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ThesisItem Open Access 34 ESTIMATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR GENETIC DIVERSITY IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2016) ALEENA, DASARI; VANISRI, SA set of 112 genotypes were evaluated for morphological and molecular genetic diversity in both rabi 2014-15 and kharif 2015-16 to estimate various genetic parameters for yield and yield related traits. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with two replications in both the seasons. Analysis of variance indicated the existence of significant differences among the genotypes for the characters studied in both kharif and rabi. In general, the phenotypic coefficient variance (PCV) of all traits were higher than the genotypic coefficient variance (GCV), indicating the environmental influence on the expression of these traits. However, these differences are relatively low in case of plant height and 1000 grain weight, when compared to other characters in both kharif and rabi, suggests that these characters are under major influence of genetic control and less due to environmental factors. The 1000 grain weight, single plant yield, filled grains per panicle, total grains per panicle and plant height had high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean in both the seasons indicating that these traits are under additive gene control and can be improved through simple selection procedures. 48 The 112 germplasm were grouped into 6 and 12 divergent clusters in kharif and rabi respectively using Mahalanobis D2 analysis. The days to 50% flowering followed by plant height, 1000 grain weight and panicle length contributed more than 85 per cent of the total genetic divergence during kharif and rabi. D2 values indicated that the crossing between the lines viz.,Udayagiri,Vajram and Pantdhan12 with Taramati; MTU1121, R.P bio-248, IR-64 andSnehawith Udayagiri,Vajram and Pantdhan12 during kharif and WGL 915, Pokkali with Siddhi and N22, NL-61, T309, Abhilash with JGL 11470, JGL 1798, Acharmati, and P1144 in rabi may generate useful segregants for yield improvement. Genetic diversity among 112 rice genotypes was estimated based on the Jaccard‟s pair wise similarity co-efficient using 12 polymorphic yield related gene specific SSR markers. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.51 to 0.83 with a mean of 0.70. The unweighted pair group arithmetic average tree based dendrogram constructed using DARwin distributed the 112 rice genotypes into three clusters consisting of 40, 44 and 28 genotypes, respectively. Markers specific to number of productive tillers and number of grains per panicle contributed majorly towards higher yield in cluster I, whereas, in cluster II, markers for number of productive tillers, 1000 grain weight and number of grains per panicle have played major role in determining the yield levels. While, in cluster III, specific markers for 1000grain weight contributed more towards higher yield. Hence, the selection for high yield can be achieved by selecting the lines based on the respective gene linked markers for yield related traits. Comparison of genetic diversity assessments based on morphological and molecular data by Mantel test indicated significant correlation between them. Therefore, with the present combination of morphological and molecular-based diversity analyses, the germplasm lines Udayagiri, IR 1552, HIM 799, NLR34242, RNR19186, MTU1010, Vasumati and T309 can be utilized in further breeding programmes based on their morphological and molecular superiority for yield and yield related traits.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN GROUNDNUT VALUE CHAIN IN WANAPARTHY DISTRICT OF TELANGANA(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2023-02-15) Lalitja Kumari, G.; Srinivasa Reddy, D.Groundnut (Arachis hypogea) known as the “King of oilseed crops” belongs to the family Leguminosae and has unique characteristics of being both food and commercial crop. Groundnut contains on an average 40 percent oil and 25 percent protein and is a rich source of calcium, iron and vitamin B complex like thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin A. Groundnut is one of the most important oilseed crops in the world and in India. In india, the groundnut was cultivated in the area of 55,72,000 ha with the production of 1,02,10,000 tonnes and the productivity of 1,831 kg/ha during the year 2020-21. The major groundnut-producing states are Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Telangana. Gujarat is leading in the area under groundnut crop with 20,65,000 hectares, followed by Andhra Pradesh with 8,70,000 hectares. Telangana ranks eighth in groundnut production in India with 2,44,000 tonnes during the year 2020-21. The present study was conducted to map the existing value chain of groundnut in Wanaparthy district of Telangana state, to study the extent of value addition, costs incurred and returns secured by groundnut processing, to study and analyze the current status of FPOs working in the study area, to evolve a viable business plan for startups for enhanced value-added produce of groundnut. The data was collected from 120 farmers and 30 intermediaries like 17 retailers, 10 wholesalers and 3 processors of Wanaparthy district. The analytical tools employed include Descriptive statistics and Gross margin analysis. The study found that the major actors involved in the value chain of groundnut in Wanaparthy district are farmers, traders, wholesalers, retailers, processors and consumers. The value added by farmer is Rs. 34,398/acre when sold in APMC and the value added by farmers is Rs. 38,250/acre when sold to traders, the value added by traders is around Rs. 2,300/qtl of groundnuts, the value added by processors is Rs.10/ltr oil, the value added by wholesalers is around Rs. 1,000/qtl of groundnuts, the value added by retailers is around Rs. 1,500/qtl of groundnuts. The study analyzed the costs and returns of a groundnut oil mill in the study area and found that the processing of groundnut into oil is profitable in the study area and proves that there is a scope for the establishment of startups focusing on groundnut processing in the study area (Wanaparthy district). The study has shown that there are 4 active FPOs in Wanaparthy district of Telangana state. These FPO were formed under the Central Sector Scheme “Formation and Promotion of 10,000 new Farmer Producer Organizations” with funding from Government of India, formation and promotion of FPOs was done through the Implementing Agency (IA), National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) with the support of Youth For Action and Resource Support Agency NGOs. These FPOs are mainly concentrated on Seed production and Input marketing. The FPOs in the study area are still in the initial stages and need to be developed more and there is a huge scope for groundnut processing FPO in the study area. The study revealed that there is a huge scope for a start-up based on value added products of groundnut in the study area. This is supported by the analysis of certain areas like market for groundnut oil, selection of location, raw material, basic machinery required for groundnut oil extraction, finance, man power requirement and groundnut oil extraction process and SWOT Analysis for a new groundnut oil mill in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NUTRITION GARDENS ON FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL SECURITY IN TELANGANA STATE(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-12-02) Kalpana, A.; Preethi, M.One third of the population of Telangana State resides in and around urban areas. This causes continuous growth in demand of vegetables. Urbanization is one of the major constraints in expansion of the agricultural area. Nutrition gardening helps to maximize the food and nutritional security associated with mass production by localizing produce supply. It helps to reduce the amount spent on purchasing vegetables and fruits and adds to the biodiversity by encouraging birds and insects to flourish. It also nurtures people’s social skills. An ex-post facto research design was used for conducting the study. The three districts viz., Rangareddy, Hyderabad and Medchal-Malkajgiri were selected purposively from Telangana state with the presence of highest number of respondents growing nutrition gardens. In total three mandals, 75 respondents growing nutrition gardens were selected randomly for the study. The data was collected by using personal interview method with the help of a structured interview schedule. Statistical procedures like frequency, percentage, paired ‘t’ test and correlation were employed to analyze and interpret the data. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were in the middle age group of 36-50 years, had education level up to graduation and above and had high (33.33%) experience in nutrition garden and had large >750 square feet operational landholding, because most of the respondents (89.3%) had own land. Majority (62.67%) of the respondents had medium mass media exposure, (60.00%) were with medium extension agency contact and medium (77.33%) source of information seeking behaviour. xii The majority (45.33%) of the respondents participated in government-conducted nutrition garden trainings, 58.67 per cent received training in compost production, 80.00 per cent opined that nutrition garden training had improved their knowledge and felt that it was useful to them. An average (total of vegetables, leafy vegetables, roots & tubers and fruits 237.09 kg/annum vegetables, green leafy vegetables, roots& tubers and fruits was produced through nutrition garden. Vegetables alone accounted for the highest (143.31 kg/annum) share in the average production of food groups, followed by fruits (47.45kg/annum). The average per capita availability of vegetables and fruits increased from 302.89 gm/day to 357.54 gm/day after nutrition gardens were established among selected families. There was a significant and positive relationship between the operational landholding, nutrition garden plot percentage used for growing crops, yield of the nutrition garden with food and nutritional security of the respondent at 1% level of significance (p<0.01). The majority (94.67%) of the respondents faced insect and pest management as the major problem. All the respondents used organic methods for vegetable and fruit production with the usage of bio manures. Majority (90.67%) of the respondents suggested pruning and using bio-fertilizers for insect pests and diseases, as suggestions for overcoming the enlisted problems. The establishment of nutrition gardens plays an important role in providing sufficient, safe and nutritious food at household level. In addition, gardens increase the availability, access, and utilization of vegetables and fruits, which lead to improved health within the households. This results in improving the food and nutritional security of the respondentsThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN VALUE CHAIN OF CHILLI IN WARANGAL DISTRICT OF TELANGANA(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2023-01-28) Ganesh Sagar, D. S.; Radhika, P.India is the world’s largest producer, consumer and exporter of chillies contributing to 51 percent of the world production. Indian chilli is famous in the world for its colour and high pungency levels. In Telangana, chilli is a major commercial crop and in Warangal district it was cultivated in an area of 12999 ha during the year of 2020 – 2021. As chilli is an important commercial crop, Warangal district has been identified as a potential district for developing chilli crop based micro enterprises under One District One Product (ODOP) of MoFPI. The following objectives of the current study are: 1. To map the existing value chain of chilli in Warangal district. 2. To assess the potential for processing in chilli value chain in Warangal district of Telangana. 3. To examine the scope for establishment of FPOs for chilli in study area. 4. To evolve a viable business plan for FPOs or startups for enhanced value -added products of chilli. For selecting the sample of farmers for the study, four mandals in which chilli production was high in the district were taken into consideration. From each mandal, 3 villages, where chilli cultivated area was more was chosen and from each village 10 farmers were selected based on purposive sampling to include a representation of marginal, Name of the author : D S GANESH SAGAR Title of the Project Report : A STUDY ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN VALUE CHAIN OF CHILLI IN WARANGAL DISTRICT OF TELANGANA Degree to which it is submitted : MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT) Faculty : AGRICULTURE Department : SCHOOL OF AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT Major Advisor : Dr. P. RADHIKA University : PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Year of submission : 2022 small and large farmers (marginal farmers: ,2.5 acres; small farmers: 2.5 to 5 acres; large farmers: >5 acres). Thus, a total of 120 farmers, 20 Intermediaries and 10 processing units were selected for the study. In 2019-20, Telangana ranked second in terms of chilli area, production and productivity with 2.98 lakh acres, 3.06 lakh metric tonnes and 1545 Kg per acre, respectively in India. The chilli seed varieties which are marketed by various companies in the study area fall under majorly five segments based on pungency, color and yield. They are Teja, Warangal Chapata, Byadgi (HPH-5531), Byadgi (HPH-694), Byadgi (HPH 2043) and Devnur Deluxe (DD). Most of the farmers are cultivating two different chilli varieties in a season. None of the farmers in the study area are involved in processing of chilli, except for drying of chilli, which can be considered as a primary processing activity. More than half of the farmers are showing keen interest to involve in processing of chilli, especially into chilli powder, if financial support in the form of the subsides and loans and marketing support is provided The major trade in chilli in Enumamula market yard was handled by commission agents. None of the market intermediaries i.e., Commission agents, buyers and retailers are involved in processing of chilli. The value addition they carry out is by grading, storing and redrying the produce. Price fluctuations in the market is the major constraint experienced by different stakeholders in the value chain of chilli. The other constraints faced by them are mismatch between demand and supply, high marketing cost, non-availability of quality raw material, limited operating capital, transportation cost, lack of storage facilities and non-availability of labour. In the study area around five FPOs are functioning which are mainly into supply of inputs to the farmers. Among the respondent farmers very few farmers are members of these FPOs, however around 60 per cent of the respondent farmers are willing to join a FPO, if it takes up activities of chilli procurement, trading and processing. With little encouragement farmers can be made to join FPOs and if proper support is provided, they are willing to take up processing of chilli into chilli powder. The value chain of chilli shows that each participant in the chain adds certain value. The value created by farmer is around Rs 4,570 per quintal and the returns earned by farmer per acre is around Rs 91,400 where as that of other players that is commission agents/ buyers/ wholesalers and processors is Rs 800, Rs 1,800 and Rs 3,000 per quintal. There is a huge scope for processing of chilli into chilli powder and other value added products like chilli pickles, chilli sauces, chilli oil, chilli colour and chilli pungency extraction. Chilli colour, pungency and oil are having huge demand in the export market. There are currently no colour, pungency or oil extraction units in the study area. Hence, FPOs or startups can be encouraged to take up such processing activities. Handholding FPOs established for chilli by experts/ institutions in the field to make them take up processing of chilli will benefit chilli farmers in the study area. Since, the establishment cost of chilli processing unit is not too huge, FPOs can be supported to take up processing. India is the world’s largest producer, consumer and exporter of chillies contributing to 51 percent of the world production. Indian chilli is famous in the world for its colour and high pungency levels. In Telangana, chilli is a major commercial crop and in Warangal district it was cultivated in an area of 12999 ha during the year of 2020 – 2021. As chilli is an important commercial crop, Warangal district has been identified as a potential district for developing chilli crop based micro enterprises under One District One Product (ODOP) of MoFPI. The following objectives of the current study are: 1. To map the existing value chain of chilli in Warangal district. 