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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN BUFFALO CALVES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-11) PARASHU RAMULU, S; NAGALAKSHMI, D(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, D; KISHAN KUMAR, MABSTRACT: The present study was conducted with an aim to study effect of zinc (Zn) supplementation on nutrient utilization, growth performance and immune response in buffalo calves. The experiment was conducted in two phases i.e., in vitro and in vivo study in buffalo calves. During first phase graded doses (0 to 160 ppm) of zinc as ZnSO4.7H2O was supplemented to sorghum stover based complete diet and screened for in vitro DM digestibility and in vitro gas production technique. The in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and cellulose (IVCD) digestibilities increased gradually from 80 to 140 ppm, highest (P<0.01) digestibilities were observed at 140 ppm and further no improvement was observed at 160 ppm of Zn supplementation. Similarly, mean gas volume, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) content in Zn supplemented diets were higher (P<0.01) compared to BD and increased (P<0.01) up to 140 ppm Zn concentration in a dose dependent manner and then decreased at 160 ppm. The above in vitro attributes at 140 ppm were comparable with that of 80, 100 and 120 ppm Zn addition. Based on these observations, 80 and 140 ppm Zn supplementation was selected for in vivo experimentation in buffalo calves. During second phase, eighteen buffalo calves with an average body weight of 125±2.5 kg were randomly allotted to 3 groups in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were viz., Basal diet (BD; 29.72 ppm Zn from feed ingredients), BD supplemented with 80 and 140 ppm Zn as ZnSO4.7H2O (22 % Zn). Calves were fed the respective diets at 3 per cent of body weight to meet the nutrient requirements (NRC, 2001) of dairy cattle except Zn throughout 120 days of feeding trial. A digestibility trial of 7 days was carried out after 60 days of feeding trial. Blood was collected at 60, 90 and 120 days of feeding trial to determine the serum mineral status and at 90 d for haematological and serum biochemical constituents. Further, for estimating antioxidant enzyme activity in haemolysate, again blood was collected after 110 days of feeding trial. The humoral immune response against Brucella abortus and chicken RBC was assessed by administering suitable doses of these antigens on 95th d with a booster dose after 15 days and response was measured by standard tube agglutination test (STAT), Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and direct haemagglutination test (DHA) respectively in serum collected at 8, 15, 22 and 29 d post sensitization. At the end of experiment, cell mediated immune (CMI) response was determined by in vivo delayed type hyper sensitivity (DTH) reaction against phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P). No effect of Zn supplementation was observed on DM, organic matter, crude protein, nitrogen free extract, neutral detergent fibre and hemicellulose digestibilities while digestibilities of crude fibre (P<0.05), ether extract (P<0.01), acid detergent fibre (P<0.01) and cellulose (P<0.01) increased with either 80 or 140 ppm Zn supplementation. Cellulose digestibility was highest with 80 ppm (62.17 %) compared to 140 ppm Zn supplementation (57.28 %) and lowest in unsupplemented calves (53.73 %). No effect of Zn supplementation (80 and 140 ppm) was observed on plane of nutrition and nutritive value of diets. The calves grew linearly with an average daily gain of 582.9, 546.9 and 525.6 g on 0, 80 and 140 ppm Zn supplementation and corresponding average daily dry matter intake were 3.97, 3.90 and 3.71 kg, respectively. Supplementation of Zn had no effect on fortnightly body weight, dry matter intake, nutrient intake and efficiency of nutrient utilization. Similarly, Zn supplementation at either 80 or 140 ppm had no influence on haematological constituents analysed viz., haemoglobin, total erythrocyte and leucocytes count, packed cell volume, MCV, lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. Alkaline phosphatase activity and globulin concentration in serum increased (P<0.05) with Zn supplementation, but no effect of dose of Zn supplementation was observed. While serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol, glucose and albumin:globulin ratio were not affected by Zn supplementation. Lipid peroxidation (μmol MDA/mg Hb) was higher (P≤0.05) in calves fed BD (3.46) and its levels reduced with Zn supplementation and lowest level was observed