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ThesisItem Open Access Adequacy And Productivity Of Short Term Credit On Small Farms In Wanaparthy Taluk Of Mahabubnagar District A P(APAU ; Hyderabad, 1984) Laxmikantha Rao SThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION AND IMPACT OF IMPROVED RICE VARIETIES OF PJTSAU IN TELANGANA STATE(PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2021-07-01) Tamilazhakil; Vijaya Kumari, R.Agricultural research systems all over the world are applauded for their major contributions to food and nutritional security and poverty alleviation. The Indian experience on the success of Green Revolution has made it clear that appropriate technologies, supported by facilitating public policies and efficient institutions, can transform smallholder agriculture. Systematic impact assessment studies relating to returns to investment made by the institutions help to achieve specific research and development objectives. The system now will require to regulate R&D in such a manner that it not only complies with international commitments and scientific principles but also seeks participation of stakeholders and incorporates social voice in decision making. State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) occupy a major part in Indian Agricultural Research leading to the development of location and climate specific technologies. Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU) is one such SAU which continues to serve the farmers in increasing production and productivity in agricultural and allied sectors through experimentation carried out by a strong network of 15 research stations strategically located in the three Agro-climatic zones. Developing new crop varieties/ hybrids in tune with the changing needs, situations and circumstances is a continuous research process and is a multi-disciplinary team effort. Rice is the staple food crop feeding most of the world population. This validates the need for research in rice crop in the areas of improving the yield, quality and resource productivity. So far, the university has released 8 improved rice varieties, majority of which have been under extensive cultivation by the farmers not only in Telangana state but also in neighbouring states. Some of the prominent varieties are RNR 15048 (Telangana Sona), KNM 118 (Kunaram Sannalu) and JGL 18057 (Bathukamma). With this background, the study was undertaken with the specific objectives to assess the impact of the improved rice varieties, factors influencing the adoption of the varieties, contribution of the varieties in terms of increasing rice productivity and income of the farmers and the constraints involved in the adoption of the varieties and suggest suitable measures. Wanaparthy, Karimnagar and Medak districts were selected for the study on the basis of highest area coverage under RNR 15048 (Telangana Sona), KNM 118 (Kunaram Sannalu) and JGL 18047 (Bathukamma) rice varieties, respectively. A total of 360 farmers (120 farmers for each variety) were considered for the study. The study was based xiv on both primary and secondary data which were collected through field survey using pre tested schedule and various published sources. Descriptive analysis was done by working out simple averages and percentages with respect to characteristics of sample farm households, costs and returns and benefits from the improved rice varieties. DREAM model developed by IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute) was used to assess the ex-ante impact of the varieties developed by the University. Logit model was employed to study the factors influencing the adoption of the improved varieties of rice in the study area. The cost incurred to and the returns from the cultivation of these varieties were computed. Garrett ranking technique was specially used for the purpose of drawing valid conclusions on the constraints faced by the farmers. Assumption-based and market-based variables were applied in the model which works based on Economic Surplus Method. The results of the DREAM model revealed that both RNR 15048 (IRR of 21.97% and 30.35% at 15 and 40 per cent adoption rates, respectively) and KNM 118 (IRR of 21.76% and 30.96% at 10 and 30 per cent adoption rates respectively) had producer surplus higher than consumer surplus. The total surplus of RNR 15048 was ranging between ₹5525121 and ₹14740014. In the case of KNM 118, the range of total surplus was from ₹3683096 to ₹11053103 depending on the rate of adoption of the variety with study area. JGL 18047 showed negative surplus because of the reduced yield compared to other varieties cultivated in the area. Hence, an additional scenario was considered in which the yield of JGL 18047 was higher than the other varieties