2. To assess the potential for processing in chilli value chain in Warangal district of Telangana. 3. To examine the scope for establishment of FPOs for chilli in study area. 4. To evolve a viable business plan for FPOs or startups for enhanced value -added products of chilli. For selecting the sample of farmers for the study, four mandals in which chilli production was high in the district were taken into consideration. From each mandal, 3 villages, where chilli cultivated area was more was chosen and from each village 10 farmers were selected based on purposive sampling to include a representation of marginal, Name of the author : D S GANESH SAGAR Title of the Project Report : A STUDY ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN VALUE CHAIN OF CHILLI IN WARANGAL DISTRICT OF TELANGANA Degree to which it is submitted : MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT) Faculty : AGRICULTURE Department : SCHOOL OF AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT Major Advisor : Dr. P. RADHIKA University : PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Year of submission : 2022 small and large farmers (marginal farmers: ,2.5 acres; small farmers: 2.5 to 5 acres; large farmers: >5 acres). Thus, a total of 120 farmers, 20 Intermediaries and 10 processing units were selected for the study. In 2019-20, Telangana ranked second in terms of chilli area, production and productivity with 2.98 lakh acres, 3.06 lakh metric tonnes and 1545 Kg per acre, respectively in India. The chilli seed varieties which are marketed by various companies in the study area fall under majorly five segments based on pungency, color and yield. They are Teja, Warangal Chapata, Byadgi (HPH-5531), Byadgi (HPH-694), Byadgi (HPH 2043) and Devnur Deluxe (DD). Most of the farmers are cultivating two different chilli varieties in a season. None of the farmers in the study area are involved in processing of chilli, except for drying of chilli, which can be considered as a primary processing activity. More than half of the farmers are showing keen interest to involve in processing of chilli, especially into chilli powder, if financial support in the form of the subsides and loans and marketing support is provided The major trade in chilli in Enumamula market yard was handled by commission agents. None of the market intermediaries i.e., Commission agents, buyers and retailers are involved in processing of chilli. The value addition they carry out is by grading, storing and redrying the produce. Price fluctuations in the market is the major constraint experienced by different stakeholders in the value chain of chilli. The other constraints faced by them are mismatch between demand and supply, high marketing cost, non-availability of quality raw material, limited operating capital, transportation cost, lack of storage facilities and non-availability of labour. In the study area around five FPOs are functioning which are mainly into supply of inputs to the farmers. Among the respondent farmers very few farmers are members of these FPOs, however around 60 per cent of the respondent farmers are willing to join a FPO, if it takes up activities of chilli procurement, trading and processing. With little encouragement farmers can be made to join FPOs and if proper support is provided, they are willing to take up processing of chilli into chilli powder. The value chain of chilli shows that each participant in the chain adds certain value. The value created by farmer is around Rs 4,570 per quintal and the returns earned by farmer per acre is around Rs 91,400 where as that of other players that is commission agents/ buyers/ wholesalers and processors is Rs 800, Rs 1,800 and Rs 3,000 per quintal. There is a huge scope for processing of chilli into chilli powder and other value added products like chilli pickles, chilli sauces, chilli oil, chilli colour and chilli pungency extraction. Chilli colour, pungency and oil are having huge demand in the export market. There are currently no colour, pungency or oil extraction units in the study area. Hence, FPOs or startups can be encouraged to take up such processing activities. Handholding FPOs established for chilli by experts/ institutions in the field to make them take up processing of chilli will benefit chilli farmers in the study area. Since, the establishment cost of chilli processing unit is not too huge, FPOs can be supported to take up processing.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON PATHWAYS FOR SPREAD OF CLIMATE RESILIENT TECHNOLOGIES(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2023-03-13) Priyanka, K.; Nagasree, K.The present study entitled “A study on pathways for spread of climate resilient technologies” was undertaken to study the pathways of various extension systems used for spread of climate resilient technologies, to delineate the factors affecting the spread of climate resilient technologies and to find out relationship between factors affecting farmer to farmer spread of climate resilient technologies. An attempt is made to analyze the constraints affecting spread of climate resilient technologies among the farming communities. Climate resilient agriculture is fairly flexible if farmers are provided with right information, right tools, they can make necessary adaptations of their own. But some farmers will find it difficult because of unavailability of technology, poor soil quality, lack of irrigation, lack of funds in addition to institutional or cultural barriers. To achieve climate resilient agriculture, the collaboration of farmers, extension system and research system is prerequisite. For technology spread agricultural extension system needs various players like public, private, CBO, farmers. At each stage of dissemination, factors affecting the spread of technology varies with type of organization. Management of all these factors and understanding elements of technology pathway leads to successful spread of technology among farmers. Documentation using case study approach and Ex-post facto research design was adopted for the investigation. Telangana state was chosen for the study. Public extension system and private extension system were selected for the documentation. For ex-post facto design Khammam district was selected purposively keeping in the view of more spread of climate resilient technologies in the district. Enkoor mandal was selected purposively as the spread of climate resilient technologies is observed in the mandal. Two NICRA villages and two NON-NICRA villages were selected from the mandal. Thus, total of four villages were selected for the study. 