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ThesisItem Open Access ALTERNATIVE CROP PLANS FOR MULA COMMAND AREA USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri., 2001) Godase Yogesh Ramrao; Gorantiwar, S.D.Water management in India, both in its conservation and control aspects, has significantly benefited from the input of Remote Sensing Satellites. Remote Sensing and GIS have become effective tools for number of applications related to water resources and their management particularly in the areas of water resources assessment, groundwater targeting, flood management, reservoir capacity survey, assessment and monitoring of environmental impact of water resources, project and water quality mapping, etc. The command area of the medium and major irrigation projects normally range from 2000 ha to 100000 ha respectively in the country. The soils in the command area are heterogeneous and several crops are grown and irrigated on these soils. The groundwater potential also often varies. The crops are grown often during two seasons and some times in three seasons. The water is distributed with the help of network of canal of varying capacities. This makes management of land and water resources in the command area complex. Remote Sensing (RS) and GIS techniques have the capabilities to consider these complex issues enchanted in the management of command area. Keeping in mind the potentials of RS and GIS for agricultural water management, the study with the objectives, to generate land use/land cover map of the Mula Command Area, to delineate the canal network of Mula Command Area, to generate soil and geomorphological maps, to integrate the various maps for the generation of alternative crop plans using SWAB simulation model was undertaken. The study area chosen for this purpose was Mula Irrigation Project which is situated at Baragaon Nandur in Rahuri Taluka of Ahmednagar District (MS). The facilities & expertise of Remote Sensing and GIS were made available from RRSSC, Nagpur. The satellite data was obtained RRSSC, Nagpur. The satellite data of IRS-1C/1D satellite, LISS3 for the months of Oct. 97, Jan. 98 and Mar.. 98, of path 96 and row 59 were used for generating various thematic/derived maps and action plans. The Survey of India (SOI) toposheets: 47 1/11,14,15,16 and 47M/2,3 were used for base map preparation. Soil map was obtained from NBSS & LUP, Nagpur. Necessary index maps and canal water release data of 1997-98 were obtained from CADA, Ahmednagar and its Divisional offices. The climatalogical data was obtained from the observatory of B Block of Directors of farms, MPKV Rahuri. In addition, other required information was collected from various Government Departments and from the literature. The base maps such as command area boundary map, canal network in command area map and unitwise command area map were generated by using the SOI toposheets with the help of different collateral maps. The thematic maps such as Land use/land cover, soil and hydrogeomorphology maps were prepared by loading the satellite data, rectifying the data, adding some extra channels, and visually interpreting the images. The collateral information in the form of data or maps was also used. The individual statistics of command unit map, land use/land cover map, soil map, hydrogeomorphology map have been generated. The integration of different maps has been carried out for generating the statistics required to run the developed model.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF ANNUAL MAXIMUM ONE DAY AND EXTENDED DAYS RAINFALL FOR PLAIN ZONE OF MAHARASHTRA(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri., 2007) Shinde Neeta Eknath; Bote, N.L.Rainfall is one of the important factors responsible for increase in agricultural production. The agricultural production can be increased significantly with proper management of rain water, application of irrigation in time and drainage of agricultural field. The distribution of rainfall in time and space is erratic in nature. For thorough study of hydrology of the area and for planning and evolving certain drainage criteria for different crops, study of duration and amount of maximum rainfall of various return periods is required. The knowledge of consecutive days maximum rainfall can lead to successful crop planning. Analysis of consecutive days maximum rainfall of different return periods is a basic tool for safe and economical planning and design of structural and non structural measures, small and medium hydraulic structures such as dams, bridges, culverts, spillways, check dams , ponds, irrigation and drainage works in watershed management and command area development. For prediction of design rainfall fairly accurately, various probability distribution functions are used. The study was undertaken with a specific objectives of determination of D-days rainfall total, compare plotting positions obtained by using Weibull’s and Gringorten’s formulae, obtain the relationship between one day and D-days rainfall totals and fit the probability distributions of D-days rainfall totals in Plain Zone. For this purpose daily rainfall data of Kasbe Digraj, Niphad and Pune were used. The analysis was carried out for maximum values of rainfall of one day and extended days (2 day to 6 day). Three widely used probability distributions for extreme events, viz., Log Pearson Type-III, Log Normal and Gumbel were fit the observed data. The results showed that the Weibull’s formula is better to use than Gringorten’s formula for plotting positions for the observed data at three stations. The relationships between one day and D-day annual maximum values of rainfall were found to be logarithmic in nature for Kasbe Digraj, fourth order polynomial in nature for Niphad and exponential in nature for Pune. The probability analysis showed that the Log Pearson Type-III distribution is the best fit for observed one day maximum rainfall data at Kasbe Digraj and Pune whereas Log Normal distribution gave close fit for observed one day maximum rainfall data at Niphad.