compared such as MTU 1010, MTU 1156 and MTU 1153. In that case, the variety exhibited positive surplus. Therefore, RNR 15048 and KNM 118 varieties were found to be profitable to both the consumers and producers whereas that is not the case for JGL 18047 which was mainly due to the lesser yield than the other varieties cultivated in the area. Extent of adoption was assessed based on the seed distribution under subsidised price by Telangana Government. The data collected from the office of Agriculture Commissioner during 2018-19 and 2019-20 indicated that the quantity of seed disbursed, the area under adoption and the number of beneficiaries benefitted out of the Government seed delivery system increased for the varieties RNR 15048 and KNM 118 whereas the extent of adoption got decreased for JGL 18047. This indicates that the farmers started abandoning JGL 18047 while the extent of adoption was considerably increasing for the other two varieties RNR 15048 and KNM 118. The factors influencing adoption of the varieties were found out using the limited dependent variable model, Logit, computationally easier to use and leads itself to a meaningful interpretation than the other types. The results from Logit model revealed that off-farm income, access to credit, perception about disease and pest resistance were found to be the factors influencing the adoption of RNR 15048 (Telangana Sona) rice variety with Wald χ2 values 14.36, 8.49 and 6.81, respectively. Similarly, the availability of off-farm income, contact with extension agency and perception of high yield were observed to be influencing the adoption of KNM 118 (Kunaram Sannalu) variety with Wald χ2 values of 14.81, 11.50 and 12.48 respectively. And contact with extension agent and perception of high yield were found to be highly influencing the adoption of JGL 18047 (Bathukamma) variety with corresponding Wald χ2 values of 11.24 and 13.48, respectively. Based on the results obtained from the Logit model for all the three varieties, off- farm income, contact with extension agency, perception of high yield and pest and disease resistance were found to be predominantly influencing the adoption decisions of the improved rice varieties of PJTSAU. Knowing these factors will help in streamlining the varietal Research and Development process through inculcating more of such traits in the varietal development process. xv The cost of cultivation of RNR 15048 was found to be lesser when compared to the other varieties grown in Wanaparthy district. Hence, the net returns (₹45005.27/ha) of the farmers cultivating RNR 15048 variety was found to be 22.86 per cent higher than the famers cultivating varieties other than RNR 15048 (₹37617.99/ha). The difference in cost of cultivation may be mainly attributed to the higher cost of plant protection incurred towards long adopted BPT 5204 variety (under other rice varieties). Thus, RNR 15048 was found better economically when compared to the other varieties grown in the study area. In case of KNM 118 (Kunaram Sannalu), the major contributor for the difference in cost of cultivation for other varieties was fertilizer cost which may be for the farmers’ perception that higher use of fertilizers cause lodging of KNM 118 crop. The net returns (₹40860.40/ha) of the farmers cultivating KNM 118 variety was found to be 4.16 per cent higher than the famers cultivating other varieties (₹39226.88/ha). Coming to JGL 18047 variety which was cultivated mostly around Medak district, the other varieties grown in the area were found to incur lesser cost of cultivation (₹83049.76/ha) when compared to JGL 18047 (Bathukamma) variety (₹84363.45/ha). This might be owed to the reason that JGL 18047 incurred 19.01 per cent more cost on plant protection in comparison with the other varieties grown in the study area. Out of all the three varieties taken for the study, RNR 15048 (Telangana Sona) was found to have a better economic performance when compared to other two varieties KNM 118 and JGL 18047. This showed that RNR 15048 and KNM 118 outperformed the other varieties grown in the study area. Pest incidence, lower grain weight and less shelf life of cooked rice were the foremost problems reported by the farmers adopting RNR 15048 (Telangana Sona) rice variety with respective Garrett scores of 40.75, 36.23 and 31.79. Declining yield over years and lodging were the most pressing problems reported by the farmers cultivating KNM 118 (Kunaram Sannalu) with Garrett scores of 49.30 and 40.70 respectively. Lodging of crops before harvest, shattering of grains in Rabi and lower grain weight were prominently reported by the farmers who adopted JGL 18047 (Bathukamma) with Garrett scores of 41.95, 40.13 and 31.62 respectively. Repeated adoption of all the three