30 farmers were selected at random from each village to create a sample of 60 respondents from NICRA-adopted villages and 60 respondents from non-NICRA villages for the study. Thus, total of 120 farmers were selected. The technology selected from DAATTC Rangareddy to study the documentation of technology spread is millets intercropping with red gram. Pigeon pea and sorghum intercropping is a common practice in many sorghum-growing regions. The adaptation of millets like sorghum to higher temperature, a lack of rainfall, depleted soil fertility, etc., are factors that influence climate change impact. Even in the midst of the drought, the farmers in red gram who grew high-yielding sorghum and pearl millets as intercrops were able to produce good yields in the event of failure of main crop. The technology selected from KVK Rangareddy to study the documentation of technology spread is perennial fodder system. The majority of cattle rely on crop residues such as cotton stalks, maize stovers, sorghum stalks, paddy straw, and other crop residues during the summer which have low nutritional content. Due to small fragmented land holdings very, few farmers were engaged in fodder cultivation. The KVK- Rangareddy (CRIDA-ICAR) initiated perennial fodder technology demonstrations in the form of front-line demonstrations fodder jowar (Var. MP Chari). The perennial fodder varieties were high yielding and drought tolerant even in the summer under water scarcity conditions. The technology selected from DoA to study the documentation of technology spread is resilient households. The Telangana state's farming communities lack the technical expertise and financial resources necessary to adopt climate resilient practices. By providing a variety of climate-resilient farming system interventions, the DoA aims to improve the smallholder farmers in Telangana the ability to adapt to climate change scenarios through these resilient households. The technology selected from Syngenta under private extension system to study the documentation of technology spread is solar powered lift irrigation. Farmers were relying on an irrigation system that worked and used a diesel pump. Solar-powered irrigation systems (SPIS) are a clean technology option for irrigation, allowing the use of solar energy for water pumping, replacing fossil fuels as energy source, and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from irrigated agriculture which causes harmful effects like global warming. The technology selected from Watershed trust organization (WOTR) under private extension system to study the documentation of technology spread is community micro irrigation. The emphasis was on sharing water resources through drip irrigation, pooling water resources, and assisting farmers with better agricultural methods. The areas experiencing climatic events such as drought and dry spells, to combat these climate stresses, to overcome the crop failure, and use available limited water to cultivate larger areas of land with greater water-use efficiency community micro irrigation is utilized. From the documentation the factors affecting the spread of climate resilient technologies were delineated revealing that the stakeholders involved, end user, source of technology, no of trial, communication channels used, extension strategies followed, time taken, schemes and incentives involved in upscaling and monitoring etc., were the major factors affecting the spread of the climate resilient technologies. The relationship analysis between factors affecting farmer to farmer spread of climate resilient technologies regarding NICRA farmers out of 18 variables 9 variables namely farm size, annual income, irrigation, information seeking behaviour, extension contact, participation in extension activities and relative advantage, trialability and access to technology showed significant correlation at 1 per cent and 5 per cent level of probability with technology spread. And 8 out of 18 variables namely education, family type, farming experience, compatibility, complexity, availability of infrastructure, affordability and need for technology are positively correlated with technology spread but not significant. The variable Age is negatively related to technology spread. Where as in NON NICRA respondents out of 18 variables 2 variables namely irrigation, access to technology were positively correlated at 0.05 level of significance. The 15 out of 18 variables namely education, farm size, family-type, farming experience, annual income, information seeking behaviour, extension contact, participation in extension activities, relative advantage, trialability, compatibility, complexity, affordability, need for technology and availability of infrastructure were positively correlated but not significant. The variable age was negatively correlated but not significant. The major constraints observed in pathways were climate change, market forces convincing farmers for co-investment, collecting farmers contribution, forming a water user group, selection of area, after sale service for solar panels, etc were observed as constraints. In farmer to farmer spread under socio-psychological constraints, resistance to change the conventional practices, under economic constraints inadequate finance and lack of assets like land, under technical constraints small size land holding, lack of awareness and lack of own resources were the constraints observed in the studyThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON STATUS AND PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN OWNED AGRI MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN TELANGANA(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2023-01-19) Shireesha, K.; Nirmala, B.Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a dominant role in the economic development of a country. MSMEs are considered as the second largest source of employment after agriculture in India (RBI, 2019). This sector produces a mixture of agro-based industrial products such as food products, beverages, tobacco and goods produced from it, cotton textiles and wool, silk, synthetic products, jute and jute products, wood and wood products, furniture and fixtures, paper and goods produced from it. It also includes other services such as machinery, apparatus, appliances and electrical machinery. This sector also has a large number of growing service industries. Thus, it can be said that MSMEs are the engines for driving the vehicle of economic growth of a country. The study is taken up with the following objectives: Objectives: 1. To study the status of agri related micro and small enterprises in general and women operated enterprises in particular. 2. To assess the performance and business viability of selected agri related women micro and small enterprises. 3. To find out the major challenges faced by micro and small women agripreneurs. To develop a deep understanding on the above, Hyderabad city was preferred as the study area and five women owned enterprises were taken for study. To perform the analysis, data was collected through personal interviews from the selected MSMEs, with the help of structured questionnaire/schedule. Various data was collected from the women entrepreneurs. Financial ratios like Current ratio, Gross profit margin, Net working capital ratio, Debt-equity ratio are used to assess the performance of selected agri related women micro and small enterprises. Garett’s ranking technique was used to indicate the constraints faced by women entrepreneurs in agri micro and small enterprises. The status of agripreneurs was studied under the variables like age, educational status, marital status and enterprise details. The number of women agripreneurs registered under Udyam in 2017 was 1,21,667 in Hyderabad, while in 2021 it was 4,50,865 members. It reveals that developing and increasing position of agri-related women owned enterprises. Similarly, it depicts four-fold increase of women agripreneurs in the last four years and depicts the favorable environment for the growth of women agripreneurs. Along with secondary data, the primary data obtained from the women agripreneurs, helps to interpret the status of