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSING CROP WATER STRESS BY INFRARED THERMOMETRY UNDER DIFFERENT SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES OF SUNFLOWER (Hellonthus annuus L)(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri., 1993) Taware Deepak Ramchandra; Kadam, J.R.A field experiment was conducted on sunflower in the rabi season of 1991 at Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri on sandy loam soil with an objects to work out the relationship between the water use of sunflower and remotely sensed parameters such as CATD and SDD. The efforts were also made to determine the effect of irrigation at readily identifiable growth stages of sunflower. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with five treatments replicated four times viz. irrigation at seedling, button formation, flowering and grain development (I1). Irrigation at button formation, flowering and grain development (I ), Irrigation at flowering (I3), Irrigation at button formation and later flowering (I,), and Irrigation at 75 mm CPE d5)« The treatment (I_) with irrigation at 75 mm CPE 5 attained the maximum height of 141.2 cm and also the maximum dry matter accumulation of 90.5 g/plant. The treatment (I3) with irrigation at flowering only attained the minimum height of 77.5 cm and also the minimum dry matter accumulation of 63 g/plant. The treatment (I_) with 5 irrigation at 75 mm CPE produced the maximum yield of 1894 kg/ha and the 1„ treatment with irrigation at flowering produced the lowest yield of 800 kg/ha. The water management studies observed that the highest consumptive use of 220 mm in treatment (Ic) with 5 irrigation applied at 75 mm CPE' and the maximum WUE was recorded at 14.50 kg/ha-mm in the treatment (I.) with irrigation applied at button formation and later flowering. The SDD values were inversely related with the yields. The treatment with irrigation at flowering recorded the maximum SDD of -40°C recorded with the lowest yield of 800 kg/ha and treatment (I_) with irrigation at 75 mm CPE which recorded the minimum SDD of -250 C with the maximum yield of 1894 kg/ha. The results obtained in the present investigation revealed that the maximum yield of sunflower was produced when the irrigation (1^) is scheduled at 75 mm CPE. The infrared thermometry is an reliable instrument for measuring crop water stress and use for scheduling the irrigation.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF WELL WATER AND SOIL QUALITY AS INFLUENCED BY CANAL WATER SEEPAGE ALONG THE SIDES OF MULA RIGHT BANK CANAL IN RAHURI TAHSIL(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri., 2007) Sugirtharan Muthucumaran; Bhakare, B.D.With an ever increasing demand for irrigation water supplies, farmers are frequently faced with utilization of poor quality irrigation water. The continued application of poor quality water and its detrimental effects on soil properties can reduce the quality and growth of the plants. In Maharashtra State, wells, ponds, dams, streams are common water sources for irrigation. Problem levels of salinity, sodium, carbonates and pH can occur in well water near to the above mentioned water sources and also near to the unlined canals. Considering all the problems near the canal system, the present investigation was carried out with a view of assessing the well water and soil quality as influenced by the canal water seepage along the sides of Mula right bank canal in Rahuri tahsil, Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra state, India. The well water, canal water and soil samples were collected in the month of December 2006 and analyzed for the pH, EC, Cations (Na, K, Ca and Mg), anions (CO32-, HCO3- Cl- and SO42-), nitrate, boron and derived parameters viz. SSP, SAR, RSC, Ca/Mg ratio and Cl-/SO42- ratio. Their characteristics were compared according to the sites and distance from the canal to find out the trend and the influence of canal on their quality. Results of the chemical analysis showed that water and soil samples had pH greater than 7.0 indicating the alkaline nature. EC of well water and soil ranged from 0.53 to 3.38 and 1.12 to 3.34 dSm-1, respectively. The EC values decreased with the increase in distance from the canal. Among the cations Na was dominant followed by Ca, Mg and K in both well water and soil samples. The water and soil samples were saline to sodic in nature. On the other hand, HCO3- was dominant anion followed by SO42-, Cl- and CO32- in the well water whereas SO42- was dominant anion in the soil followed by Cl- ,HCO3- and CO32-. Boron and nitrate were found in trace amount in both water and soil samples, and were not harmful for crops. Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) of both water and soil samples showed higher values. Excess Na causes soil dispersion, resulting in poor water infiltration and aeration consequently the crop growth declines. On the other hand according to the SAR, 76 percent of the well waters are classified under satisfactory class and only seven percent of the well waters are unsuitable for irrigation. Comparatively RSC values of well waters were higher than the soils of the study area. The quality parameters of well water showed significant positive correlation with the respective parameters of the soil except Mg and HCO3-, where positive but statistically non significant relationship was obtained.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF WELL WATER QUALITY AND SOIL AS INFLUENCED BY CANAL WATER SEEPAGE ALONG THE SIDES OF MULA LEFT BANK CANAL IN RAHURI TAHSIL(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri., 2007) Nikam Indrajeet V.; Bhakare, B.D.An investigation entitled “Assessment of well water quality and soil as influenced by canal water seepage along the sides of Mula left bank canal in Rahuri tahsil” was carried out during the year 2005-06. One hundred samples each of well water and soil were collected for water and soil quality appraisal on 10 different sites on canal at 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 m distance away from canal on both sides. Ten canal water samples were collected at each site for quality appraisal. The water samples were analysed for various water quality parameters viz., pH, EC, cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), anions (CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-), boron and nitrate. The water samples were alkaline in nature with dominance of sodium and sulphates. Majority of the well waters were in very high and high salinity class, indicating