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ThesisItem Open Access AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATED GENETIC TRANSFORMATION IN RICE USING Cry 1Ac & Cry 1B genes(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2004) SPANDANA BANDILA; BALACHANDRAN, S. MIn the present investigation studies were carried out to determine the callus induction, growth and regeneration in two indica rice genotypes viz. Swarna and APMS6B. Studies were conducted to optimize various parameters for stable transformation in rice through Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer. Callus induction frequency in MS medium in light was higher than in dark irrespective of the genotype. Regeneration in both Swarna and APMS6B did not show much variation between calli induced in MS and N6 basal medium and incubation in light and dark. Transformation of calli derived from mature seeds of two genotypes was attempted using Agrobacterium EHA105/1304 plasmid containing Cry1AC and gus reporter gene was used for transformation studies. Gus expression was observed in two genotypes. Success of plant transformation using Agrobacterium depends on factors such as (i) concentration of Acetosyringone (ii) Concentration of Agrobacterium cells in culture. (iii) infiltration time and (iv) hygromycin in selection medium. Concentration of Acetosyringone, 100 M and concentration of Agrobacterium cells, 2 x 108 cells/ml (OD = 2) with infiltration time of 30 minutes showed higher transformation rate. Present study thus indicates that genetic transformation in rice can be successfully achieved by optimizing various parameters for Agrobacterium mediated transformation. In the molecular detection study, F2 segregants of cross between BPT 211 and IR72 with a Xa21 were analysed for the native Xa21 gene by homozygous and heterozygous condition.ThesisItem Open Access AGRONOMIC EVALUATION OF THREE GROUNDNUT GENOTYPES AND THEIR PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD., 1989) HABEEB BASHA, S; RAMA RAO, KThesisItem Open Access ASSLUMPTIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS A STATISTICAL STUDY(Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, 2000) RAMA DEVI, B.; NAGESWARA RAO, G.Thepresentstudywasaimedatcheckingofassumptionsin‘~\NO\’_-\by residual analysis with the help ofactual experimental replicatiou wise data Residual analysis is a powerful tool to detect the problems associated with the violation ofthe ANOV'A assumptions Ifthe data violates the aSSumptions of ANOVA. significance levels and the sensnit'ity of the F test may be biased Furthermore. this may lead to draii incorrect concluSions from the analysis Therefore. checking data for the \‘lOlaIlOn ofthe ANOVA assumptions before discussingtheresultsisverycritical ThedataforthepreSentstudywerecollected from All India Coordinated Agronomic Research Project on Cropping SySIeiits (AJCARP) located at Raiendranagar Hyderabad fortheexperimentsconducted at three research stations namely Ratendranagar. Maruteru and Rtidnir ofAcharya NG RangaAgriculturalUniversity The results indicated that the Analysis of Variance model forExperimentsvizvII,III.IVandVsatisfiedhomogeneityofyariances.normalityand independenceoferroreffects. Kolmogoroy-Smirnov tests. Thesaid assumptions were satisfied after effecting logarithmic transformation in Experiment 1 during A'lmrlfseasonat Rudrur. Out offiVEexperimentsverifiedonlythree Experiments yizwll. Ill and V satisfied the propertyofaddittvity during bothlr/mn/andmm seasons at Rudrut‘ and Mainteru. Rajendranagar and Maruteru and RaJeitdranagar researchstationsrespectively However.thepropettyofadditi\'itywassatisfiedin only one season each at Rudt‘ur (Experiment I) Maruteru (Experiment IV) and Mamteru(ExperimentV)duringrain.summerandMia/ffseasonsrespectively ThepropertyofadditiyitywassatisfiedinExperimentIduringlt/mri/season at Rudrur. Experiment lllduringHim-ifand ml); seasons at Ruclrurand Experiment V duringm/n’ at Maruteru after effecting logarithmic transformation. squareroottransformation and li’logxtransformationrespectively Experiment [I during[dun-ifandrub?seasonsat Raiendranagareven after ”logK IranSfOImHNO“ didnotsatisfytheadditivitypropertyThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRI BIO DIVERSITY PARK SOILS OF ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2011) KAMALAKAR, J; AARIFF KHAN, M.AIn the present study twenty representative pedons were selected based on topography from various physiographic units identified in Agri Bio Diversity Park of Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad and on the basis geomorphic units, soils were selected from Upland, Midland and Lowland. All the pedons were studied for their morphological characteristics and horizon wise samples were processed for physical, physico-chemical and chemical characteristics. Based on morphology and analytic data profiles were characterized and classified. The soils were very shallow to deep (5 to 60 cm), dark red to very dark greyish brown (2.5 YR 3/6 – 10YR 3/2), excessively well drained. The results showed that variation in soil properties strongly influenced on land form and topography. The analysis of soils indicated that the upland soils are shallow, midland and lowland soils are medium to deep, but along the slope the depth of soil increased along with other physical properties like clay, water holding capacity, infiltration rate and bulk density. The pH is neutral to moderately alkaline (6.5 to 8.04), low to high in organic carbon (0.18 to 0.96 %), low to medium in CEC (11.5 – 26.5 c mol (p+) kg-1). The base saturation indicated that non-fertile to very fertile and soil texture was sandy loam to sandy clay loam with variation in relation to physiography. The upland soils were exhibiting higher bulk density, particle density and lower water holding capacity, midland and lowland soils were recorded higher infiltration rate and clay percentage. In all soils pH, OC and CEC were consistently increased with depth. The organic carbon content and CEC were higher in lowland soils, which might be due to the clay translocation and organic carbon content