agri-related micro and small enterprise owned by women agripreneurs. Among the five firms taken to study the financial performance of the enterprise, it can be seen that firm A has good and sound financial infrastructure, followed by Firm B, Firm C, Firm D and Firm E respectively. The performance and business viability of Firm E was very poor and had less stable financial structure when compared with other four firms.ThesisItem Open Access Absorbtion Studies Of Some Pesticides In Black Soils Of A P(APAU ; Bapatla, 1985) Subramanyam B VThesisItem Open Access Absorption Of Isoprotuson On Different Soils(APAU ; Hyderabad, 1984) Satyanarayana Reddy, D.ThesisItem Open Access “ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF SPIDER AND COCCINELLID PREDATORS AND THEIR IMPACT ANALYSIS ON MAJOR PESTS IN VARIED RICE SYSTEMS(Professor Jayashankar Telanagana State Agricultural University, 2016) ANITHA, G.; SHASHI BHUSHAN, V.Field studies were carried out in kharif 2014 and 2015 in rice fields of College Farm, Rajendranagar to understand the “Abundance and diversity of spider and coccinellid predators and their impact analysis on major pests in varied rice systems”. Design of the experiment was split plot with three main modules, each with different establishment technique viz., Transplanted rice, broadcasted rice and drumsown rice. Size of each module was 36 X 12 sq.m. with three replications under each treatment. A nursery bed of 100 sq.m was sown in the first week of July and main treatments viz., transplanting, broadcasting and drumsowing were carried out in the last week of July. Recommended packages of practices were administered according to the requirement of various treatment modules. Sub treatments under each main treatment included different types of plant protection measures adopted viz., organic protection, farmers’ practices and ‘no protection’ practices. Weekly counts on pests and predators (spiders and coccinellids) were taken from thirty fourth Standard week to forty seventh standard week and data were subjected to ANOVA. Studies on pest abundance in various treatments revealed that broadcasted farmers’ practices recorded the least occurrence of dead hearts (2.05%) and white ears (0.46%). Organically protected and farmers’ practices plots of transplanted rice and all drumsown plots registered significantly lesser white ears (0.46% to 0.59%) compared to transplanted farmers’ practices(1.18%). Drumsown farmers’ practices registered lesser incidence of leaf folder and hispa beetle. Predator numbers in ‘no protection’ and organic protection plots of all main treatments were higher than in farmers’ practices indicating the toxicity of the chemical insecticides and neem sprays. Twenty two genera of spiders belonging to twelve families were recorded in rice ecosystem in the present study which comprised of seven guilds based on their hunting strategies and microhabitats. Shannon–Wiener diversity index ranged between 1.83 and 2.26 and Pielou’s evenness index of 0.59-0.72 in two years of study indicating a stable ecosystem and even species distribution in rice crop at Rajendranagar. However, coccinellid diversity and species evenness were lesser compared to that of spiders and they ranged between 1.071.15 and 0.37-0.58 respectively in 2014 and 2015, indicative of an uneven coccinellid community system at Rajendranagar. There was an increase in spider density in the second year of study over the first year, but the same was not true for coccinellids. Pearson correlation studies between pest and predator population indicated that all the spider genera except Atypena and Pholcus were significantly and positively correlated with yellow stem borer. Atypena was found to be negatively correlated with leaf folder and hispa population also. Pholcus,Telamonia, and Tetragnatha sp. were positively and significantly correlated with leaf folder and hispa population. While Heteropoda had a negative relation with the Hispa beetle, Neoscona had positive relation. Pearson correlation studies between coccinellids and pests revealed that Coccinella, Propylea, Cheilomenes and Scymnus had significant positive relation with the stem borer, while Coccinella, Propylea, Cheilomenes and Illeis had significant positive relation with the leaf folder and Coccinella, Cheilomenes and Illeis had significant positive relation with the hispa beetle. Studies on impact of weather factors on pests revealed that population of stem borer in organic and farmers’ practices plots were positively and significantly influenced by minimum temperature. However, all other weather parameters had meagre impact on the borer. Population of leaf folder and hispa beetle were higher in warmer night temperatures 16240C). Genera Araneus, Arctosa, Cheiracanthium, Hamataliwa, Heteropoda, Neoscona, Oxyopes were totally unaffected by weather parameters. Microhabitat of spiders on the crop, their hunting strategies, vegetation structure complexity influenced the complex of spiders in that vegetation. Weather parameters had varying effects on most of spider genera in the second year of study, while in the first year and in pooled values, the impact was meagre. Weather had no impact on Micraspis, Coccinella, Propylea and Scymnus. Harmonia was negatively correlated with minimum temperature; Cheilomenes was positively correlated with minimum temperature, while evening relative humidity and minimum temperature had positive influenceon Illeis sp.ThesisItem Open Access ACADEMIC GOAL ORIENTATION OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF COLLEGE OF HOME SCIENCE AND SUPPORTING THROUGH CAMPUS AUDIO AND VIDEO STREAMING(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2018) PRASHANTHI, A; KAMESWARI, S.LAcademic goal orientation is a predominant factor in educational psychology. These goals reveal students underlying reasons to put effort into academic. Over the past two decades many investigated students’ motivation and finding ways to predict and improve academic performance. Mastery orientation, student focuses mainly on learning new or mastering skills, performance approach, student compares their competences to others, performance avoidant, student seek themselves lack of ability and work avoidant, student do not wish to engage instead expect good results. In educational technology, there were so many advanced methods which came into existence for better teaching learning process. This study was an attempt to extend audio and video streaming in technology rich motivational environment by focusing on academic goal orientation of undergraduate students. The present study was on “Academic Goal Orientation of Undergraduate Students of College of Home Science and supporting through campus audio and video streaming”. Pre test, Post test 1 and Post test 2 action research design was adopted for this study. All the undergraduate students were selected from undergraduates in College of Home Science, PJTSAU, Hyderabad purposively by keeping in view the existence of campus audio and video streaming in university. xiv Majority of the (53.7%) undergraduate students were under age group between 17-19 years and majority students (63.6%) belonged to OBC category. Interest and creativity were studied in this study. Majority of the students (69.0%) obtained medium level of creativity and remaining (31.0%) were highly creative among the undergraduate students. Parent’s age, educational qualification and occupation were studied to have clear understanding of student home environment. Majority (63.0%) of the fathers’ age was between 35-45 years, while mother’s age (69.1%) between 30-40 years. Regarding parent educational qualifications, the majority of the fathers (39.6%) were graduates while some of them (3.1%) only studied up to primary level. Majority of the mothers (34.6%) were educated only up to 10th standard. Majority of the fathers (30.9%) were working in private sector and nearly sixty percent (59.9%) of their mothers