that the waters were moderately suitable for irrigation with good drainage and management practices. From the constituents analysed the derived parameters like SSP, SAR and RSC were estimated. The average values of pH, EC and SARiw were 8.33, 1.88 dSm-1 and 7.08, respectively. The RSC values of the well water samples were ranging from nil to 1 me L-1. The total cation concentration was in the order of Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+. According to criteria for the suitability of irrigation water, classes were of following order : C3S1 > C4S1 > C2S1. The average boron and nitrate concentration noticed in water samples was under permissible limit i.e. 0.75 and 1.78 me L-1, respectively. The soil saturation extract was prepared by following standard methods and analysed for different salinity appraisal parameters. The average values of pHe, ECe and SAR were 8.33, 1.43 dSm-1 and 6.30, respectively. Only 23 per cent samples were under normal class while most of the soils were categorized under slight (32) and moderately (45) saline class, indicating that the soils are getting problematic. The relative proportion of cations was in the following order Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, while anions in the order of SO42- > Cl- > HCO3- > CO32-. The concentration of Boron in majority soils (81) was in safe limits while the nitrate concentration was increased to certain extent.The soil and water samples were also collected to simulate the effect of distance of well and soil from canal on its chemical properties. There was decrease in pH, EC (2.35 to 1.42 dSm-1), total cations (28.46 to 20.23 meL-1) and anions (28.36 to 20.76 meL-1), boron and nitrate concentration and slight decrease in SAR, SSP of well water at the distance of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 m away from the canal. Similar decrease was also observed in soil samples near by the same wells. The decrease in Ece (4.57 to 2.24 dSm-1), total cations (24.31 to 16.93 meL-1), total anions (24.76 to 17.49 meL-1), boron and nitrate was also observed for the soil samples at the distance of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 m away from the canal.ThesisItem Open Access Bt. COTTON PRODUCTIVITY AS INFLUENCED BY FERTIGATION USING SOLID SOLUBLE FERTILIZERS(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri., 2011) Gavade Prashant Jaykar; Surve, U.S.A field experiment entitled, “Bt. cotton productivity as influenced by fertigation using solid soluble fertilizers” was conducted at Post Graduate Research Farm, Interfaculty Department of Irrigation Water Management, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri (Maharashtra) during the year 2009. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with nine treatments including surface irrigation as control replicated thrice. There were two sources of fertilizers (water soluble fertilizers and conventional fertilizer). Two spacing in paired row planting (0.75 -1.5 m x 0.75 m and 0.9 x 1.8 m x 1.05 m). Three levels of fertilizers (75, 100 and 125 per cent RD of WSF of cotton) and three schedules A, B and schedule C used for apportioning of fertilizers. The soils of experimental field was Inceptisols moderately alkaline in reaction (pH 8.03) with 70 cm depth. The required quantity of irrigation water through drip was computed on the basis of CPE, pan factor and crop coefficient. The plots were irrigated at alternate days through drip for both sources of fertilizers and 75 mm CPE in the surface method treatments. The biometrical observations viz., (Plant height, leaf area, monopodium and sympodium branches per plants) were higher in paired row planting with recommended dose of WSF having spacing 0.75 – 1.5 m x 0.75 m. Treatment T8 showed higher values of all parameters than all the treatments including CF and normal planting. The fertilizer application @ 125 per cent of RD of WSF with 0.75- 1.5 m x 0.75 m spacing (T8) showed the best effect for yield and quality than normal planting and all other treatments. Drip method of irrigation resulted into 59.12 and 55.18 per cent more seed cotton and cotton seed yield than the conventional method of irrigation. Similarly, the yield of seed cotton and cotton seed was 17.17 and 16.53 per cent more in WSF than CF.ThesisItem Open Access CALIBRATION OF PARAMETRIC HYDROLOGIC MODEL AND WATER BALANCE STUDIES OF SURFACE IRRIGATION METHODS(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri., 1989) Pingale Laxman Vithalrao; Suryawanshi, S.N.Irrigation is an ageold practice, but efficient irrigation is still a topic of study. The irrigation effici encies if improved, we save the losses of water which in turn will command additional area. Advances in irrigation techno logy provide means to control over water delivery rates to achieve a reasonable balance of upstream losses, deep percolation and downstream tail water losses and greater application uniformity over the fields. The surface irrigation methods viz. furrow, border and basin are generally favoured by the farmers though there are certain added advantages if sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are used under particular set of conditions. As thevuses for water supplies become more competitive, the need increases for utilising the available water more judiciously and save water whereever possible. The one way of saving the water is to improve the overall efficiency of prevailing irrigation systems. The another way is to use less water per unit of production. One of the ways to improve the efficiency is to estimate the losses and take necessary measures to minimise them. The losses in the irrigation system can broadly be classified as transit losses, management losses and nonbeneficial use of applied water.