varieties were primarily decided by the consistency of yield and disease & pest resistance shown by the varieties. Lower grain weight, varietal rotation and lodging were the reasons reported by majority of the farmers for dropping out the adoption of the varieties RNR 15048, KNM 118 and JGL 18047, respectively. Farmers’ perception on varietal rotation to be done for consistent yield has led to variety replacement by the more recent generation of farmers. Indiscriminate use of plant protection chemicals and non-adoption of recommended dose of fertilizers and planting time were few among the other reasons which were contributing to some of the problems reported by the adopters. These problems can be solved by creation of proper awareness among farmers regarding the planting time, recommended fertiliser doses with its benefits and the difference between varietal rotation and crop rotation. The overall analysis of the study revealed a positive impact of the improved rice varieties on the sample households. The adoption of the varieties developed by the university was found to be increasing in study area every year except for JGL 18047 (Bathukamma). To overcome the problems revealed by sample farmers, certain policy recommendations were put forth for sustainable development of crop improvement. Few of the important suggestions are establishing linkage between scientists and extension personnel for tracking down the path of the variety dissemination and thereby ensuring better follow up of the varieties, strengthening research through development of varieties which shows consistent yield under all agro-climatic conditions, building up extension services through awareness campaigns about the varieties before every sowing season and increasing investment on the development of varieties considering market preference.ThesisItem Open Access AGRICULTURAL GROWTH IN YANAM REGION OF UNION TERRITORY OF PONDICHERRI(Professor jayashankar Telangana State Agriculture University, 2002) Narasimham, S.; Raju, T.V.This study was under - taken to analyse the growth patterns of Major crops in Yanam region of Union Territory of Pondicherry, components of change in variance in the growth and factors influencing in the area production and productivity, cost and returns of major crops and to identify the constraints in farm production faced by farmers. All four villages were selected for the study. Paddy growers were categorised into three groups viz., Small, medium and large farmers. The secondary data on area, production and productivity and for components of change in variance of paddy and greengram for the period of 1980-8 1 to 1990-2000 were collected from various issues of statistical abstracts and crop reports published by Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government -of Pondicheny. Index numbers: compound growth rates, decomposition analysis, cost concepts for used for analysis of the data. The results revealed that there was significant growth rate in selected crops except in crop I during the study period. Decomposition analysis explained that change in area yield co-variance is 7.64 % in paddy and 4.56% in greengram in the Yanam region. Productivity was the main contributing factor for change in .production of paddy aid increasing area under greengram was the chief contributing factor for the increase in average production. The results revealed from cost concept per hectare cost increased with increase in farm size. Manures and fertilizers was the major cost in paddy production, occupying on an average about 15.1 1 per cent of total cost. Both gross and net returns increased with increase in fam size on pooled fams, cost of production per quintal was Rs. 308.68 The important production problems faced by farmers were lack of quality seed, non availability of human labour, injudicious use of plant protectiorl chemicals, non availability of fertilizers. These problems must be rectified to augument more profits.ThesisItem Open Access Agricultural Indebtedness In Andhra Pradesh(College Of Agriculture ; Angrau ; Hyderabad, 2000) Lavanya, T.; Digitized under eGranth ProjectThesisItem Open Access Agricultural Indebtedness In Andhra Pradesh(Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University;Hyderabad, 2000) Lavanya, T.; Chowdry, K. R.ThesisItem Open Access Agricultural Trades In Selected Crops Of Andhra Pradesh(APAU ; Hyderabad, 2008) Magasani UsharaniThesisItem Open Access AGRICULTURE, PESTICIDES INTERFACE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN GUNTUR DIST. OF ANDHRA PRADESH(1999) NAVEEN CHOWDARY, M. K.; PANDU RANGA RAO, A.The present study was undertaken in Guntur district as -it stood first in the consumption of pesticides in Andhra Pradesh. To achieve the objectives of the study, a total of 