accumulation. The soils are low to medium in available N (92.3 to 351.5 kg ha-1), low to medium in available P (6.22 to 28.2 kg ha-1), low to high in available K (93.1 to 293.4 kg ha-1), deficient to sufficient in available S (7.1 to 21.2 mg kg-1). The available micro nutrients are sufficient in all the profiles. Based on morphological, physical, physio-chemical, chemical and meteorological data, soils were classified according to the revisions of USDA soil taxonomy (2006), that out of 20 profiles ten profiles (P4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 19 and 20) belongs to order of Inceptisoils, six profiles belongs to order of Alfisols and other remaining are Entisols. All soils were classified up to the family level. The upland soils classified as coarse loamy, Iso-megathermic, Typic, Ustorthents (P16, 15 and 18). Further, the profiles P4, 5, 10, 11, 12 and 20 were classified as coarse loamy, Isomegathermic and Haplustepts and P2 were fine loamy, Iso-mega thermic, Typic Rhodustalfs. The soils of Agri Bio Diversity Park were classified on the basis of Landscape position that is uplands, midlands and lowlands. Uplands recorded primarly Entisols (P8, 15, 16 and 18) and midland soils with one Inceptisol indicating a transition from Entisols to later Inceptisols. Further Uplands also recorded Inceptisol, where the pedogenic process and the soil development initiated through horizination. The Alfisols were observed in the midlands (P2, 3, and 6) and lowlands (P1, 11 and 17), illustrating the development of a matured profiles, with a good depth in all horizons with sequence. The study evidently indicate that the topographically and relief plays an important role in soil development. The detailed soil survey was conducted in Agro Bio Diversity Park. Topographical map by using instrument total station was developed with scale 1:2500. Further, on the basis of the topographical and planimetric data, two sites were identified for the construction of check dams with an ultimate objective of conservation and management at 0.5 contour interval was prepared. The soil resource inventory for identifying the soil related constraints has `been prepared based on field survey and laboratory investigation. Further the major constraints like erosion, runoff and drainage resulting in soil material loss must be controlled with a combination of various practices in a system approach especially with trees, crops and an abiotic component may be integrated for the restoration and conservation of soil and land resources including native flora and fauna insitu. Hence appropriate soil and water conservation practices needed to be undertaken simultaneously to conserve and preserve the native flora and fauna which are found in Agro Bio Diversity Park of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad. It is concluded that characterization and classification of Agri Bio Diversity Park soils basic information at initial stage is useful to overcome the soil management constraints for further development and maintenance of park in better way.ThesisItem Open Access COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS IN INTRA- HIRSUTUM HYBRIDS OF COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.)(ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2011) VINEELA, N; SAMBA MURTHY, J.S.V.The present investigation was carried out at Agricultural College Students’ Farm, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh during kharif 2010-11 with 84 intra- hirsutum cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) hybrids derived from 19 parents (12 lines and 7 testers) which were developed from new heterotic gene pools through line x tester fashion along with two checks. Information on genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance as per cent of mean, correlation and the magnitude of direct and indirect effects, combining ability and standard heterosis was generated. The data was recorded on twenty one characters viz., plant height (cm), days to 50% flowering, number of monopodia per plant, number of sympodia per plant, relative water content (%), specific leaf weight (mg/cm2), crop growth rate at peak flowering stage (g/m2/day), crop growth rate at boll formation stage (g/m2/day), crop growth rate at maturity stage (g/m2/day), number of bolls per plant, boll weight (g), ginning out-turn (%), seed index (g), lint index (g), 2.5% span length (mm), micronaire value (10-6 g/inch), bundle strength (g/tex), uniformity ratio, fibre elongation (%), lint yield per plant (g) and seed cotton yield per plant (g). The analysis of variance revealed that there were significant differences existed among the hybrids for all the characters. The genetic variability studies indicated that the material used in the present study possessed sufficient variability which gives ample scope for improvement through selection procedures. High heritability accompanied by high genetic advance was observed in case of plant height, number of monopodia, number of sympodia, relative water content, specific leaf weight, crop growth rate at peak flowering stage, crop growth rate at boll formation stage, crop growth rate at maturity stage, boll weight, seed index and lint index indicating the role of additive gene action in the inheritance of these traits and directional selection could be rewarding. The correlation and path analysis revealed that lint yield per plant had high positive direct effect coupled with high significant positive correlation. The other important traits identified were boll weight and number of sympodia per plant but they exerted direct effects at lower magnitude. Majority of the traits studied exerted prominent positive indirect effects via lint yield per plant. Further it was also observed that important fibre quality parameters like ginning out-turn, 2.5% span length and bundle strength showed undesirable association with the above traits and also among themselves. So care should be exercised in simultaneous improvement of these traits without sacrificing fibre quality, since the cotton is valued for its lint. Estimates of variance due to gca and sca and their