with 140 ppm Zn supplementation (2.36). The antioxidant enzyme activities such as glutathione peroxidase (μmole NADPH oxidized/g Hb/min) and glutathione reductase (μmol/mg Hb) activities were higher (P<0.01) in 140 ppm supplemented calves (35.34, 10.80, respectively) while RBC catalse activity (mmol/mg Hb) was higher (P<0.05) in 80 ppm supplemented calves (1.90) compared to those fed BD (1.19). Humoral immune response against Brucella abortus was higher (P<0.05) in Zn supplemented calves (8, 15, 22 and 29 d post sensitization) and highest response was observed with 140 ppm Zn supplementation. The HA titers against chicken RBC did not vary significantly with variation in dietary Zn supplementation. The DTH response against PHA-P was maximum at 24 h post inoculation and maximum response was observed with 140 ppm Zn supplementation and lowest in those fed BD. The study indicated that Zn supplied through practical feed ingredients in diet (29.72 ppm Zn) was sufficient for buffalo calves with an average daily gain of 500 g, while ether extract and fibre digestibility enhanced with 80 ppm Zn supplementation. Further higher Zn concentration i.e., 140 ppm Zn was required for higher antioxidant activities and immune responses in buffalo calves.ThesisItem Open Access CHEMICAL AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PULSE CHUNIES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-11) PARTHA SARATHI, SWAIN; SRINIVASA RAO, D(MAJOR); NAGALAKSHMI, D; MAHENDER, MABSTRACT: The present study was planned to evaluate the chemical composition and nutritive values of commonly available pulse chunies viz. Green gram, Black gram, Bengal gram and Red gram chunies available in the local markets of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. The samples procured from the local markets. Samples were pooled and ground to minimise the sampling errors prior to, laboratory evaluation. The pulse chunies collected were analysed for their chemical composition, fibre fractions, and Dry Matter (DM) degradability by two in vitro techniques, different fractions of protein and carbohydrate by CNCP (Cornell’s Net Protein and Carbohydrate) system. The Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) and Metabolisable Energy (ME) content of the samples were calculated as per the equations suggested by Krishnamoorthy et al. (2005) and Menke and Steingass (1988), respectively. The chemical composition of Green gram chuni was found to be CP-22.33, EE-2.43, CF-15.92, TA-8.50, NFE-47.02, AIA-3.17, Ca-0.83 and P-0.38% and the fibre fractions were found to be NDF-46.49, ADF-22.78, cellulose-17.41, hemicellulose-23.71, lignin-4.26 and silica 1.10 % on DM basis. In Black gram chuni the chemical composition was found to be CP-20.66, EE-2.16, CF-13.14, TA-11.69, NFE-48.89, AIA-6.78, Ca-0.71 and P-0.33% and the fibre fractions were NDF-35.03, ADF-17.45, cellulose-13.44, hemicelluloses-17.58, lignin-3.05 and silica 0.96 % on DM basis. In Bengal gram chuni the chemical composition was found to be CP-9.58, EE-1.80, CF-40.69, TA-5.03, NFE-42.57, AIA-0.66, Ca-1.05 and P-0.55% and the fibre fractions were NDF-50.56, ADF-41.67, cellulose-40.08, hemicelluloses-8.90, lignin-1.60 and silica 0.17% on DM basis. The chemical compositions in Red gram chuni was found to be CP-16.22, EE-2.20, CF-30.97, TA-4.03, NFE-46.61, AIA-0.23, Ca-0.72 and P-0.42% and fibre fractions were NDF-46.63, ADF-32.49, cellulose-29.99, hemicelluloses-14.14, lignin-2.50 and silica-0.07% on DM basis. The DM degradability (%) of the chunies studied by Modified Tilley and Terry method (1963) and Rusitec were 77.62 and 75.29 for Green gram chuni, 80.39 and 77.81 for Black gram chuni, 52.80 and 51.61 for Bengal gram chuni and 55.11 and 50.06 for Red gram chuni, respectively indicating Black gram chuni was found to have highest DM degradability at 24 h of incubation. In Rusitec, the Black gram chuni and Green gram chuni produced less amount of gas at 24 hr incubation as compared to that of Bengal gram and Red gram chunies. The effective DM degradabilities % was 56.8, 58.8, 35.5, and 39.4% for Green gram, Black gram, Bengal gram and Red gram chuni, respectively. The gas produced in in vitro gas production technique (IVGP) from these pulse chunies varied significantly for the incubations of 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 8-12, 18-24, 24-36 hr and non significant variation was observed for 6-8, 12-18, 36-48 and 48-72 h of incubation. The gas production was initially maximum from Black gram chuni then dominated by green gram chuni. But after 18 h of incubation, gas production was higher in Bengal gram and Red gram chuni probably due to