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF GRAM VARIETIES TO IRRIGATION APPLIED AT DIFFERENT CRITICAL GROWTH STAGES(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri., 1992) Toradmal Pramod Bhaskarrao; Bhoi, P.G.The field investigation to study the performance of Gram (PG-5 and PG-12) under irrigation regimes during rabi season was conducted at Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri (Maharashtra), India, during 1991-92c The experiment was laid in split plot design with four replications. There were six main plot treatment comprising six irrigation treatments (unirrigated control, one irrigation at flower initiation, one irrigation at 50% flowering, one irrigation at pod development, two irrigations at branching + pod development, two irrigations at 50% flowering + pod development) and sub plot treatments were two varieties (PG-5 and PG-12). The soils of experimental field was vertisols, low in nitrogen, phosphrous and high in available potassium and was slightly alkaline in reaction. The plant growth characters such as plant height, plant spread/ number of branches (primary and secondary) and total dry matter per plant were influenced significantly due to irrigation treatments. The yield contributing characters such as, number of pods, weight of pods, number of grains, weight of grains per plant and thousand grain weight were influenced significantly due to irrigation treatments. All the characters were at higher magnitude with two irrigation applied at flower initiation + pod development stage and was followed by two irrigation applied at 50 % flowering + pod development stage. The grain yield was maximum with two irrigations at flowering + pod development stage. Amoungs the treatments with one irrigation the grain yield was heigher when one irrigation was applied at flower initiation stage. The grain yield obtained with unirrigated control was minimum. The harvest index was not influenced significantly due to irrigation •? treatments. The plant growth characters such as plant height, primary branches, total dry matter per plant were highter in variety PG-5 and spread of plant, secondary branches per plant were, higher in variety PG-12. The yield contributing characters such as number of pods, weight of pods, number of grains, weight of grains per plant were significantly higher in wariefcy PG-12 than PG-5 and 1000 grain weight was significantly higher in variety PG-5. The grain yield obtained with variety PG-5 and PG-12 were 15.43 and 16.69 q/ha, respectively. The response to consumptive use of water was quadratic.ThesisItem Open Access A CRITICAL STUDY OF CO-OPERATIVE WATER USERS' ASSOCIATION IN MULA COMMAND AREA OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri., 1999) Ghugarkar Karbhari Maruti; Khot, B.B.In India, irrigated area constitutes about 30 per cent of the total gross cropped area. This means that still 70 per cent of the gross cropped area is dependent on monsoon and crop production is largely conditioned by rainfall, which is largely erratic and uncertain. Although many irrigation projects were established, there were some bottlenecks and deficiencies in the development of irrigation such as lack of construction and maintenance of field channels, non-introduction of Warabandi system, in adequate drainage and lack of farmers' participation in water management. In order to mobilize the human and other resources within the community and among the individual farm operators, it has been emphasised the involvement of farmers through water users' association to have their active participation in various activities such as water allocation, distribution, system management and conflict resolution. By such involvement of farmers, at micro level will help to increasswater use efficiency. Recently, the attempts were made by the government and NGO's to establish the water users' association in command area. With a broad objective in a view of studying the functioning of Water Users' Association, the present study entitled "A critical study of co operative water users' association in Mula command area of Ahmednagar district" was undertaken. Ihe study had following specific objectives. The following specific objectives were formulated for this study. 1. To study the personal and socio-economic profile benjficiary farmers of water users' association. 2. To know the functions of the water users' association. 3. To assess the role of leadership in management of water users' association. 4. To study the extent of benefits received by the members. 5. To know the attitude of the water users' towards the functioning of association. The present study was conducted in command area of minor 4 and 5 of right bank canal of Mula Irrigation Project in Ahmednagar district. Water Users' Association namely Shri Kisangiri Maharaj Sahakari Pani Watap Sanstha was selected for the study. It is established in February 1992 under the Co-operative Society Act. By the end of May 1997, there were 415 beneficiary farmers. A random sample of about 30 per cent water users was drawn for the purpose of study which consisted of 130 farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Crop coefficient and yield response factor for rabi potato(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri., 2018) Mandre Nileshkumar Prakash; Kadam, S.A.The study entitled “Crop coefficient and yield response factor for rabi potato” was conducted during rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-2017 at the Instructional Farm of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Annasaheb Shinde College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri. The study was conducted with the objectives to study effect of moisture stress of different quantity during different growth stages of potato on its yield, to develop crop coefficient (Kc) for potato crop, to develop yield response factor (Ky) for potato crop, to develop the spectral signature library for potato crop and values of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) over crop growth period and to develop the relationship between Kc and NDVI. Twenty seven treatment combinations that included three crop growth stages (viz. vegetative stage: 0 to 30 days, tuber development stage: 31 to 60 days, and maturity stage: 61 to 100 days) and three water stress levels (viz. No stress: 0 % stress, 20 % stress and 40 % stress) at each crop growth stage were laid out with two replications in randomized block design. The total area of layout size was 40 x 28.8 m with net plot size of one treatment was 4 x 3.6 m. The standard cultivation practices were followed during the crop growth period. It was found that deficit irrigation at different crop growth stages of potato significantly affected plant height, plant branches, plant leaves and yield. The highest potato yield of 31.20 t/ha were