ratios revealed the importance of non-additive gene action for all the traits studied. Non-additive component may be exploited through heterosis breeding. It also helps in varietal adaptability. Among the 19 parents involved, the lines RAC 99152 followed by RAH 178-4, NAWAB and RAH 97-612 and in testers SC 68 followed by SC 7- IPS and SC 40 were identified as potential general combiners for important yield component traits. These parents may be utilized in further breeding programmes for varietal improvement. Combining ability studies revealed that, it is not possible to find a definite trend for all the traits in hybrids based on gca effect of parents and sca effect of resultant hybrids. Most crosses with high sca effect involved parents either with high × low , low × high or low × low combiners with a few exceptions of high × high general combiners. These hybrids are likely to produce desirable transgressive segregants which may be studied through biparental mating or diallel selective mating system or any other form of recurrent selection. Based on per se performance, high sca effect and standard heterosis, the top specific cross combinations identified for seed cotton yield and other component traits were RAH 370 × SC 31 and RAH 178 × SC 40. This suggested the possibility of direct utilization of these hybrids for commercial exploitation after thorough testing over larger number of diversified environments and seasons. The progeny of these crosses may be further advanced to isolate superior segregants in further generations or pedigree breeding to combine not only seed cotton yield but also fibre quality of the derived lines.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC IMPACT OF INTEGRATED WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN MEDAK DISTRICT OF TELANGANA STATE(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2016) PAVANKALYAN, V; VASUDEV, NIn India half of the population depending on agriculture. Indian agriculture is dependent on monsoons. Monsoons are erratic and undependable. Nearly 60% of the cultivable land in India is dependent on monsoons, which is contributing nearly 42% of the total production from agriculture. Watershed Development programme focus on rainfed regions because these areas represent 60 percent of arable land in India and 55 percent of the country’s agricultural output, and provide food that supports 40 percent of the nation’s population (Ahmad et al. 2011; Planning Commission 2012). National watersheds implemented in each district along with the area treated in Telangana state so far (i.e., from 2010-2015). There are nearly 330 national watersheds in Telangana with 1393056 hectares of treated area. It revealed that maximum number of 8 watersheds each were in districts of Mahaboob Nagar, (103) were most of the land is of dry or rainfed followed by 59 in Adilabad, 48 in Nalgonda and 37 each in the districts of Ranga Reddy and Medak.In the case of treated area under the programme, maximum area of 427577 hectares was found with MahabubNagar district indicating a larger coverage under each watershed in the district compared to other watersheds in other districts. Adilabad with 249278 hectares and Medak with 161785 hectares and Ranga Reddy with 156957 are in the order of sequence, while Karimnagar District was with minimum (16653 ha)treated under the programme. The size of the holding increased the area under rainfed conditions also increased, exhibiting a direct relationship in both watersheds as well as non-watershed categories of respondents. Similar trend was observed under tank and well irrigation among all the size groups of both watershed and non-watershed categories of farmers, excepting, those of small farmers in watershed area that owned less area (0.14 ha.) under tank irrigation accounting for 6.03 per cent of the total holding area. The watershed area is covered with red soil (98.4 per cent) and Non watershed area is covered with black soil (96.80 per cent). The major portion of the farmers was benefit from the farm pond and percolation pond. About 37.13 per cent of the pooled farmers have farm ponds. Farm ponds were used as a water 2 0 conservation measure by about 54.2 per cent of the small farmers, 32.6 per cent of the medium farmers and 24.6 per cent of the large farmers. The farmers have more than one farm pond also. The water level in the wells and bore wells was high during the north east monsoon period in both the blocks. The average well water level in the non watershed block was 36.96 feet, much lesser than the average water level in the watershed block (50.97 feet). During the summer period in both the blocks, there is no recharge in the water level in both the wells and the bore wells. Compared to Non watershed block more recharge of water levels in wells and bore wells in watershed block. The watershed block before the watershed intervention technology in 2012-13 the water level in wells and bore wells were 32.58 feet and 100.88 feet respectively. This is rise to 47.57 and 122.82 feet respectively in 2013-14. The water level in the wells and bore wells were comparatively high in the watershed block across all farmers compared to the non watershed block. After the watershed development programme a rise in the water level in the wells and bore wells were seen in the watershed block. Compared to the Non watershed block, the rise in the water level was comparatively high in the watershed block across all the farmers. On an average, the rise in the well and bore well water levels in the watershed block was 15.16 feet and 24.08 feet respectively after the watershed Development Programme. The analysis reveals that ground water level has increased in the watershed block after the usage of watershed Development Programme. In watershed block, the average net area sown and gross irrigated area during 2012-13 in the watershed block was 6.48 and 7.43 hectares respectively. This had increased to 8.51 and 10.19 hectares respectively in 2013-14. The percentage in irrigation intensity was 10.40 per cent in the watershed block and 3.93 per cent in Non watershed block. The analysis reveals that after the watershed intervention technology: In both the blocks the net area sown and gross irrigated area and Irrigation intensity had increased among all the farmers.