high fibre content of the samples. Considering the cumulative gas production in IVGP, significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in 0-2, 0-4, 0-6, 0-8, 0-12 and 0-18 hr of incubation and thereafter, the difference in gas production became non significant for 0-24, 0-36, 0-48 and 0-72 hrs of incubation. But irrespective of chemical compositions, all the chunies produced almost similar amount of gas at the end of 72 h of incubation. Green gram chuni containing maximum ME (Mcal/kg DM) of 2.58 than other samples which were 2.50, 2.26, and 2.26, respectively for Black gram, Bengal gram and Red gram chuni. The TDN content (%) was found to be highest in Green gram chuni (68.11) which differed significantly from Bengal gram (2.26) and red gram chunies (2.26). In vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD) in mg was found in the range of 103.17 (Red gram chuni) to 118.64 (Green gram chuni) with a non-significant difference (P>0.05). Protein Fraction A (% CP) was highest in Red gram chuni (37.72) followed by Bengal gram chuni (19.60), Black gram chuni (19.13) and lowest in Green gram chuni (17.89). Green gram chuni (10.26) was higher than other chunies in protein fraction B1 (% CP) and Red gram chuni was the lowest (7.78). Black gram chuni (46.28) has shown significantly higher (P<0.01) levels of fraction B2 (% CP) than Red gram and Bengal gram chunies and Red gram chuni (30.94) was again reported to have the least. Green gram chuni (7.73) was containing the highest protein fraction B3 (% CP) Black gram chuni (4.08) was having the least. Protein fraction C (% CP) was highest in Bengal gram chuni (28.15) and Red gram chuni was having minimum (18.57). Thus Bengal gram chuni is the least available protein source with low CP and high Fraction C of protein. The carbohydrate fraction A (% CHO) studied by CNCP system was maximum in Bengal gram chuni which varied significantly (P<0.01) with Red gram (15.28) and Green gram chunies (19.74). The carbohydrate fraction B1 (% CHO) was highest in Black gram (24.99) chuni and minimum in Green gram chuni (11.78). Considering carbohydrate fraction B2 Green gram chuni was found to contain maximum and Black gram chuni was minimum with values of 60.92 and 45.48 % CHO, respectively. The fraction C (% CHO) varied in the range of 4.61 in Bengal gram chuni to 15.34 in Green gram chuni which signified Bengal gram chuni was a good carbohydrate source with highest available carbohydrate. It can be concluded from the above study that Black gram and Green gram chunies can be considered as good non conventional feed resources with high CP, ME, TDN and high DM degradabilities than Bengal gram and Red gram chunies for ruminant feeding.ThesisItem Open Access IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF EXTRUDED MANGOSEED MEAL, DEOILED SALSEED MEAL AND UREA PRODUCTS (70% CRUDE PROTEIN)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1981) BALASUBRAMANYAM, K; ANJANEYA PRASAD, D(MAJOR); RAMANA RAO, N.V; SIVAIAH, KThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FIBROLYTIC ENZYMES SUPPLEMENTATION ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND RUMEN FERMENTATION PATTERN IN SHEEP FED STOVER BASED DIETS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011) VIJAY BHASKER, TEKULAPALLY; NAGALAKSHMI, D(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, D; RAGHUNANDAN, TABSTRACT : The present study was conducted to develop a suitable fibrolytic enzymes cocktail comprising cellulase, xylanase, β-D-glucanase for maize stover and sorghum stover by in vitro studies and to evaluate the effect of these fibrolytic enzyme combination by in vivo studies in sheep in terms of nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation pattern. The fibrolytic enzymes cellulase, xylanase and β-D glucanase, investigated had an activity of 10, 00,000, 16, 00,000 and 10, 00,000 IU/g, respectively. For in vitro studies the required quantity of the enzyme was manually mixed with stover which was ground through 1mm screen. At first, cellulase and xylanase were added individually to both the stovers at an increasing dose rates viz., 0, 100, 200, 400 , 800, 1600, 3200, 6400, 12800, 25600, 32000, 38400, and 44800IU/g DM and screened for in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro total sugar release (mg/g DM). The IVDMD% was not affected with cellulase supplementation to sorghum stover from100 to 1600 IU/g DM, beyond which (32000-44800 IU/g), it gradually increased (P < 0. 001) in dose dependant manner and highest (P < 0. 01) IVDMD was observed for concentration of 44800 IU/g. Significant increase (P < 0. 