meat to bone ratio, percent weight of heart, liver, gizzard and giblet. The feed cost/kg gain decreased by 1.02 (T2), 2.07 (T3), 2.64 (T4) and 3.31 (T5) in quails fed diets containing cinnamon powder at varying levels as compared to the control. The present study indicated that cinnamon powder can be incorporated upto 1.0% level as phytobiotic growth promoter in the diet of quails without any adverse effect on production performance of quails.