´ In the watershed block, highest irrigation intensity was realized by the small and large farmers. The largest improvement in cropping intensity in the watershed block was recorded by the medium farmers 139.02 and in the non watershed block it was realized by the medium farmers 125.72.Cropping intensity is more in watershed block compared to non watershed block in selected study area. In the watershed area, the average yield had exceeded the potential yield for paddy for the three farmer groups, after watershed development programme in 2009-10. Similarly crop productivity index for paddy, maize, cotton and onion exceeded ‘one’ among small, medium and large farmers in 2013-14. Overall crop productivity index for paddy crop (1.31) is more than other crops are maize, cotton and onion. In Non watershed area also the crop productivity index for paddy and cotton crops had exceeded ‘one’ among small, medium and large farmers in 20013-14. But in the case of maize and onion crops, it shows a low level of crop productivity index for small, medium and large farmers with crop productivity index taking values for maize crop 0.92, 0.81 and 0.81 respectively, and the onion crop is 0.96, 0.99 and 0.82 respectively. It shows that the overall crop productivity index had increased in all crops in watershed area compared to non watershed areas. In the watershed block, there was an increase in the value of land for all groups of farmers. It could be seen from the table 5.26 that land value per farm house hold for small farmers had increased from 3,91,890 Rupees in 2012-13 to 5,11,890 Rupees in 2013-14. For the medium farmers it was from 3,41,480 to 4,61,480 Rupees and for large farmers from 3,88,080 2 1 to 5,82,120 Rupees respectively. The percentage changes in the value of land per farm household among all farmer groups range from 30.62 for small farmers to 35.14 for medium farmers and 50.00 to large farmers. The overall percentage change in the land value per farm household in watershed block, after the application of watershed intervention technology accounted to 38.58. In the Non watershed block the land value per farm household had increased from 2,35,000 Rupees in 2012-13 to 3,92,840 Rupees in 2013-14. The value of land had highly increased in this block, for the medium farmers from 2,59,200 Rupees in 2012-13 to 3,82,200 Rupees in 2013-14, followed by medium farmers with increase in land value from 2,14,090 Rupees in 2012-13 to ` 3,34,090 Rupees in 2013-14. For small farmers the monetary benefit from land was 17.26 per cent. The findings reveal that for all the farmers the land value in money terms had increased in watershed block compared to Non watershed block in study area. The increase was much realized by the large farmers in watershed block. The Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) ranged from 1.50 for the small farmers to 3.50 for the medium farmers and 4.99 for the large farmers in the watershed block. In the Non watershed block also similar results prevailed. It is noticed from the above table 5.34 that among the sample farmer groups BCR for small farmers was 2.08, for medium farmers 2.68 and for large farmers 3.87. The financial results on feasibility analysis revealed that the benefit cost ratio exceeded ‘unity’ for all farmer groups. In the watershed block, the calculated economic surplus exceeded. Being the major rain fed crops, these four crops benefited from the implementation of the watershed development programme. The change in economic surplus due to watershed development programme was decomposed into change in “consumer surplus” and change in “producer surplus”. It was evident that the producer surplus was higher than the consumer surplus for all the crops in watershed block. The producers surplus was high for onion which was worked out to be 75.56 per cent. The estimated producers surplus exceeded more than 50 per cent for paddy, maize and cotton crops. The analysis reveals that, the producers surplus exceeded that of the consumer surplus for all crops. The farmers as producers benefit from watershed development programme in watershed block. Peoples' participation in watershed development and management programmes is crucial for their successful and cost-effective implementation. This is so because the watershed approach requires that every field/parcel of land located in a watershed be treated with appropriate soil and water conservation measures and used according to its physical capability. Moreover peoples' participation should be encouraged because they are aware of their own needs better. At the same time, it has been seen that non-involvement of people in the development programmes is also a great concern and challenge to rural development. No programme can be a success without the involvement of the people. Since the project emphasizes the participatory management, involvement of file beneficiaries right from planning stage helps in smooth and effective implementation of file programme. The level of farmer’s participation both at planning and implementation stages of the watershed project was satisfactory. However, some more technical information, training and guidance has to be provided to the farmers by project authorities in adoption of improved practices and maintenance of assets created even after withdrawal of project from the area.ThesisItem Open Access Effect Of Aquaculture On Soil And Ground Water Quality In Nellore And Prakasam Districts Of Andhra Pradesh(Andhra Pradesh Agricutural University ; Hyderabad, 1999) Keerthi VenkaiahThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATOR - CHLORO MEPIQUAT CHLORIDE AND HIGH DENSITY PLANTING ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF Bt COTTON(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2011) SHEKAR, K; VENKATA RAMANA, MA field experiment entitled “Effect of growth regulator chloro mepiquat chloride and high density planting on growth and yield of Bt cotton” was conducted during kharif 2010 