60 farmers from three revenue villages in three mandals viz , Amaravathi, Bapatla and. Kakumanu mandals were randomly selected well structured schedules were developed and administered to the selected respondents for the needed data. Both tabular and functional analysis were employed to test the formulated hypothesis of the study. Discriminant function was employed to discriminate the sample farmers into high and. low pesticide users on the basis of their socio—economic characteristics. Trend equation was used to estimate the demand requirement of pesticides for the district. Cobb—Douglas Production function was employed to identify the factors influencing 'the pesticide consumption. The discriminant function analysis revealed that per cent of irrigated area to the total cropped area, caste of the respondent, net returns received, working expenditure, farm size and per cent of commercial crops were the important characteristics useful in discriminating the farmers into two groups of pesticide users. The trend in pesticide consumption for Guntur district was obtained using time series data from 1980—81 to 1978—98. The data period revealed considerable increase in the consumption of pesticides. Consumption of pesticides recorded CGR of 58.67 for liquid pesticides and 41.66 for dusts. The estimated demand for liquid pesticides will be 62.18, 97.58 and 132.98 lakh liters for years 2000, 2010 and 2020 respectively. Similarly for dusts the same would be in order of 6559, 9714 and 12870 mt. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to find the resource use efficiency of pesticides. The production elasticities of pesticides were negative for gross value of output per farm, per cent of irrigated area to the total cropped area and asset position. The estimated MVP/0C ratio for pesticides was also found to be less than unity, indicating the excessive and indiscriminate use of pesticides in the district.ThesisItem Open Access An-Economic Analysis of Gherkins Contract Farming in Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2008) VEMBU, M; SHAREEF, S.MContract farming is a system where a central processing or exporting unit purchases the harvests of independent farmers and the terms of the purchase are arranged in advance through contracts. India is the largest producer of vegetables but is only the 19th largest exporter in the world. Gherkin is one of the potential items of export. In Tamil Nadu, gherkins are cultivated only under contract farming. In this context the present study is taken up with the following objectives: (1) To compute the cost and returns of cultivation of gherkins under contract farming (2)To estimate the resource use efficiency and input demand in gherkin cultivation (3)To assess the environmental impact and environmental awareness (4)To study the constraints at various stages of this contract farming. Dindigul district was purposively selected because it has the largest area under gherkin cultivation among various districts in the state of Tamil Nadu. Among the taluks in Dindigul district, palani taluk was purposively selected in order to comparatively study the contract cultivation of gherkin by farmers supplying to four major units namely ITAP, IAP, Bnazram and Ravibala. The data were collected from the sample farmers through personal interview method using a structured pre-tested questionnaire. The one way Analysis of Variance test showed no significant difference between the sample farms supplying gherkins to the four firms in terms of gross income per hectare. Therefore, the functional analyses were done for the pooled sample though the descriptive analyses were done individually for farmers supplying to the four firms for better comparison. The cost and returns of cultivating gherkins was estimated and compared between companies. Cobb- Douglas form of production function was fitted, to analyze the contribution of different inputs to gherkin production and the efficiency of inputs used in cultivating gherkins. The "Environmental Impact Quotients" (EIQ) (Kovach et al., 1992) was computed to study the levels of environmental impacts of plant protection chemicals used. The Multivariate Tobit Model was used to determine the factors which influenced the level of environmental awareness among the gherkin farmers. A Cobb-Douglas form of profit function was modeled incorporating the level of environmental awareness and its impacts on profit and to derive the input demands. The average size of the sample farms supplying gherkins to ITAP, IAP, Bnazram and Ravibala was 2.05 hectares. The average area irrigated was 0.99 hectares accounting to 48.29 per cent of the net area of the farm. The average area under gherkins for the pooled sample was only 0.26 hectares. The Paddy – Gherkin-Paddy