obtained with no water stress treatment (T1) followed by 29.80 t/ha yield in treatment T2 (20 % water stress at maturity stage) which is at par with treatment T1. The potato yield is found higher with less water stress and reduced with increase in water stress. The crop coefficient for potato crop was estimated using field water balance method. The crop coefficient varied from 0.39 to 1.28 during crop growth period. The average values of Kc for potato found 0.63 for vegetative stage, 1.12 for tuber development stage and 1.10 for maturity stage. However, Kc values for potato given by FAO were 0.50 for vegetative stage (1 to 20 days), 1.15 for tuber development stage (21 to 80 days) and 0.75 for maturity stage (81 to 100 days). The Kc values estimated for semi-arid region for potato were found higher for vegetative stage (26 %), maturity stage (46.66 %), respectively and found (2.60 %) lower at tuber development stage as compared to Kc values given by FAO. Crop yield response factor (Ky) indicates a linear relationship between the decrease in relative water consumption and the decrease in relative yield. It shows the response of yield with respect to the decrease in water consumption. In other words, it explains the decrease in yield caused by the per unit decrease in water consumption. The seasonal yield response factor (Ky) for potato crop was found as 1.44. The stage wise yield response factors were determined for dated water production function given by Stewart et al.,(1976) equation. The value of stage wise crop reduction factor (Ky) were obtained as, for vegetative stage, Ky is 0.534, for tuber development stage, Ky is 0.581 and for maturity stage, Ky is 0.331. The spectral reflectance of potato crop was measured using spectroradiometer. Potato crop shows maximum reflectance at 550 nm and lower reflectance in the blue region at 450 nm and red region 650 nm. Beyond the visible region (> 700 nm) the spectral signatures shows strong rise in the reflectance. The high reflectance is evidence of the NIR region (750 to 1300nm). The reflectance reduces at 1400 nm because of strong absorption by the leaves due to presence of water in it. In general spectral signatures developed for potato crop indicated that the spectral reflectance decreases with increase in water stress during crop growth stages. The NDVI values estimated using spectral reflectance data and best fit polynomial equation (5th order) varied from 0.21 to 0.77 for potato crop during growth period for no stress treatment and 0.23 to 0.81 for 20 % water stress at maturity stage treatment which is considered as best treatment.ThesisItem Open Access DEFICIT IRRIGATION FOR TOMATO PRODUCTION UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITION(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri., 2018) Rathod Bipin B.; Gorantiwar, S.D.The study entitled “Deficit irrigation for tomato production under semi-arid condition” was performed during rabi season of 2015-16. The experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Annasaheb Shinde College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri. The objectives were to study of effect of moisture stress of deficit irrigation during different growth stages of tomato on its yield, to find out water use efficiency, to develop the spectral signature library for tomato crop; and to estimate the values of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) over crop growth period and to develop the relationship between Kc and NDVI. Twenty seven treatment combinations that included three crop growth stages (viz., vegetative stage: 0 to 60 days, fruit stage: 61 to 120 days, and maturity stage: 120 up to harvest) and three water stress levels (viz., no stress: 0 % stress, 20 % stress and 40 % stress) at each crop growth stage were laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two replications. The size of experimental field was 40 x 33 m and the treatment plot size was 4 x 4.2 m. The standard cultivation practices were followed during the crop growth period. It was found that deficit irrigation at different crop growth stages of tomato significantly affected plant height, plant branches, TSS (Total soluble solid), yield and water use efficiency. The highest tomato yield and water use efficiency of 72.53 t/ha and 0.1175 t/ha-mm were obtained when no water stress was given, followed by 66.86 t/ha and 0.1138 t/ha-mm yield when 20 % water stress was provided at maturity stage). However, at par with when no stress was induced. The tomato yield and field water use efficiency increased with increase in water stress. However the finding revealed that the stress to tomato can be planned for optimization of yield under low to sever water scarcity. The crop coefficient for tomato crop was estimated by using field water balance method. The crop coefficient varied from 0.31 to 1.34 during crop growth period. The average values of Kc was found 1.03 for vegetative stage, 1.28 for fruiting stage and 0.95 for maturity stage. However, Kc values for tomato given by FAO are 0.60 for vegetative stage (1 to 30 days), 1.15 for fruiting stage (31 to 135 days) and 0.80 for maturity stage (136 to 160 days). The Kc values estimated for semi-arid region for tomato were found higher as compared to Kc values given by FAO. The spectral reflectance of tomato crop was measured using spectroradiometer. The results indicated that tomato shows maximum reflectance at 550 nm and lower reflectance in the blue region at 450 nm and red region at 650 nm. Beyond the visible region (> 700 nm), the spectral signatures shows strong rise in the reflectance. The high reflectance is evidence of the NIR region (750 to 1300 nm). The reflectance reduces at 1400 nm because of the presence of water in leaves and strong absorption by the leaves. In general spectral signatures developed for tomato crop indicated that the spectral reflectance decreases with increase in water stress during crop growth stages. The NDVI values estimated by using spectral reflectance data and best fit of polynomial equation (5th order) varied from 0.24 to 0.77 during growth period for no stress treatment and 0.24 to 0.75 for 20 % water stress at maturity stage which is considered as the best treatment. The NDVI values varied from 0.19 to 0.69 for the maximum stress treatment (i.e. 