were working as home makers. The Academic Goal Orientation scale developed by Was, C. (2006) was used to measure the goal orientation profiles of undergraduate students. After audio and video streaming, the post test 2 results revealed that there was increase in mastery orientation (76.5%), Performance approach orientation (59.3%) and showed gradual decrease from high to low in both performance avoidant orientation (45.7%) and work avoidant orientation (49.4%). The increase was seen in academic goal orientation of undergraduate students when subjected to audio and video streaming, analyzing and re-capsulation of audio and video programmes. Videos were downloaded from YouTube and streamed via campus audio and video streaming. Telugu and English language was preferred for selection of audio and video programmes. Streaming duration was for 30 minutes including entertainment videos were added in between the motivational videos to attract and arouse interest among the students. It can be called as Edutainment programmes. The results found that, there was significant difference between means of mastery orientation in pre test, post test 1 and post test 2 at 1% level (p<0.01). It also found that there was a significant difference between means of performance approach orientation in pre test, post test 1 and post test 2 at 1% level (p<0.01). Performance avoidant orientation had significant difference between means of pre test, post test 1 and post test 2 at 1% level (p<0.01). Work avoidant orientation had significant difference between means of pre test, post test 1 and post test 2 at 1% level (p<0.01). There was significant relationship between pre test and post test 2 with respective to results of academic goal orientation in undergraduate students at 5% level (p<0.05). The results revealed the relationship between personal profile variable and academic goal orientation in undergraduate students. Age, and father’s education had significant relationship on academic goal orientation at 1% level (p<0.01) and interest had significant relationship on academic goal orientation at 5% level (p<0.01).ThesisItem Open Access ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF CHILDREN IN RELATION TO ASPIRATIONS AND EXPECTATIONS OF PARENTS(Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, 1999) Swaroopa Rani, M.; Mayuri, K.Thetypeofenvironmentavailableathome plays an importantrolein determining cognitive,emotional and socialdevelopment of children. Parents have animportant role intheall-rounddevelopmentofchildren. Parental involvementincludes activeparental participationinthe developmental aspectsof children. Many parents, evenbeforethe childcouldsetgoalsforthemselveshave aspirations towardswhich theystarttraining theirchildthoughtheiraspirationsmayormaynotbepursuedbythechildinlater stages. Theaspirationsofparentsplayanimportant roleinthe developmentof selfConceptsofchildren(Hurlock,1981). These aspirations start right from thebirthofthe child,andkeepgrowingwiththeageofthechild. Parental aspirationslead toparentalexpectations. “Expectations are the day-to ,v day activities required ofthe child byparents in orderto ful fi ll their aspiratiohs’f.’ Parental aspirations and expectations have an important role to play in children’s xii achievementsandfuturesuccess. Studiesrelatedtothisdimensionarenotoftenattempted, though it is important to find their critical role played by parental aspirations and expectationsandthechild'ssuccessinacademics. Thetotalsampleofthestudycomprisedof240parentsof120childrenoffourth, sixth,eighthandtenthstandardspurposively. Alltheparentswereliterates. Theageofthe child,ordinalposition,class,genderandsyllabuswerefoundnottohaveanyinfluenceon theparentalaspirationsandexpectations, ’ Allthechildrenofthesamplehadsatisfactoryacademicperformanceandexcellent performanceinextra~curricularactivities. Significantganderdifferencewasnoticedin participation ofchildren in extra curricularactivities. Parents used acombination of methodscorrecting,givinginstructions,verbalandcorporalpunishmentstogetchildrento fulfilltheirexpectations. Arrangementslikespecialtuitions,allottingextratime,restricting otheractivitiesetc.,weremadebyparentsifthechildfailsinacademics. Democraticstyle ofparentingwasmaintainedbymostoftheparents. There was no significant difference observed between the parentalaspirations, expectationsandphysicalarrangements. Aspirationsarenegativelycorrelatedwithfamily type,size,ordinal positionand syllabus. Positivecorrelation exists with educationand occupation. Physicalarrangementsmadebythefatherarefound to belesser when the motherisolder. Thedisciplinarytechniquesincreasedwiththeageof the parents. The parentalaspirationsarecorrelatedsignificantlywiththedisciplinarytechniques. Ahigh correlationwasobservedforthephysicalandacademicarrangementsmadebytheparents. Parentalexpectationsdonotcoincidewithanyoftheparental contributing factors. Mostly theparentsexpecttheirchildrentoachievewhattheyfailedtoachieveintheirlife.ThesisItem Open Access ACCEPTABILITY AND NUTRIENT PROFILE OF ICE CREAM PARTIALLY SUBSTITUTED WITH SOYA FAT AND SOY PROTEIN ISOLATE (SPI)(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2005) BALESHAM, M; KANWALJIT KAURIce cream is a delicious, wholesome, nutritious fat rich, frozen dairy product, which is widely consumed in different parts of the world. In recent years the consumption of ice cream in India has increased considerably, particularly in big cities and towns. Diet is one of the important factors that affects the well being and health of an individual. Health foods are those, which are nutritious, prevent diseases and maintain health. Health foods are also known as designer foods, therapeutic foods, functional foods etc. These foods contain ingredients that aid specific bodily functions in addition to being nutritious. Soy proteins are potential functional ingredients, which have food applications. Frozen dairy desserts contain relatively high amount of SFA and cholesterol. Partial substitution oils (high in unsaturated fatty acids) for milk fat would reduce the incidence of coronary heart diseases. Soya oil has been tested and it would meet the requirement. Soyaprotein is a good source of essential amino acids, which will help in preventing kidney diseases, cancer risk etc. and promote good health. Keeping these health benefits in view, a study was carried to develop and evaluate the acceptability and nutrient profile of frozen dessert by partial substitution of milk fat and SMP with soy fat and SPI, both at 25, 50, 75 percent levels. The developed ice cream frozen desserts were stored in HDPE cups at –8oC for a period of one month. The products were analyzed for sensory characteristics, nutrient profile and microbial load. Substitution of SMP with SPI increased the protein content of frozen desserts from 4.3 to 6.2 percent. After storage for one month there was significant difference in the sensory attributes. i.e. appearance, taste and flavor however there was no significant difference observed texture and overall acceptability of the product at 5 per cent level of significance. After storing the products for one month the samples were tested for microbial quality for SPC and PCT. SPC was under safe limit as per BIS standards i.e. below 200000/ml and PCT was negative for all the samples. The product with 25 percent SMP substituted with SPI and 75 percent milk fat substituted with soy fat was most acceptable. This will encourage the production and utilization of soybean in India, which in turn helps the farmer, promotes health of the consumer and reduces cost of the product.ThesisItem Open Access ACCEPTABILITY AND SHELF LIFE STUDIES ON PRODUCTS DEVELOPED FROM SOYMILK(ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2004) RADHA, TENNETI; SHARADA, DA field experiment was conducted during rabi 2003-04 at Students’ Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to study the “Integrated nutrient management in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)”. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 12 treatments replicated thrice. Organic manures [FYM, vermicompost (VC) and neem cake (NC)] alone and in combination with two kinds of biofertilizers [Azotobacter and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB)], chemical fertilizers and in situ green manure were tested in comparison with recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (control) using the cucumber var. Poinsette. Growth characters of cucumber such as number of days to germination, number of days taken for first female flower appearance, number of days to 50% flowering, vine length and number of branches vine-1, yield attributes such as number of fruits vine-1, fruit length, fruit girth and fruit weight, yield, quality of fruit and available NPK in soil after harvest were significantly increased with application of organic manures (FYM, NC and VC) in combination with biofertilizers (Azotobacter and PSB) and chemical fertilizers (NPK) which were significantly superior to the application of chemical fertilizer alone, application of organic manures combined with biofertilizers, application of organic manure alone and in situ green manure respectively. The later four treatments also significantly differed with each other. Judicious application of organic manures, biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers in INM system, increased 29 per cent more yield over control (RDF) and economic analysis revealed that higher net and gross returns obtained when vermicompost used as organic source but higher benefit cost ratio obtained with RDF (control). Bacterial population of Azotobacter, PSB and Total bacteria in soil after harvest was markedly increased with integrated use of organic, biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer system and was reduced with application of chemical fertilizers (control) giving better prospects for improved soil health. The correlation studies revealed that vine length, number of branches per vine, number of fruits per vine, fruit length, girth and weight of fruit, available NPK in soil and yield were positively and significantly correlated with each other. The study revealed that the integrated use of organic manures (FYM, NC and VC) in combination with biofertilizers like Azotobacter and PSB and chemical fertilizers (N, P and K) is considered most useful for obtaining maximum fruit yield, with good quality cucumber in sandy loam soils in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, India.ThesisItem Open Access ACQUIRED RESISTANCE IN Gloeospnrimn (1mpeloplmgum(Pass)Sacc.(Sp/tacelomaampclinum(Ie Bary) TO CARBENDAZIM IN GRAPEVINEAND ITS MANAGEMENT(Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, 1997) HEMANTIIA KUMAR, J.; SARWAR, H.A.I<.Carbendazim formulations are widely used to control grapevineanthracnose (Glows/2017212)) umpc/op/mgmn (Pass) Sacc.) But in the recent past, its efficacy has been reduced. For effective use of the fungicides it is important to understand the nature and extent of acquired resistance in (j. ampe/op/mgwm to carbendazim. Fifteen isolates of G. a/iipclophagmu were obtained from different vineyards located around Hyderabad and were tested for development of resistance. Among the fifteen isolates tested, five isolates were found to be inhibited in their colony growth at a very low concentration of l ttg ml-1 and hence were designated as highly sensitive. One of the isolate got inhibitedatslightlyhighconcentrationoflOttgml.I andgroupedassensitive. The growth in five isolates was inhibited at a concentration of 50—100 Mg ml'] and designated as weakly resistant, while remaining four isolates _ . t . -lgrew at very high concentration of the lungtcrdc 750—]500 ttg ml Hml were grouped as highly resistant. ln cross-resistance studies carbendazim resistant isolate of (i. a/iipe/o/lugimi has shown positive cross resistance to thiophanate—methyl and kitazin whereas its resistance was unaltered to hexaconazole, mancozcb, Copper oxychloride, Bordeaux mixture, dithianon, and chlorothalonil. Carbendazim resistant isolateofG ampelophagmn continued to retainits acquired tolerance even zil‘tei' live successive suhetilltii'ings in l‘nngieitle free medium, 'l‘he acquired resitance was stable and quite persistent in nature. Different systemic and non—systemic fungicides, alone and in combination were tested for management ofresistance in two ways ie.. one by slidegermination technique and the other by not culture experiment. In both the experiments among the different treatments tested hexaconazole alone (0.1%) and hexaconazole in combination with cai‘bendazim (O.l°/o) in the ratio of 1:] proved to be highly effective in managing the carhendazim resistance development in (1'4 anzpclophagmn.ThesisItem Open Access ACRITICAL ANALYSIS OF INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIRBLENDINGWITH MODERN TECHNOLOGIES BYCOMPLEX, DIVERSE ANDRISK PRONE AREAFARMERS(Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, 2001) GOTTE ANIL; DANDU JAGANNADHARAJUnmidsixties crop scientistsandagriculturalextensionscientists wereconcentratingforsecuringmaximumagriculturalproductionofcropsthrough moderntechnology.Atpresentsituation indigenoustechnologies can only serveasalternativestothisproblembecausethesetechnologiesarelowcost, eco—friendly, locallyandeasilyavailabletothefarmers. The study aims to identify profile characteristics, the availableindigenoustechnologiesaswellasblendedtechnologies incomplex,diverse andriskproneareas,assess theadoptionandsustainabilityoftheidentified technologiesandfactorsinfluencing adoptionof theindigenoustechnologies andblendedtechnologiesand finally constraii"sinadoptionand suggestions 5.0overcomethem. Anex-postfactoresearchdesignwasadopted. Atotal 50farmersfrom9 villages of 3 mandals in Mahaboobnagar district were selected duly followingproportionate randomsamplingprocedure. Apart from these 50 sample farmers, 45 farmers @ 5 aged and experienced farmers from each village were also selected randomly for the purpose of identification of indigenousandblendedtechnologies. Suitablemeasurementsweredetermined tomeaSuretheselectedelevenindependentandtwodependentvariables. Thedatacollectedwiththehelpofstructured interviewSChedulewere coded,tabulatedandanalysed. Atotalof 60 indigenoustechnologies identified, 20injowar,12in redgram,13incastorand 15incottonwhereas37blendedtechnologies, 13in jowar,7inredgram,7incastorand10incotton wereidentified. Theprofileanalysisoftherespondents revealed thatmajorityofthemwere middle aged (68%), untrained (62%), illiterate to functionally literate(66%)andobserved in mediumcategoryoffarmingexperience(70%),farmsize (68%), extension contact (60%), mass media exposure (64%), risk orientation(62%), marketorientation(76%),scientificorientation (66%)and perceptiontowardsextensionsystem(58%). Majorityofthe farmerswere undermediumadoption categoryofindigenous technologies withregard to jowar(74%), redgram (68%), castor(62%) and cotton (62%). Similarly majority were found under medium adoptioncategory ofblendedtechnologiesinrespectofjowar (64%),redgram (70%),castor(64%)andcotton(62%). Majorindigenoustechnologies perceivedtobesustainablewererowtorowspacingbasedonwidthofdanthe,jowarsownin Rohini to Mrugasira Kartheinjowarcrop; collectedpodswerethreshedbyflail in cdgram,seed storedinearthernpots; sowingstarts from ArudhraKarthe in castor and all parts ofthe plough are made up ofwood in cotton, whereas blended technologies perceivedtobesustainablewere fodderheapedonraisedbed, highyieldingvarietiesseedpurchased fromwelltodo farmers and hybrids fromprivatedealersinjowar;shortdurationandhighyielding varietiesare cultivatedin redgram; linesowingforvarieties anddibblingforhybridsin squaretypemethod,allowingperennialtreesinbetweenthefieldincastorand applicationofpoultrymanureandcleancultivationincottoncrop. Age,farming experienceandriskorientationwere found