on sandy clay loam soil at College Farm, College of Agriculture, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design, with factorial concept, replicated three times. The treatments consisted three plant densities viz., 18,518 plants ha-1(90 cm x 60 cm), 24,691 plants ha-1 (90 cm x 45 cm) and 37,037 plants ha- 1 (90 cm x 30 cm) and four canopy management practices viz., control (no spray), detopping at 50-60 DAS, single spray of growth regulator chloro mepiquat chloride @ 0.2 ml l-1 at 50-60 DAS and two sprays of chloro mepiquat chloride @ 0.2 ml l-1 at 50-60 and at 80-90 DAS. Crop growth measured at different stages as plant height and dry matter production of Bt cotton was significantly higher when planted at a plant density of 37,037 plants ha-1 (90 cm x 30 cm) over that of lower densities of 24,691 plants ha-1 (90 cm x 45 cm) and 18,518 plants ha-1 (90 cm x 60 cm). The growth regulator chloro mepiquat chloride, as such, had a profound influence on all the growth parameters. The plant height, height to node ratio and dry matter accumulation was significantly reduced with its application compared to control plot and de-topping treatment. At 110 DAS, as well as at final harvest the number of sympodial branches per plant were significantly higher with 90 cm x 60 cm (20.36) followed by 90 cm x 45 cm (20.16) and 90 cm x 30 cm (19.81) spacing. The number of bolls per plant and boll weight (g boll-1) were significantly higher with 90 cm x 60 cm (35.10 plant-1, xvi 5.58 g) followed by 90 cm x 45 cm (29.24 plant-1, 5.50 g) and 90 cm x 30 cm (20.76 plant-1, 5.39 g) spacing. The better yield components observed at wider spacings could not compensate the gain due to higher number of plants per hectare at closer spacing of 90 cm x 30 cm (37,037 plants ha-1) which has ultimately resulted in greater seed cotton yield (1668 kg ha-1) over that of lower plant densities. The yield parameters like sympodial branches per plant (20.76), number of bolls per plant (35.89) and boll weight (5.62 g) were greater with spraying of chloro mepiquat chloride twice followed by single spray (20.43 plant-1, 32.38 plant-1, 5.56 g) compared to control (19.61 plant-1, 22.33 plant-1, 5.38 g) and de-topping (19.64 plant-1, 22.89 plant-1, 5.40 g) treatment. Similarly the seed cotton yield was significantly higher with two sprays of chloro mepiquat chloride (1635 kg ha-1) compared to single spray (1556 kg ha-1), de-topping (1310 kg ha-1) and control (1282 kg ha-1) plot. At higher plant populations (90 cm x 30 cm and 90 cm x 45 cm spacings) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by stalk was significantly higher compared to lower density (90 cm x 60 cm). The chloro mepiquat chloride treatments recorded higher uptake of nitrogen and lower uptake of phosphorus and potassium compared to de-topping treatment and control plot at110 DAS and at crop harvest. The high density planting of Bt cotton coupled with application of chloro mepiquat chloride @ 0.2 ml l-1 twice at 50-60 DAS and at 80-90 DAS recorded higher seed cotton yield (1905 kg ha-1) and net returns (29,204 Rs ha-1) with a B:C recorded of 2.05 than other treatment combinations.ThesisItem Open Access Effect Of Saltinity And Frequency Of Irrigation Under Different Levels Of Nitrogen On Growth And Yield Of Maize (Zea Mays L.)(College Of Agriculture Angrau ; Hyderabad, 1995) Koteswara Rao , D SThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SEED SIZE ON GERMINATION, VIGOUR GROWTH AND YIELD IN SUNFLOWER(ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 1992) SATYANARAYANA PRASAD, VEMULAPALLI; MURALIMOHAN REDDY, BA field experiment was conducted at Student's Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during summer, 1989 to study the effect of seed size on germination, vigour, growth and yield in different genotypes of sunflower. Three genotypes of sunflower viz., Morden, EC- 68414 and APSH-11 were considered as main treatments and five seed grades (sizes} i.e., seeds retained OIi'!'\ 6.0 mm sieve (G1 }, seeds retained on 5.25 mm sieve (G 2), seeds retained on 4.75 mm sieve (G 3), seeds retained on 4.50 mm sieve (G 4 ), and control (ungraded seed} considered as sub-treatments, each treatment replicated four times in split plot design. The results from the laboratory study revealed that seedlings grown from large sized seeds recorded higher values of germination, seedling vigour, root length, hypocotyl length and field emergence as compared to small sized seeds and ungraded. Whereas the ungraded seed exhibited superior performance in respect to seedling vigour, root length, hypocotyl length and field emergence, compared to small sized seeds of seed retained on 4.75 mm sieve and 4.50 mm sieve. The plants raised from large sized seeds exhibited higher values of growth and yield components like plant height, number of leaves per plant, stem girth, head diameter, number of filled seeds per head, 100-seed weight, yield per plant and yield/ha as compared to plants raised from small sized seeds. Days to SO per cent flowering and maturity was less in large sized seeds as compared to smaller seeds. The oil content was also more in large sized seeds. There was a positive and significant association between seed sizes and plant characters whereas, the days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity showed a negative association. The crop raised from 6.00 mm seed grade gave maximum recovery (89%, 74% and 82% in Morden, EC 68414 and APSH-11 respectively) and also superior to the remaining resultant crops obtaind from 5.25 mm, 4.75 mm adn 4.50 mm seed grades as well as ungraded seed (control). According to present investigation 10.25 mm sieve as a top screen and 4.75 mm sieve as a bottom screen is recommended for the purpose of certification (for processing) of sunflower for obtaining higher monetary returns and quality seed for the cultivars studied. Larger seed was found to be superior in respect of germination, vigour, field performance and recovery. It is also clear from the present investigation that even the ungraded seed met the certification requirement with regard to germination. Thus, posing a question as to the necessity of grading. A varid conclusion in this regard would not be drawn without information on the storability of seed and also the performance of different seed lots under stress conditions hence, there is a need for more comprehensive studies including the above aspects.