01) in IVDMD was observed with xylanase supplementation to sorghum stover at concentration of 25600-44800 IU/g compared to control and highest IVDMD was observed for xylanase concentration of 44800 IU/g. The in vitro total sugar release from sorghum stover increased gradually in a dose dependant manner with increase in concentration of cellulase and xylanase supplementation from 0 to 44800 IU/g. Based on the in vitro studies the concentration of cellulase and xylanase selected for studying the combination (cellulase and xylanase) effect for sorghum stover were 32000, 38400 and 44800 IU/g of cellulase and 25600, 32000, 38400 and 44800 IU/g of xylanase. The in vitro sugar release was higher with enzyme supplemented singly or in all combinations (range: 35.78 – 57.66 mg/g DM) compared to un-supplemented stover (14.5 mg/g DM). The combination of cellulase-xylanase that gave higher IVDMD for sorghum stover than 38400-25600 (40.30%) followed by 32000 -38400 (42.50%), 44800-25600 (41.89%), 44800-44800 (40.89%), 44800- 32000 (40.82%) and 38400-32000 IU/g (40.30%). Except for combination 44800 cellulase-44800 xylanase, all other 5 combinations were selected to synergistic effect of β-D glucanase supplemented at 0, 100, 200 and 300 IU/g. In case of sorghum stover, no significant effect of β-D glucanase (100-300 IU/g) supplementation to selected cellulase-xylanase combinations were observed on IVDMD. The highest IVDMD was observed for cellulase-xylanase- β-D glucanase combination 44800-32000-0 followed by 44800-25600-0 IU/g. while the in vitro sugar release was higher in all enzyme supplemented stover (range: 48.46 to 56.77 mg/g DM) compared to un-supplemented stover (14.57 mg/g DM) and the increase in sugar release was according to concentration of enzymes. No correlation between IVDMD and in vitro sugar release was observed for the enzymes combinations. Based on IVDMD the best enzyme combination selected for in vivo studies in sheep was 38400 cellulase-25600 xylanase-0 β-D glucanase for sorghum stover. Similarly, for the maize stover, the IVDMD was affected by supplementing cellulase and xylanase up to 3200 and 800 IU/g respectively. The in vitro sugar release increased gradually with increase in cellulase or xylanase concentration. The highest IVDMD was observed for cellulase concentration 25600 IU/g (23.74%) followed by 12800 (21.99%), 32000 (21.66%) and 6400 (20.79%) IU/g. Similarly the IVDMD was highest for xylanase concentration of 25600 (24.48%) and 32000 (25.14%), followed by 38400 (23.77%), 44800 (23.97%) and 12800 (23.49%) IU/g. These above doses of cellulase and xylanase were selected for investigating the combination effect of these enzymes for maize stover. The ranking of cellulase-xylanase combination for maize stover based IVDMD was 12800-12800 IU/g (49.98%), followed by 25600-25600 (48.55%), 32000-25600 (46.00%) and 25600-12800 IU/g DM (45.89%). For cellulase-xylanase combination, at all cellulase concentration tested (6400, 12800, 25600 and 32000 IU/g), the amount of sugar release (P < 0. 001) with increasing in xylanase concentrations. No correlation between IVDMD and in vitro sugar release was observed, Hence based on the IVDMD, the enzyme combination selected for further in vitro studies with β-D glucanase (100-300 IU/g) was above 3, except the combination 32000 cellulae-25600 xylanase IU/g. Similar to that of sorghum stover, no beneficial effect of β-D glucanase was observed on IVDMD and the enzyme combination 12800 cellulase -12800 xylanase- 0 β-D glucanase was selected for maize stover for in vivo studies in sheep. The in vivo experiment in sheep with the selected exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (EFE) from in vitro studies for sorghum stover and maize stover was conducted by incorporating both these stovers as sole roughage source in total mixed ration (TMR) in roughage concentrate ratio of 50:50. The appropriate amount of enzyme required for each stover in TMR was added to concentrate mixture of TMR diet and later mixed with chopped stover in a large tub manually for about 10 minutes before feeding to sheep daily. The experiment was conducted on 24 ram lambs ( 6-8 months) 20.24 ± 1.442 kg body weight (BW) which were randomly allotted to 4 dietary groups i.e., sorghum stover based total mixed ration (TMR), sorghum stover based TMR supplemented with EFE , maize stover based TMR and maize stover based TMR supplemented with EFE . The lambs were fed with respective diets for a preliminary period of 21 days followed by 7 days collection period. The organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and cellulose contents were 87.52, 10.49, 2.47, 30.53, 44.02, 74.50, 47.11 and 35.76 % for sorghum stover based TMR and for maize stover based TMR, the corresponding values were 86.77, 10.84, 2.82, 28.25, 44.85, 74.43, 43.24, 31.19 % respectively. No effect of EFE supplementation was observed on chemical composition of diets. Supplementing EFE to sorghum stover or maize stover based TMR had no effect on DM, OM and hemicellulose digestibilities. The NFE digestibility improved (P < 0.05) by EFE supplementation to sorghum stover based diet, while such effect was not observed for maize stover based TMR. Though non significant, the EE and CF digestibility improved by EFE supplementation 7.35 and 8.32% by to sorghum based TMR and 5.82% and 5.76% The cellulase digestibility increased (P < 0.05) with addition of EFE for sorghum stover based TMR but not for maize stover TMR. The NDF and ADF digestibility increased by 8.57 and 6.14 % with EFE supplementation to sorghum stover based TMR. The TDN, DE and ME content significantly increased (P < 0.05) with EFE supplementation to sorghum stover based TMR which was a reflection of higher CF, NFE and EE digestibility, while no effect of EFE supplementation was observed for nutritive value of maize stover based TMR. Lower CP digestibility with EFE supplementation reduced the DCP content of sorghum stover based TMR. All the lambs of various dietary groups were on positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balances. No effect of EFE supplementation was observed on nitrogen and phosphorus balance while calcium balance increased (P < 0.05) with EFE supplementation. The rumen pH values decreased (P < 0.05) with increase in TVFA concentration (P < 0.01) with EFE supplementation, irrespective of roughage source in TMR. The total nitrogen was not affected with EFE addition, while ammonia nitrogen concentration in rumen liquor increased (P < 0.05) in lambs fed on rations supplemented with EFE. Irrespective of the roughage source and EFE supplementation in diet, the peak TVFA, total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen concentration in rumen was observed at 4h post feeding. From the present study, it could be concluded that supplementation of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes comprising cellulase, xylanase and β-D glucanase developed from in vitro studies to sorghum stover based TMR improved the nutrient digestibility, ruminal ammonia nitrogen and TVFA concentration in sheep and also nutritive value of ration but such effect was not pronounced on maize stover based TMR, when β-D glucanase was zero it may be removed.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PROTEIN-ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS ON PERFORMANCE AND PREDICTION OF BODY COMPOSITION OF LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRE PIGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1981) Venka Reddy, D; ANJANEYA PRASAD, D(MAJOR); RAMANA RAO, N.V; MURTHY, A.S.NABSTRACT: Two 2 X 2 f a c t o r i a l e x p e r i m e n t s were c o n d u c t e d w i t h growing and f i n i s h i n g Large White Y o r k s h i r e barrows t o d e t e r - mine optimum e n e r g y : p r o t e i n r a t i o s and t o d e v e l o p r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n e t o p r e d i c t t o t a l body water and FFEE weight from TOH s p a c e and body p r o t e i n , fat o r ash from Tori Rpace and l i v e weight st 35 and 65 Kg. I n e x p e r i m e n t 1, f o r t y barrow8 were f et3 d i e ta s u p p l y - i n g 16y c r u d e p r o t e i n (on fresh b a s i s ) with 3.0 (GP-1 ) o r 3.3 (GD-2) e n d 189% c r u d e p r o t e i n wi t h 3.0 (GT-3)o r 3.3(~~-) 4 #.cal EE/K~. Energy had a s i g n i f i c a n t (Y~0.05) e f f e c t on feed conrumption. Feed e f f i c i e n c y and cost/kg gain of GC-1 and GI!-4 were s u p e r i o r t o GO-2 and GI)-3. Lcvel of encrgj (PJ 0.01 ) influenced digestibilitiea of Illv, CP, EE and NFE. Digestibillties of DM and WFE of GD-2 were hieher (F L, 0.01 ) than GI!-1 o r GI!-3. Digest ibili tie8 of DF, CP sr d NFE of GP-4 were higher (P-, 0.05 ) than GI)-3. Enera t protein ratio8 did not a f f e c t nitrogen r e t e n t i o n . Level of p r o t e i n and E X P i n t e r a c t i o n influenced r e t e n t i o n of absorbed calcium and phosphorus. Retention of absorbed calcium was lower f o r treatment 2 than 1, 3 or 4. Retention of absorbed phosphorus was higher (Pr 0.01 ) f o r pigs fed G2-4 than t h o s e f e d GI)-2 o r GT-3. The percent l o i n + hen1 was hipher (P C. 10) i n treatment 4 than 1 t o 3. Fnergy denslty and I? X 'P inter- .jction influenced percentare of body water which was high (P -0.0: ) i n pigs fed GT-3 than those fed Gr-4. :Tg and NFF v a l u e