positivelysignificant withtheadoptionofindigenoustechnologies. While education, traininginagriculture,massmediaexposureandriskorientationwerefoundto bepositivelysignificant withthe adoption0.blendedtechnologies. Lowanderraticrainfall,highcostofneembasedpesticides,traditional belief,lackofdroughtresistantvarieties,nonavailabilityof timelyinputs,lack ofpublicationson proventechnologieswerethe constraintsexpressedbythe respondents. Suggestionsmadeby farmerstoovercomethe problemsinclude toevolveresistantvarieties,timelysupplyofinputs.providingcreditfacilities, encouragedesiltingprogramme,providingneembasedpesticidesonsubsidy andliteratureonprovenindigenoustechnologies.ThesisItem Open Access ACTIVITY PROFILE AND TIME USE PATTERN OF TRIBAL FAMILIES(Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, 1997) HASA UMADEVI; HRUNALINI, A.Tribals constitute an important segment of thepopulation of India, representing 8 per cent (Census, 1991) of the total population of the country. They live in certain definite areas with different 'dialects, cultural homogenity and unifying social organisation. Tribals work either on their own lands or as agricultural labourers in the fields of others. A careful examination of their activity profile and nature of work participation of the family members in tribal households brings out their roles and responsibilities which have so far been limited to descriptive documentation only. It is here the time utilization patterns help to study the roles performed in various activities with a quantitative dimension. ' ' Therefore, a survey was undertaken to analyse theactivity profile and time utilization pattern of tribal population with a family approach. Following were the objectives of the study: (i) To develop an activity profile of the household members by gender within and outside their home domain. . (ii) To critically analyse the time allocation pattern for selected activities performed daily. Sample for the study consisted of_72 householdsselected randomly, six from each landholding category Viz., large farmers (>10 acres), medium farmers (5—10 acres), small and marginal farmers (0—5 acres) and landless labourers. Respondents belonged to Hasnapur, Dantanpalli, Luxettipet villages of Utnoor mandal, Adilabad district. The detailed information was coltcted With the help of an interview schedule. Activitiesr'were analysed lconsidering the tribal household members participation within the home, farm and interface domain. . The salient conclusions drawn from the study include- that among all the respondents the adult women and girl children took major share of responsibility in home domain by showing high participation ‘with high frequency. Men belonging to different age groups showed low role participation in home domain when all the 3 domains are compared. More number of the tasks were seen performed by the respondents in the morning hours only. On an average adult females were spending 17.3 days éiH kharif season 'and 11.3 days in rabi season on farm' fiactivities whereas adult males were spending 16.8 days inkharif season and 13.7 days in rabi season 6n the same when compared to other age and sex groups. When time spent was observed both adult men and women were spending 7—8 hours in kharif season and 6-7 hours in rabi season on farm activities. The findings of the study helped to draw comparisions pertaining 'to roles and) time. use pattern among the different gender & age groups.ThesisItem Open Access ADAPTATION OF CHERIYAL PAINTING TECHNIQUES AND MOTIFS FOR APPLICATION ON INTERIOR FURNISHINGS(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2020) PAVANI, NUNE; RATNA KUMARI, DCheriyal painting was a fascinating custom of combining a vocal version of stories with accompanying pictures. These paintings painted by local artists are scrolls of Indian mythology, which are used as visual aids by the story tellers (called as ‘Kaki Padagollu’ locally). Earlier, these paintings were used to tell stories, the onslaught of television and cinema in villages has diminished all support. Once several families painted these scrolls, but over the years, due to lack of patronage, painters had taken up other profitable livelihoods. Keeping this in view, the present study was carried out with the following objectives: i. To investigate the socio- economic status of Cheriyal artisans and market for Cheriyal Paintings. ii. To explore Cheryial Paintings Technique and motifs for suitability to interior furnishings. iii. To select and adopt suitable techniques and designs on selected interior furnishings and estimate cost. iv. To conduct consumer acceptance study of designed interior furnishings. v. To explore possibilities of enterprise development for designed interior furnishings. Exploratory research design was adopted to explore the Cheriyal artists using case study schedule, to discover painting techniques and motifs and to analyze market status with market survey questionnaire. Experimental research design was assumed to adopt suitable techniques by selecting the motifs with the evaluation of motifs schedule, by fifteen experts. Action research was used to conduct consumer acceptance study of developed interior furnishings with consumer acceptance rating scale by thirty consumers selected randomly. The Village of Cheriyal (native place) and Hyderabad (had huge market for handicrafts) were selected as study areas. Case studies of the artisans revealed that there were only seven families who took Cheriyal paintings as their profession. These artisans use ‘Nakash’ as their surname. There family members are involved in painting and carry out the work together. These artisans’ prepare products like painting frames, scrolls, god idols, masks, pen stands, key chains, specs holders, etc. They mostly sell their products in ‘Golconda Handicrafts’ (Lepakshi earlier), and organizes stalls in the handicraft exhibitions held by the Government and also to their personal clientele. As Cheriyal painting was a unique art form, these artisans’ don’t have any competition in the market. The market survey among the shopkeepers of the handicraft outlets found that out of twenty outlets, only eight sells Cheriyal products. The market of Cheriyal products was average and was declining from last few years. Nakashis are not much aware of consumer’s need to manufacture functional products. Promotional and skill upgrading tricks can be trained to Nakashis to create awareness among consumers were suggested by the Handicraft Shop keepers. Market survey among consumers exposed that out of the thirty respondents only six know about Cheriyal paintings and only two knew about masks. Out of the six, only three had purchased these products. Expensive cost is the main reason for not purchasing the product followed by the nature of the product being only decorative and not functional. Most of the respondents who were not aware of the Cheriyal paintings would like to know about the history of Cheriyal paintings. Out of eleven motifs selected for the study, motifs named Woman with Hay Bundle, Woman with Pot, Man with Dolu, Dolu- Sanayi, Hamsa Vahanam and Pallaki scored high ranks in evaluation by fifteen experts which were further adopted to develop Interior Furnishings which were displayed for consumer acceptance revealed that the cushion covers with Dolu- Sanayi on silk fabric were highly accepted. The study also focused on possibilities of enterprise development with interior furnishings developed by adopting Cheriyal painting motifs. There were many possibilities to develop an enterprise with the developed interior furnishing like a) Establish an enterprise b) Establish an online enterprise c) Networking with fashion designers and interior designers and d) Conducting workshops to the learners.ThesisItem Open Access Adaptation Of Fungi To Fungicides: Adaptation Of Selerotiumrolfsii Sace. To Cheshunt Compound And Copper Sulphate.(APAU ; Hyderabad, 1961) Raghava Reddy, D.V.