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF Clzelonus blackburni Cameron AND ITS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CERTAIN INSECTICIDES(Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, 2000) SAKTHIVEL, R.; AZIZ, A.A.Studieswereconductedundercontrolledconditionsinthebiologicalcontrol laboratory of the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagartoevaluatetheeffectofdifferentcombinationsoftemperatureand relativehumidityonthelifecycleofChe/onusblack/77m”.anegg—larvalparasitoid anditssusceptibilitytoselectedinsecticides. ThoughthesuccessfuldevelopmentofC. black/mrniobservedatallthethreelevelsoftemperatureandrelativehumiditytested,maximum numberof parasitoidadultsemergedatatemperatureof28il°Cand80i2% RH. Themean developmentalperiodsofC. b/ac/rburnionthefactituoushostCorcymcap/7010mm were37.07, 33.53 and 28.08 daysat 285°C & 80i2% ; 3lil°C & 60i2%and 34fil°C&40j2%oftemperatureand RHrespectively. Itwas35.13 daysunder ambientconditions. Theadultparasitoidsexhibitedamean longevityofl2.88,8.92and7.34 daysatthetemperatureandRHlevelsof28il°C&80:2%,3l:l°C&60i2%and 34il°C & 401L205 respectively when fed with [0 per cent honey solution. Underunfedconditions.thecorrespondinglongevitywereonly3.98,3.38and2.92 days. Therewas no significant difference in longevity obserfid when the adult parasitoidswereprovidedwithhosteggsandwithouthosteggsforparasitisation. Toxicity of three insecticides viz., chlorpyriphos (0.1%), monocrotophos(0.04%)andtenvalerate(0.02%)againsttheadultparasitoidswere evaluatedthroughdryfilmtechniqueandleafcontactmethod. Inboththemethods, exposureofadultparasitoidstoinsecticidesresultedin100percentmortality. The median lethal time (LTso) forthese insecticides against C. black/721ml was also workedoutbyfollowingprobitanalysis. TheIsl-(50)valueswererecordedtobe 5.83, 8.63 and 14.01 hours for chlorpyriphos, monocrotophos and fenvalerate respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation Of Some Indigenous Manures By Nitrification Studies.(APAU ; Hyderabad, 1961) Narasimha Rao, G.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF TOMATO GENOTYPES FOR TOLERANCE TO SALINE WATER IRRIGATION(ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 1992) VAJRASRI, L; MANOHAR PRASAD, DA 1991-92 pot culture experiment was conducted during kharif -1 on sandy soil with an ECe of 0.75 dsm , collected from Agricultural College Farm Bapatla, to study the salt tolerance of ten tomato genotypes viz., Arka Abha, Punjab Chhuhara, Bapatla Local, Arka Ashish, Pusa Gaurav, Punjab Kesari, Pusa Early Dwarf, Pusa Ruby and Sl-120. Five salin- 1 ity levels (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 dsm ) were developed in the irrigation water besides control (0.66 dsm-1 ). The experiment was conducted to study the effect of water salinity on per cent seedling emergence, growth, drymatter production, fruit size, fruit yield and nutrient uptake with three replications in a randomized block design with factorial concept A 1991-92 pot culture experiment was conducted during kharif -1 on sandy soil with an ECe of 0.75 dsm , collected from Agricultural College Farm Bapatla, to study the salt tolerance of ten tomato genotypes viz., Arka Abha, Punjab Chhuhara, Bapatla Local, Arka Ashish, Pusa Gaurav, Punjab Kesari, Pusa Early Dwarf, Pusa Ruby and Sl-120. Five salin- 1 ity levels (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 dsm ) were developed in the irrigation water besides control (0.66 dsm-1 ). The experiment was conducted to study the effect of water salinity on per cent seedling emergence, growth, drymatter production, fruit size, fruit yield and nutrient uptake with three replications in a randomized block design with factorial concept. Increased levels of water salinity not only reduced the per cent seedling emergence but also delayed the time of emergence. Among varieties Arka Saurabh, Punjab Chhuhara and Arka Abha recorded maximum seedling emergence while minimum was recorded by Cvs Bapatla Local followed by Punjab Kesari. Growth and drymatter production were significantly reduced at all salinity levels cultivars Arka Saurabh, Punjab Chhuhara and Arka Abha were superior in its growth and drymatter production at all the stages even at higher salinity. levels. Number of fruits per plant and yield per plant decreased· significantly with increasing salinity in irrigation water. Cvs. Arka Saurabh, Punjab Chhuhara, Arka Abha recorded higher fruit yield over others due to its maximum number of fruits per plant. The above cultivars recorded less than 50 p~r cent reduction in yield at an EC iw of 8 ds/m. The uptake of calcium, magnesium increased with increasing levels of water sali~ity and the reverse was true in the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur. Cultivars Arka Saurabh, Punjab Chhuhara and Arka Abha have recorded maximum nutrient uptake at both stages viz., peak flowering and final harvesting. It was concluded that three cultivars Arka Saurabh, Punjab Chhuhara and Arka Abha were more tolerant to the saline water irrigation than the rest of the varieties tested.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation Of Transgenic Chickpea For Resistance To Pod Borer, Helicoverpa Armigera (Hubner) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)(Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University;Hyderabad, 2007) Ayyaluri, Ramakrishana Babu; Subbaratnam, G.V.ThesisItem Open Access Gamma Rays And Ems Induced Variations In Coriander(Coriandrum Sativum L)(APAU ; Hyderabad, 2010) Sarada.CThesisItem Open Access GENETIC DIVERGENCE BASED ON METRIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN UPLAND COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.)(ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2011) NOOR BASHA, SAIDU BAZI; GOPINATH, MThe present investigation was carried out during kharif 2009-10 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam farm, Guntur with 70 genotypes of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to know the extent of genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance as per cent of mean, character association, the magnitude of direct and indirect effects of yield component traits on seed cotton yield and genetic divergence based on 19 characters viz., number of sympodia per plant, number of bolls per plant, boll weight (g), seed index (g), lint index (g), ginning out-turn (%), 2.5% span length (mm), micronaire (10 -6g/in), bundle strength (g/tex), uniformity ratio, fibre elongation (%), crop growth rate at 60-120 days (g/m2/day), relative water content at 60 DAS (%), relative water content at 120 DAS (%), specific leaf weight at 60 DAS (mg/cm2), specific leaf weight at 120 DAS (mg/cm2), leaf area index at 120 DAS, harvest index and seed cotton yield per plant (g). The genotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters studied was lesser than the phenotypic coefficient of variation indicating different levels of interaction of each character with environment. High variability was recorded for number of bolls per plant, crop growth rate at 60-120 days and leaf area index at 120 DAS. High heritability and high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for the characters viz., number of bolls per plant, boll weight, seed index, lint index, 2.5% span length, micronaire, CGR at 60-120 days, LAI at 120 DAS and seed cotton yield per plant indicating the predominance of additive gene action and hence, direct phenotypic selection may be useful with respect to these traits. Correlation studies indicated significant positive association of number of bolls per plant, boll weight, seed index, lint index, CGR at 60-120 days and harvest index with seed cotton yield per plant. The path coefficient analysis revealed that number of bolls per plant and boll weight exerted direct positive effect on seed cotton yield per plant. Selection based on these attributes may be helpful in evolving high yielding varieties of upland cotton. The results of multivariate analysis indicated presence of considerable divergence among seventy genotypes studied which were grouped into nine clusters in case of D2 analysis and in Ward’s minimum variance method. Clustering pattern suggested that geographical distance may not be the only factor causing genetic divergence among genotypes studied. By Mahalanobis’ D2 analysis, it was noted that boll weight, CGR at 60-120 days and ginning out-turn contributed maximum towards divergence. Based on inter- cluster distance among the groups, it is suggested to make crosses between the genotypes of cluster VII (AK 32) and cluster VIII (L 387) or between genotypes falling under cluster VII (AK 32) and cluster IX (HLS 329) for generating desirable segregants. In principal component method, first 7 principal components explained 75.365% of the variability. The significant factors loaded in PC1 towards maximum divergence were number of bolls per plant, lint index, micronaire, boll weight, CGR at 60-120 days, seed cotton yield per plant and SLW at 60 DAS. 2D and 3D graphs showed wide divergence between L 741, AET 5, CCH-05-2, CSH-01, CNO-12 and HLS 329signifying their usefulness in cotton breeding to develop high heterotic combinations. Agglomerative cluster analysis revealed wide genetic distance between cluster III (HLS 272, HLS72, MCU 11, CCH 18, CSH-01, K 3902) and VII (4085, L 606, B4 Empire, SA 1104,JK 344, ARB 8901, AC 88, CNH 7-94-3, AET 5, CPD 431, CPD 420, DS 28, NA 1678, BWR 39, HLS 329). Therefore, selection of parents from these clusters for hybridization may help in developing heterotic hybrid combinations. The genotypes HLS 329, HLS 272, AET 5 and CSH-01 showed maximum inter- cluster distance in all the three divergence methods. So they can be exploited for the development of heterotic hybrids in the future breeding programmes.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC DIVERSITY BASED ON PHYSIOLOGICAL, QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITY CHARACTERS IN RICE GENOTYPES (Oryza sativa L.)(ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2011) MEENA KUMARI, KODALI; SEETHARAMAIAH, K.V.The present investigation was carried out during kharif 2009 at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla with 35 genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to elicit information on the nature and extent of variability, heritability, genetic advance, character association, the magnitude of direct and indirect effects of yield components on yield and genetic divergence based on 18 characters viz., plant height (cm), days to 50% flowering, absolute growth rate (AGR), No. of ear bearing tillers /m 2, panicle length (cm), No. of filled grains /panicle, test weight (g), grain yield (kg/plot), harvest index (%), grain length (mm), grain breadth (mm), kernel length (mm), kernel breadth (mm), volume expansion ratio on cooking, head rice recovery, milling (%), hulling (%) and protein content of the grain (%). High PCV, high GCV and high heritability coupled with high GA observed for No. of filled grains/ panicle, grain yield (kg/plot), harvest index (%) and absolute growth rate at 50-65 DAT and 65-80 DAT indicating the presence of wider variability for these traits in the genotypes studied. Correlation study indicated positive significant association of days to 50% flowering, panicle length (cm), No. of filled grains/panicle, test weight (g), harvest index (%) and kernel breadth (mm) at both genotypic and phenotypic levels while hulling (%) showed the positive significant association at genotypic level with grain yield. So, improvement in grain yield is possible by taking above characters in selection scheme as simultaneous improvement of these characters is possible. Based on the results of path analysis, it could be concluded that selection based on characters like days to 50% flowering, panicle length (cm), test weight (g) and kernel length (mm) with positive correlation with yield and positive direct effect on yield would