crop rotation seemed to be popular (23.33 per cent) and paddy was grown as the successive crop to gherkin in 56.67 per cent of the farms. The average variable cost worked out to little over Rs.125000 per hectares in the case of sample farmers supplying gherkin to all the four firms operating in Dindigul district. The human labour accounted for the lion’s share of over 47 per cent, out of which the family labour constituted close to 18 per cent. The next major expenditure was on plant protection which stood at closer to 22 per cent. This was followed by expenditure on fertilizers which constituted close to 18 per cent. Expenditure on seeds constituted little over two per cent. The net income over Cost A for the pooled sample was Rs. 94519 per hectares and the net income over Cost C3 was Rs. 69815 per hectares. The average cost of production (A) was Rs. 4.06 per kg for the pooled sample. The net returns worked out to Rs. 3.06 per kg over Cost A. The average cost of production (C3) was Rs. 4.86 per kg for the pooled sample. The net returns worked out to Rs. 2.26 per kg over Cost C3. The production function analysis revealed that one percent increase in the expenditure on labour would increase the gross returns by 0.62 per cent; one per cent increase in the expenditure on seeds would increase the gross return by 0.03 per cent, the coefficients for seeds, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals stood at 0.03, 0.48 and – 0.379 respectively. The MVP/MFC ratio for labour (1.73) and fertilizers (2.51) were greater than unity indicating the scope to increase the use of these inputs. However, in case of the expenditure on seeds, the ratio of 0.82 (less than unity), indicated that every additional rupee spent on seeds would add only Rs.0.82 to gross returns and for plant protection chemicals at -0.02 happened to be negative indicating that every rupee increase on plant protection expenditures would reduce the gross returns by Rs.0.02, hence there is a need to reduce the use of plant protection chemicals. The average yield of gherkins (of all grades) was 30.87 tonnes for the pooled sample and it ranged between 30.81 and 31.90 tonnes per hectare. The average gross income for the pooled sample was Rs. 219751 per hectare and it ranged between Rs. 219454 and Rs. 220023 per hectares for farmers supplying to various firms. The average number of payments made by Ravibala (2.68) was the highest, followed by ITAP (2.37), Bnazram (2.06) and the IAP (1.98) in that order. The EIQ field scores indicated high levels of EIQ values ranging between 80.475 and 149.446, the average being 113.308. The analysis would only show the need to reduce the use of chemicals by using these on need basis. The environmental awareness increased with the level of education, extension contact and the increase in the off farm income. The elasticities of demand for inputs showed that the input prices had negative elasticity of demand for all inputs. The price elasticity for fertilizer was -0.56, for pesticides was -0.79, for labour was -1.125. For every one per cent increase in area, fertilizer demand increased by 0.11 per cent and pesticide demand increased by 0.33 per cent. If the index of infrastructure increased by one per cent, fertilizer demand increased by 0.006 percent and labour demand decreased by 0.31 per cent. For every one per cent increase in environmental awareness, fertilizer demand decreased by 0.45 per cent and pesticide demand decreased by 0.68 per cent. Invariably, the contract farmers of all the companies in the study area revealed that the type of agreement between them and the company had been oral and informal in nature as it happened to be more convenient. All the sample farmers expressed satisfaction about companies and were ready to cultivate gherkins once again. In the system of contract farming, the major problem encountered by the farmers was higher price of the inputs when compared with the market price. The problems in cultivating gherkin were labour scarcity and severe yield loss due to pests and diseases. The major expectations in the order of Garrett ranks were higher price for the produce, supply of inputs at subsidized prices and identification of specific seasons for gherkin cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access AN ANALYSIS OF COTTON CHAIN IN ANDHRA PRADESH(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2012) RADHIKA, E; VIJAYA KUMARI, RThis study was under taken to analyse the cotton chain. The study was conducted in Adilabad and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh. From the Adillabad district six mandals and the Guntur district four mandals were selected for this study. From the each selected mandal one village was selected and three farmers were selected