40% water stress throughout the growth period). The linear, exponential, logarithmic, power and 2nd order polynomial type of relationships between Kc and NDVI were developed by considering growth and decline phases independently. The 2nd order polynomial type of relationships Kc = 2.1054(NDVI)2 + 4.1441(NDVI) - 0.6349 and Kc = -1.6488(NDVI)2 + 2.6556(NDVI) + 0.272 were found best suitable for estimation of Kc based on NDVI during growth and decline phase respectively for no stress treatment while exponential and 2nd order polynomial equations Kc = 0.5776e1.0557(NDVI) and Kc = 1.2007(NDVI)2 + 2.4143(NDVI) + 0.2642 were found best suitable for estimating Kc during growth and decline phases for 20 % water stress at maturity stage. This relationships can be used to find crop coefficient value and useful in irrigation water management.ThesisItem Open Access DEFICIT IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT FOR WHEAT(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidaypeeth, Rahuri, 2014) Kamble, Y.D.; Khedkar, D.DWater is an essential production factor in agriculture, both for crops and for livestock. Water is a vital means by which production can be sustained in various areas. Without water we risk land abandonment and severe economic hardship, not to mention the potential relocation of agricultural production. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important staple food grains of human race and it is important cereal crop of India providing ample food calories and protein to the Indian population. Wheat crop is quite sensitivity to water stress. Therefore, wheat crop needs frequent irrigation for good growth and yield. The water deficiency is one of the main problems in agriculture that is responsible of food production. The optimum water application and the time of usage are so necessary for farmer to draw the highest amount of agricultural productions. Deficit Irrigation has much more advantages in yield increase, water-saving, and WUE improving. Deficit irrigation, defined as the application of water below full crop-water requirements (evapotranspiration), is an important tool to achieve the goal of reducing irrigation water use. While deficit irrigation is widely practiced over millions of hectares for a number of reasons from inadequate network design to excessive irrigationexpansion relative to catchment supplies it has not received sufficient attention in research. Therefore, the field experiment was conducted to study the effect of deficit irrigation on yield of wheat at the Instructional Farm of the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Annasaheb Shinde College of Agricultural Engineering, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri. The farm lies at 74038‟00‟‟E longitude and 19015‟00‟‟N latitude at 557 m above the mean sea level. The field experiment includes the study of effect water stress of different quantity during different crop growth stages, to determine water requirement and water use efficiency of wheat under different water stress conditions, spectral signatures for wheat for its different growth stages and relationship between NDVI and Kc for wheat. In order to fulfill these objectives of the study, sixteen treatments based on different combinations of the irrigation interval and application depth with three replications of it arranged in factorial randomized block design in the field of size 30 × 65 m. The length and width of each plot was 5 × 4 m. The wheat seed after seed treatment was dibbled manually following the row spacing of 22.5 cm on 29th November, 2011 and next year on 5th December 2012. The harvesting of wheat was done on 19th March, 2011 and next year on 21st March 2013. The effect of stress and different irrigation level on wheat yield was studied. The yield data of year 2010-11 was taken from previous research work (Palkar, 2011). The yield data of three years were statistically analyzed for this purpose. The wheat grain yield was found to be maximum for the treatment T2, i.e. the treatment with the irrigation interval of 7 days and stress level of 10%. After the statistical analysis performed it was found that the treatment T6 i.e. the treatment with irrigation interval of 2 weeks and stress level of 10% was at par with T2. However with 7 days irrigation interval, the depth of water to be applied per irrigation varies from 15 to 33 mm and which was very low and not to possible in the field by surface irrigation method, hence treatment T6 was recommended for irrigation of wheat. The grain yields for the treatments T2 and T6 were 39.71 q/ha and 37.66 q/ha respectively. The Field water use efficiency (WUE) for each treatment was found out. It was observed that, maximum water use efficiency (11.35 kg/ha-mm) for the treatment T4 i.e. one week irrigationinterval and 30% stress level which was at par with T3 (11.34 kg/ha-mm) and T6 (11.31 kg/ha-mm). The spectral reflectance of the wheat crop at its different growth stages under the different water stress conditions was measured by using the HR 1024 Spectroradiometer developed by the Spectra Vista Corporation. The data recorded at the time of field measurements was stored in the form of ASCII file in PDA provided with instrument. The data stored at time of field measurement was then transferred to computer for further processing in 32-bit data processing software of HR 1024. During the field operation the spectral signatures were recorded on weekly basis before the irrigation treatment. The relationship was developed between the NDVI values and ratio of number of day in crop period (t) to total crop period (T) to get the function between them which will give NDVI values on daily basis. Following fifth order polynomial equation was found to be the equation of best fit. * + * + * + * + * + As the relationship between Kc and NDVI was required in soil water balance and crop growth models, the relationship between Kc and NDVI was developed. The NDVI values were considered as independent variable and Kc as dependent variable and the graphs between Kc and NDVI were plotted for all the treatments. It was observed from the graph that up to 37th day Kc and NDVI both were increased and after 37th day Kc and NDVI both were decreased. Thus there are two segments of the relationships, one for the first part of the growth season and other for the later part of the growth season. Therefore separate relationships were obtained for both the parts.ThesisItem Open Access DEFICIT IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT FOR WHEAT(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidaypeeth, Rahuri, 2014) Kamble.Y.D.; Khedkar.D.D.Water is an essential production factor in agriculture, both for crops and for livestock. Water is a vital means by which production can be sustained in various areas. Without water we risk land abandonment and severe economic hardship, not to mention the potential relocation of agricultural production. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important staple food grains of human race and it is important cereal crop of India providing ample food calories and protein to the Indian population. Wheat crop is quite sensitivity to water stress. Therefore, wheat crop needs frequent irrigation for good growth and yield. The water deficiency is one of the main problems in agriculture that is responsible of food production. The optimum water application and the time of usage are so necessary for farmer to draw the highest amount of agricultural productions. Deficit Irrigation has much more advantages in yield increase, water-saving, and WUE improving. Deficit irrigation, defined as the application of water below full crop-water requirements (evapotranspiration), is an important tool to achieve the goal of reducing irrigation water use. While deficit irrigation is widely practiced over millions of hectares for a number of reasons from inadequate network design to excessive irrigationexpansion relative to catchment supplies it has not received sufficient attention in research. Therefore, the field experiment was conducted to study the effect of deficit irrigation on yield of wheat at the Instructional Farm of the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Annasaheb Shinde College of Agricultural Engineering, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri. The farm lies at 74038‟00‟‟E longitude and 19015‟00‟‟N latitude at 557 m above the mean sea level. The field experiment includes the study of effect water stress of different quantity during different crop growth stages, to determine water requirement and water use efficiency of wheat under different water stress conditions, spectral signatures for wheat for its different growth stages and relationship between NDVI and Kc for wheat. In order to fulfill these objectives of the study, sixteen treatments based on different combinations of the irrigation interval and application depth with three replications of it arranged in factorial randomized block design in the field of size 30 × 65 m. The length and width of each plot was 5 × 4 m. The wheat seed after seed treatment was dibbled manually following the row spacing of 22.5 cm on 29th November, 2011 and next year on 5th December 2012. The harvesting of wheat was done on 19th March, 2011 and next year on 21st March 2013. The effect of stress and different irrigation level on wheat yield was studied. The yield data of year 2010-11 was taken from previous research work (Palkar, 2011). The yield data of three years were statistically analyzed for this purpose. The wheat grain yield was found to be maximum for the treatment T2, i.e. the treatment with the irrigation interval of 7 days and stress level of 10%. After the statistical analysis performed it was found that the treatment T6 i.e. the treatment with irrigation interval of 2 weeks and stress level of 10% was at par with T2. However with 7 days irrigation interval, the depth of water to be applied per irrigation varies from 15 to 33 mm and which was very low and not to possible in the field by surface irrigation method, hence treatment T6 was recommended for irrigation of wheat. The grain yields for the treatments T2 and T6 were 39.71 q/ha and 37.66 q/ha respectively. The Field water use efficiency (WUE) for each treatment was found out. It was observed that, maximum water use efficiency (11.35 kg/ha-mm) for the treatment T4 i.e. one week irrigationinterval and 30% stress level which was at par with T3 (11.34 kg/ha-mm) and T6 (11.31 kg/ha-mm). The spectral reflectance of the wheat crop at its different growth stages under the different water stress conditions was measured by using the HR 1024 Spectroradiometer developed by the Spectra Vista Corporation. The data recorded at the time of field measurements was stored in the form of ASCII file in PDA provided with instrument. The data stored at time of field measurement was then transferred to computer for further processing in 32-bit data processing software of HR 1024. During the field operation the spectral signatures were recorded on weekly basis before the irrigation treatment. The relationship was developed between the NDVI values and ratio of number of day in crop period (t) to total crop period (T) to get the function between them which will give NDVI values on daily basis. Following fifth order polynomial equation was found to be the equation of best fit. * + * + * + * + * + As the relationship between Kc and NDVI was required in soil water balance and crop growth models, the relationship between Kc and NDVI was developed. The NDVI values were considered as independent variable and Kc as dependent variable and the graphs between Kc and NDVI were plotted for all the treatments. It was observed from the graph that up to 37th day Kc and NDVI both were increased and after 37th day Kc and NDVI both were decreased. Thus there are two segments of the relationships, one for the first part of the growth season and other for the later part of the growth season. Therefore separate relationships were obtained for both the partsThesisItem Open Access DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF TRACTOR OPERATED IRRIGATION SYSTEM(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri., 2009) Wagh Vishal Ramdas; Ghadge, S.B.To cater to increased cropping intensity, mechanical power of tractor can be effectively utilized for field operations. The irrigation operation requires higher energy to utilize tractor power to operate the pump. The present study entitled “Design and Development of Tractor Operated Irrigation System” was carried out to make available design suitable