result in yield improvement i.e., profuse tillering plants with large panicles, more grain weight and grain size might result in higher yield in the genotypes of rice. Quality characters like grain length (mm), volume expansion ratio on cooking and protein content of grain might be improved independent of the yield. The results of D2 analysis indicated the presence of considerable genetic divergence among 35 genotypes studied. The genotypes were grouped into six clusters. Clustering pattern of genotypes did not follow geographical origin, suggesting that geographical isolation might not be the only factor causing genetic diversity. Based on divergence studies, crosses might be made between the genotypes of cluster IV viz., IR 8 and VI (MTU 1061) followed by clusters V (CSR 4) and VI (MTU 1061) and clusters IV viz., IR 8 and V viz., CSR 4 to isolate superior recombinants in segregating populations. The principal component analysis identified seven principal components. Out of which, PC1 contributed maximum to the variance. Divergent genotypes like MTU 1001, MTU 1002, NLR 28523, MTU 1010 and MTU 7029 and the genotypes PR106, ACC .No. 10948, NLR 33358, BPT 2270 and KAVYA could be easily identified through 2D and 3D plot for utilization in breeding programme. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed the sub-groups in the major group of genotypes through Ward’s minimum variance dendrogram.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC DIVERSITY IN COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.)(ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2011) TULASI, J; LAL AHAMED, MThe present investigation was carried out during kharif 2010-11 at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, with 40 genotypes of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The variability, genetic divergence, character association and the magnitude of direct and indirect effects of yield component traits with seed cotton yield were studied along with morphological characterization of the lines using IBPGR descriptors. The data were recorded on 27 morphological characters, viz., stem pigmentation, stem hairiness, leaf shape, leaf lobe number, leaf size, leaf colour, leaf pubescence, leaf appearance, leaf gossypol glands, leaf nectaries, leaf petiole pigmentation, type of bract, number of serrations of bract, sepal pigmentation, petal colour, petal spot, position of stigma, filament colouration, anther colour, boll bearing habit, boll size, boll colour, boll shape, boll surface, boll prominence of tip, boll opening and plant habit, and 15 quantitative characters viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), number of monopodia per plant, number of sympodia per plant, number of bolls per plant, boll weight (g), ginning out-turn (%), seed index (g), lint index (g), 2.5% span length (mm), micronaire (10 -6 g/in), bundle strength (g/tex), uniformity ratio, fibre elongation (%) and seed cotton yield per plant (g). IBPGR descriptors data revealed that variability was present for thirteen characters out of twenty seven descriptors studied and they can be exploited for varietal identification and IPR protection along with crop improvement programmes. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied indicating the data generated from the diverse material will yield reliable information. The genotypic coefficients of variation for all the characters studied were lesser than the phenotypic coefficients of variation indicating the masking effects of the environment. The characters viz., number of sympodia plant-1, number of bolls per plant, boll weight and seed cotton yield per plant exhibited moderate phenotypic coefficient of variation. Moderate heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance was noted for number of sympodia plant-1, number of bolls per plant and seed cotton yield per plant. This indicates the presence of non-additive gene action and further improvement of these traits would be possible through heterosis breeding rather than simple selection. The correlation and path coefficient analyses together indicated that plant height, number of sympodia plant-1, number of bolls plant-1 and seed index had significant positive and positive direct effects on seed cotton yield per plant indicating the existence of true relationship between these characters and their exploitation in selection programmes. The results of multivariate analysis revealed that the distribution of 40 genotypes into seven clusters in case of D2 analysis and agglomerative cluster analysis. The distribution of genotypes into these clusters was at random indicating genetic diversity and geographical diversity were not related. Mahalanobis’ D2 statistic indicated that the characters, fibre elongation, seed index, number of monopodia plant -1, boll weight, lint index, micronaire, ginning out-turn, 2.5% span length, seed cotton yield per plant and uniformity ratio contributed maximum towards genetic divergence. Based on the inter- cluster distances among the groups suggestions were made to attempt crosses after confirming the general combining ability of the genotypes from the clusters IV (KH-11, RAH-101) and VII (COP-420) which had maximum inter-cluster distance (276.846) to obtain better heterotic and desirable segregants. In the principal component method, first 5 principal components explained 78.35% of the variability. The first component was characterized by the high loading values of plant height, boll weight, days to 50% flowering, seed cotton yield per plant, number of bolls per plant, ginning out-turn and fiber elongation in assessing the genetic diversity. Agglomerative cluster analysis revealed crosses can be attempted between the clusters III (KH-11, RAH-101) and VII (COP-420) which had maximum inter cluster distance to obtain desirable segregants. The genotypes KH-11 and RAH-101, and COP-420 showed maximum inter-cluster distance and wide genetic distance in multivariate analysis. These genotypes can be exploited in hybridization programme for identification of desirable segregants.
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