randomly from each village for collection of data. Thus a total of 30 farmers formed the sample size for the study. A sample of fifteen commission agents, fifteen CCI agents, twenty Ginners and five spinners were selected. Findings of the study revealed that, the total cost incurred for irrigated Bt and rainfed Bt cotton cultivation was Rs.69607 and Rs.63793.2 per ha in Adilabad and Guntur districts respectively. Net returns in Adilabad and Guntur districts were Rs. 36781.15 and Rs.21901.78 respectively. The results indicated that the total cost incurred in the processing of kapas to lint worked out to be Rs.4630.87 per quintal of kapas. It is worth noting that the total variable cost (Rs.4545.75 per quintal) formed a substantial component (98.2 %) of the total cost of processing of kapas to lint. The total fixed cost being Rs.85.12 per quintal, accounted for only 1.8 per cent of the total cost of processing. The average total cost incurred in the processing of lint to yarn was Rs.17201.64 per quintal, of which the total variable cost was Rs.15497.16 (90.09%) and total fixed cost being Rs.1704.48 per quintal (9.91%). The gross returns obtained from ginning one quintal of kapas were Rs.4970.41, of which the returns from main product (lint) were Rs.3978.81 and that from by product (seed) were Rs.991.6. The value addition to the product in the process was Rs.732.41. The net value added as a result of processing of kapas to lint was Rs.339.54 per quintal of kapas processed. The benefit cost ratio worked out to be 1.86 in kapas processing. The gross returns obtained from processing (spinning) of one quintal of lint were Rs.20435, which comprised of mainly returns from yarn (Rs.18250) and wastage (Rs.2185). The value addition in the process was Rs.8435. The net value added as a result of processing of lint to yarn was Rs.5933.36 per quintal of lint processed. The resultant benefit- cost ratio was 1.62.The ginners have maximum financial profitability (1.86) followed by spinners (1.62) and farmers (1.39). The cost of marketing a quintal of lint and yarn was Rs.81.07 and Rs. 575.09 respectively. Among all the marketing costs of lint and yarn, the maximum cost was incurred on packing material Rs.30.36 per quintal (37.47%) and Rs.275.48 per quintal (47.9%) respectively. The results indicated that an additional value to the extent of Rs.2297.54 was created in the course of processing kapas in to yarn. Marketing efficiency was relatively higher in market channel I (Farmer- Commission agent-Ginner-Spinner) in both the approaches, i.e. 3.64 in Shepherd’s method and 1.96 in Acharya’s approach.ThesisItem Open Access An Analysis Of Credit Needs And Repaying Capacity In Changing Agriculture In Pedapadu Block Of West Godavari District Of Andhra Pradesh(APAU ; Bapatla, 1980) Sai Baba, K.S.ThesisItem Open Access AN ANALYSIS OF MARKETING AND PROCESSING OF AREACA-NUT IN SHIVAMOGGA DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA STATE(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 2016) SHAMBHAVI, A.T.S; SUHASINI, KThe present study entitled “AN ANALYSIS OF MARKETING AND PROCESSING OF ARECA-NUT IN SHIVAMOGGA DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA STATE”, was undertaken with the following specific objectives. 1. To study the production pattern of Areca-nut in different district of Karnataka state. 2. To study the existing marketing channels, price spread and marketing efficiency of Areca-nut in Shivamogga district of Karnataka. 3. To estimate and study the determinants of the marketed surplus of Areca-nut. 4. To study the price fluctuation of Areca-nut and suggest suitable measures in Shivamogga district of Karnataka state. Three taluks viz. Thirthhalli, Sagara and Shivamogga with highest area and production of Areca-nut in Shivamogga district were selected. Then two villages from each taluk were selected randomly, followed by random selection of twenty Areca-nut farmers from each village, similarly ten producers, one co-operative society, three traders, three wholesaler cum commission agent and three retailers from each village were selected for the present study. The primary data pertaining to the marketing and processing aspects of Arecanut were collected with the help of a specially designed pre-tested schedule by direct Author : SHAMBHAVI A.T.S I.D. No. : RAM/2014-26 Title of the thesis : “AN ANLYSIS OF MARKETING AND PROCESSING OF ARECA-NUT IN SHIVAMOGGA DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA STATE” Degree to which it is submitted : MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE Faculty : AGRICULTURE Department AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Chair Person : Dr. K. SUHASINI Professor & Head Department of Agricultural