s of grower d i e t s 1 t o 3 were 0.80, 1.32; 0.79, 1.40; 0.59, 1.30 end 0.82, 1.44 r e s p e c t i v e l y . The c o r r e l a t i o n coeff lcierlte (r'p ) be tween t o t a l kody wa t e r o r FFEB weight and TYrT space were 0.93C4 (~,-_2.01) and 0.?168 (P. -0.01 ) respectlvely. The multl ple correlat i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s (~'6)b etween t o t a l body fat o r ash and TIOH epees and l i v e weight were 0.6928 (P / 0.05 ) and 0.7197 (2~0.05 ) respectively. In experiment 2, 24 barrows of experiment 1 were shif tsd to d l e t e eupplylng 14% CP with 3.0 (FC-I ) or 3.3 (FD-2 ) and 16% CP with 3.0 (FD-3 ) or 3.3 (FD-4 ) M.cal EE /~g. Energy density and E X P i n t e r a c t i o n Influenced feed coneurnptlon which was lower (PLO. 05) i n p i g s fed PC-4 than those fed FT-3. Peed efficiency and coet/Kg gain of FC-1 wee euperior t o t h e o t h e r diete. Energy level affected digestibilitiee of EM, CP and VE which were hiaher (P 0.01 ) f o r FC-2 than FC-1. The l e v e l of energy alp:ni fican tly (P. 0.05 ) influenced nitrogen reten tion. The retention of absorbed-N was lower (P - 0.10) i n treatment 3 than In 2 or 4. Energy l e v e l had a s i g n i f i c a n t (F 0.05) e f f e c t on calcium and phosphorue reten tion. Yowevcr, re tention of absorbed calcium o r phosr~horus among the treatment was cimilar. Level of protein had 8 s i g n i f i c a n t (P -. 0.05 ) e f f e c t on dressing percentage. Energy, protein and E X P intera c t i o n Inf luenc ed loin eye area (cm 2 ) which was s i g n i f i - c a n t l y greater (PL 0.05) i n treatment1 than i n 2 t o 4. The body f a t content in pigs fed FC-2 wee hi~her (f G.10) than t h o s e f e d FD-1. The eeh cont~nt of pigs fed FD-4 we8 lower (?lo. 01 ) than thoae fad FD-1 or FC-3. Level of energy (P i0.01 ) a s well as protein (P.( 0.05 ) had e s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on ash content. The NEgend NEF values of the f i n i s h e r diete 1 t o 4 were 0.69, 0.88; 0.95, 1.06; O.W, 0.91 and 0.87, 0.94 respectively. The c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s (rts ) between t o t a l body water o r FPEB weight and TOH epece were 0.8697 (P L 0.01 ) and 0.6996 (PL 0.01 ) respectively. The multiple c o r r e l a t i o n coef ficiente (R ) between body p r o t e i n o r body f a t or aeh and T H apace and l i v e weight were not significent (PB0.05). The optimum energy :protein r a t i o s f o r grower and f i n i s h e r pigs were 162 to 185 and 204 to 213 Kilocaloriee percentage u n i t s respectively. Prediction of body composition fro^ the regression equctions t h a t were developed was quite precise at 35 Kg but not a t 65 Kg body weightThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF CONCENTRATE TO SWEET SORGHUM BAGASSE SILAGE ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND PERFORMANCE IN NATIVE SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-08) VIDYA, BADEKELA; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, D; RAVINDER REDDY, VABSTRACT: Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) is a by-product of ethanol industry and gaining importance in the country. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementation of concentrate at different levels to SSB silage on the performance, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics in Nellore growing ram lambs. A randomized design was applied with groups of seven growing ram lambs (14.05±0.61) and age (3month), blocked by weight, allocated to one of four treatments; SSB silage ad libitum (R-I), SSB silage + concentrate 170 g (R-II), SSB silage + concentrate 225 g (R-III) and SSB silage + concentrate 280 g (R-IV). The growth trial was conducted for a period of 120 days. At the end of the growth trial a metabolic trial was conducted to assess the nutrient utilization, plane of nutrition and nitrogen balance. Further three representative lambs for each group was slaughtered at the end of the growth trial to study the carcass characteristics and meat quality. Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract, total ash, neutral detergent fibre, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content of SSB silage was 34.83, 92.46, 7.48, 1.99, 37.14, 45.30, 7.53, 71.81, 46.75, 25.06, 31.16 and 9.08 per cent, respectively. Growth trial was conducted for 120 days by feeding the respective rations to the ram lambs. The average daily gain (ADG) of ram lambs fed ration R-IV were significantly (P<0.01) higher than R-I and R-II, but the values was comparable with the R-III. Negative FCR was recorded in lambs fed sole SSB silage and FCR was improved with supplementation of concentrate from R-II to R-IV rations. Significant difference in FCR (P<0.05) was observed between lambs fed R-II and R-III, R-IV rations but there was no significant difference between the lambs fed R-III and R-IV rations. The lambs fed sole SSB silage lost their body weight of 2.14 kg during experimental period resulting in negative ADG and negative FCR. Supplementation of concentrate @ 280 g to SSB silage resulted in significantly lower cost/ kg gain than the other rations. During metabolic trial the lambs fed SSB silage supplemented with concentrate consumed dry matter significantly (P<0.01) higher when expressed in g/d (P<0.01) and per kg w 0.75 than the lambs fed sole SSB silage (R-I) but there was no significant difference among the concentrate supplemented groups. Dry matter digestibility was increased (P>0.05) progressively as the level of concentrate supplementation increased up to 280 g. The OM digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in lambs fed R-IV ration than those fed R-I, R-II, R-III rations. Significantly (P<0.05) highest CP digestibility was found in lambs fed R-IV ration and lowest was found in those fed R-I ration. CP digestibility was linearly increased with increased supplementation of concentrate. Significantly (P<0.05) lower NFE digestibility was recorded in lambs fed R-I ration than those fed R-II, R-III and R-IV rations. There was no significant difference in the digestibility of ether extract, crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre, hemicellulose and cellulose among R-I, R-II, R-III and R-IV rations. N retention was negative for sheep offered only SSB silage, but positive with supplementation of concentrate and it was significantly (P<0.01) increased with increased supplementation of concentrate. Among the supplemented ram lambs the nitrogen balance was significantly (P<0.01) higher in R-IV than the R-II but there was no significant difference between R-III and R-IV. The DCP content of the rations exhibited significant (P<0.01) linear increase with increased proportion of concentrate in the ration. Lambs on sole SSB silage had significantly (P< 0.01) lower TDN value than those fed R-II, R-III and R-IV rations and there was no significant difference among R-II, R-III and R-IV rations. The TDN values were insignificantly increased from R-II to R-IV rations. The lambs fed sole SSB silage could not met the DCP and TDN requirements as stipulated by ICAR (1998) for lambs gaining at the rate of 50 g/d and weighing 15 kg body weight. Rations R-II, R-III and R-IV met the DCP and TDN requirements (ICAR, 1998) of lambs gaining 50 g/d and weighing 15-20 kg. Carcass weight and dressing percentage was linearly (P<0.01) increased as the proportion of concentrate increased in the diet. Supplementation of concentrate at different levels did not significantly influence the per cent whole sale cuts, yield of visceral organs and proportion of meat, bone and fat in whole carcass and chemical composition of meat. Fat percentage numerically increased from R-I to R-IV. The SSB silage on sole ration could not meet the nutrient requirements indicating that the supplementation with energy and protein rich feeds was necessary. Concentrate can be included at 280 g to SSB silage to obtain optimum growth rate, feed efficiency and meat quality with better nutrient utilization and plane of nutrition in growing Nellore ram lambs.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF EXTRUSION COOKING DEOILED SALSEED MEAL ON THE UILIZATION OF NUTRIENTS BY SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1981) ANANDA KUMAR REDDY, V; ANJANEYA PRASAD, D(MAJOR); RAMANA RAO, M.V; PRABHAKAR RAO, ZThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF PROCESSED COMPLETE RATIONS CONTAINING VARIOUS ROUGHAGES IN GROWING MALE SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-11) SUDHEER BABU, ARUMBAKA; SRINIVASA RAO, D(MAJOR); RAMANA REDDY, Y; NAGALAKSHMI, D; SUDHAKAR, KABSTRACT: Three complete rations (T1, T2 and T3) formulated, using jowar stover, maize stover and sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) (at 50% level) processed into expander extruded pellets were evaluated in a completely randomized design (CRD) using 3 groups of growing ram lambs, each group comprising of 6 lambs in a growth cum metabolic trial for 120 days. DM intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 and T3 than T1. The nutrient digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NFE were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 followed by T2 which was in turn higher (P<0.05) than T1. The digestibilities of NDF and cellulose