Economics, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030. University : PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Year of submission : 2016 personal interview and presented at current price. The data collected from the respondents included some general information about the farmers, area under Arecanut, age of the orchard, number of plants per acre, spacing, input used etc. The relevant information on other aspects such as land use, cropping pattern, irrigation, maintenance cost, yield and returns of the orchard were also collected. Post enumeration classification of the orchard was made into three groups (bearing orchards of 4-7 years, 8-20 years and 21-30 years) based on the age of the orchard. Estimate marketing channel, marketing cost, marketing margin, marketing efficiency and determinants of marketed surplus, price behavior of Areca-nut. The intermediaries involved in the marketing of Areca-nut namely trader, wholesalers cum commission agents and the retailers. The respondents included in this survey apart from farmers were officials of Agricultural Department and marketing intermediaries. Steps were taken to elicit the detailed and accurate information by incorporating checks in the schedule at stages of enquiry. Compound Growth Rate (CGR), marketing cost, marketing margin and price spread analysis, Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), trend, seasonal, cyclical and irregular fluctuation in the prices are estimated by using least square method, ratio to 12 months moving average method, residue method is used. The result of Compound Growth Rate (CGR) revealed that the quantity of area, production and productivity of study area registered positive compound growth rate of area (5.19%), production (9.10%) and productivity (1.15%) respectively. Price spread analysis showed that the producers share in consumer rupee (80.80%) and marketing efficiency (13.4) were high in channel-IV (Producer → Trader → Retailer). Regression results for the determinants of marketable surplus of Arecanut growers shows that the coefficient of multiple determinations was above 99 per cent which implied that given variables explained 99 per cent of variation in the marketed surplus of Areca-nut. The regression coefficient of the total production (0.944) is positively associated with Areca-nut marketed surplus and significant at one percent. The Price analysis revealed that all four components of time series viz., trend, and seasonal, cyclical and irregular variations were present in the price of arecanut. There was a significant increase in the price of Areca-nut over the years. Seasonal character was clearly noticed where the highest price index was during July and the lowest during April. The two to four years cycle was observed for arecanut during the period of the study. Policy Implications 1. The policy implications to enhance production level through improved Research and Development (R and D) in evolving suitable quality nut varieties with high yield. High yielding varieties of areca-nut to be improved. 2. The training programmes in the state could facilitate information to farmers about existing agriculture departments that provide details on-line like: Bhoomi (online delivery and management of land records in Karnataka), Department of Agriculture (raitamitra.kar.nic.in), Krishi Marata Vahini (online agriculture price information system on daily basis) etc . 3. Development of infrastructure, including roads and efficient transport facilities and strengthening of the cooperative marketing institutions for the Areca-nut may help in improving the efficiency of areca-nut marketing in the state.ThesisItem Open Access An Analysis Of Marketing Of Cotton In Kurnool District Of A P(APAU ; Hyderabad, 1984) Sharma M V S NThesisItem Open Access An Analysis Of Production Price Trends Price Spread And Marketing Margins Vol Eggs In And Arround Mysore City Karnataka State(APAU ; Bapatla, 1985) Ramamohan Rao AThesisItem Open Access An Analysis Of The Regulatory Provisions Of Legislation For Agricultural Marketing Development In India With Special Reference To Andhra Pradesh.(APAU ; Hyderabad, 1962) Venkata Sastry, G.ThesisItem Open Access An Analysis Of Water Resource Management In Garden Land Cultivation Of Major Crops In Warangal District.(APAU ; Bapatla, 1979) Satyanarayana, N.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis Of Yield Gaps And Constraints In Rice Production In Andhra Pradesh An Econometric Approach(Andhra Pradesh Agricutural University ; Hyderabad, 1992) Sunandini , G.PThesisItem Open Access An Appraisal And Optimal Use Of Energy Inputs On Diffent Farming Regimes In Karimnagar And Adilabad Districts Of Andhra Pradesh(Andhra Pradesh Agricutural University ; Hyderabad, 1988) Manjusree , N .NThesisItem Open Access