were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 and T2 than T1. The ADF digestibility was significantly higher in T2 than T3 which was in turn higher (P<0.05) than T1.There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in hemi cellulose digestibility. All the lambs were on positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorous balance. Nitrogen and phosphorous balance were comparable, while Ca balance was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 than T2.The DCP content of T2 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than T1 and T3. The TDN content of T3 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than T2 followed by T1. The lambs of T1, T2 and T3 grew with an average daily gain (ADG) of 70.16±9.83, 77.33±4.16 and 81.25±4.98 g, respectively and were statistically comparable. The feed conversion efficiency was also similar among groups and ranged between 9.51±0.69 to 10.15±1.26. Cost of feed/kg was lower for T3 due to the inclusion of SSB. The mean live weight (kg) at slaughter and empty body weight (kg) in different treatment groups were statistically non significant (P>0.05). No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed among the treatment groups for dressing percentage on live weight basis or on empty body weight basis, percentage of edible offals and non edible offals, proportion of different wholesale cuts, lean percent, bone percent and meat: bone ratio. The fat proportion in carcass of ram lambs fed with maize stover based expander extruded pellets (T2) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than lambs fed with T1 or T3. Thus, it can be concluded that sweet sorghum bagasse can be incorporated in the complete rations of sheep at 50 % level by replacing conventional roughages such as jowar stover and maize stover, processed as expander extruder pellets without affecting the performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING RUMEN BY PASS FAT AS CONCENTRATED ENERGY SOURCE ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN MURRAH BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009) SRAVAN KUMAR, RAPOLU; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, D; RAVINDER REDDY, VABSTRACT : With a view to investigate the optimum level of inclusion of calcium soap as concentrate source of energy in the straw based diets of Murrah buffaloes, four iso-nitrogenous rations (12.6% CP) supplemented with 0, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent calcium soap of red palm oil were formulated and evaluated by in vitro and in sacco techniques. Data from in vitro and in sacco studies revealed that supplementation of calcium soap up to 10% had no adverse effect on DM digestibility/degradability of ration. The rations with 0 to 10 per cent of calcium soap were further evaluated in vivo using four Murrah buffaloes with an average body weight of 221.3±3.60 kg. A metabolic trial was conducted to study the effect of inclusion of calcium soap of red palm oil on nutrient utilization. Dry matter intake (kg/d or g/kg w0.75) in buffaloes was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the level of protected fat in the diet. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in the digestibility of proximate principle and cell-wall constituents except EE. The EE digestibility was higher by 15.20, 16.89 and 17.22, percentage units, respectively in buffaloes fed rations with 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent protected fat compared to those fed ration with out protected fat supplementation. All the buffaloes were on positive nitrogen balance. Nitrogen retention expressed as g/d, per cent intake or per cent absorbed in buffaloes was not significantly (P>0.05) different among the rations supplemented with 0, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent level of protected fat. The DCP values of rations with varying levels of calcium soap of red palm oil were not different from each other. The TDN value of the rations with 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent calcium soap was significantly (P<0.01) higher by 3.18, 4.84 and 6.80 percentage units, respectively as compared to ration with out calcium soap. Further, the DCP and TDN intakes were non-significantly (P>0.05) higher in buffaloes fed rations with 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent level of protected fat than those fed ration with out protected fat. It is concluded from the present study that calcium soap prepared from red palm oil can be used as an energy supplement up to 10% level for Murrah buffalo animals with out affecting DMI and nutrient utilization for improved production.