for the tractor PTO operated advance irrigation system. M&M make Sactor (Shaan) tractor was used to develop the irrigation system. The said system is useful in case of delayed monsoon as it enables to give life saving irrigation. The raingun was used to apply irrigation water to the crop. Computer Aided Design was used to design various assemblies of the system which included the irrigation water tank, Toe hook, rolling wheel etc. and its manufacturing drawing. The laboratory testing of the irrigation system was carried out using different nozzle sizes of the raingun at different pressure levels. The discharge and the radius of throw were determined for different nozzle sizes at different pressures. The nozzles of 6, 8, 10 and 12 mm Ø were selected for the present study. The raingun at the pressure of 6 kg/cm2 gave a discharge of 3.12 lps. At the pressure of 6 kg/cm2, radius of throw of raingun was 26.30 m which covered an area of 0.25 ha in a single rotation. Results of the study indicated that the pressurized irrigation system covered the area of 0.25 ha in a single rotation of the sprinkler head of the raingun. The duration for the irrigation using the advance irrigation system was found to be less. Tractor PTO power was used as the source of power which facilitated the mobility of the system in to the field.ThesisItem Open Access DESIGN AND TESTING OF SAND AND GRAVEL FILTER FOR ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, 2005) Wagh, S.A.; Dahiwalkar, S.D.The study of "Design and Testing of Sand and Gravel Filter for Artificial Groundwater Recharge" was carried out at the Instructional Farm of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr Annasaheb Shmde College of Agricultural Engineering, M.P.K V, Rahun The filters made from various locally available filter materials were tested for the varying as well as constant suspended load concentration of 200 NTU (285 ppm) Different locally available filter materials viz, sand, angular gravel, pea gravel and coal were tested independently and in combination of two layer, three layer and four layer with varying layer thickness of 15 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm, respectively The effect of filter materials on filtration was studied by recording the observations on inlet head, outlet head, velocity of flow, time of filtration and filtration efficiency The data were analysed statistically. Under varying suspended load concentration in single layer filter maximum filtration efficiency (79.06 %) was found in treatment for sand grade I, with 45 cm thickness The corresponding average velocity of flow and average time of filtration recorded were 191 cm/s and 67 33 min, respectively. The two layer filter sand grade I, recorded maximum filtration efficiency (81 62 %), along with 15 cm layer of coal In case of three layer filter, the maximum filtration efficiency was observed (83 42 %) m angularThesisItem Open Access DESIGN OF MICROSPRINKLER SYSTEM BASED ON NON-UNIFORMITY IN SPRINKLING(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri., 1993) Pathare Shahaji B.; Pampattiwar, P.S.The laboratory studies on microsprinkler were under taken in the year 1992-93 to study the discharge, moisture distribution pattern, non-uniformity in sprinkling, wetted diameter and an average depth of precipitation as influenced by operating pressures for a fixed stake height of 30 cm. An attempt was also made to study the resultant wetting pattern in respect of non-uniformity, average depth of precipitation, cost of system for various microsprinkler spacings. A non-uniform distribution of water affects the yield of crop. The data generated at All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Water Management, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri on yield of watermelon as influenced by depth of irrigation water applied was used to develop the yield function. An effect of non-uniformity in sprinkling on yield of watermelon was studied for the resultant wetting patterns obtained for various spacings and operating pressures. The optimal microsprinkler spacings were worked nut. An attempt has also been made to provide graphical solution by which for any given operating pressure, the values of optimal spacing, the cost of system, the yield and coefficient of variation can directly be read. The wetting patterns of microsprinklers for all operating pressures showed a triangular shape. An increase in operating pressure (P) resulted in a corresponding increase in discharge (Q) of microsprinkler. The discharge was in the range of 24 to 34.2 lph for operating pressure in the range of 9 1.2 to 1.8 kg/cm . An increase in operating presssure decreased the average depth of precipitation upto 1.6 kg/cm operating pressure and further increase in operating pressure increased the average depth of precipitation. An average depth of precipitation was found in the range of 4.23 to 5.74 mm. And increase in operating pressure from 1.2 to 1.8 kg/cm" increased the wetted throw from 4.68 to 5.77 m. and the coefficient of uniformity from 40.7 to 60.9 per cent respectively. The resultant wetting pattern obtained by overlapping the wetting pattern for microsprinkler spacings in the range of lx In to 2,5 x 2,5 n indicated that the lower spacing and lower operating pressure of microsprinkler minimized the variation and thus the more uniform depth of precipitation. For the same operating pressure, the increase in microsprinkler spacing reduced the average depth of preciptation. The coefficient of uniformity and coefficient of variation values were observed in the range of 57.42 to 95.17 dper cent and 0.06 to 0.49 respectively, for the range of operating pressure and microsprinkler spacing under study.ThesisItem Open Access DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF MILK PASTEURIZATION SYSTEM AS PER THE NEW QUALITY GUIDELINES(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidaypeeth, Rahuri, 2014) Atkari.V.T.; Kanawade.V.L.Pasteurizers are commonly used heat exchangers for pasteurization of milk that involves mild heat treatment to enhance shelf life of milk. In the existing pasteurizers there are problems like holding coil contamination during diversion, reinfection through back growth of microorganisms from return lines and syphonage of raw milk into pasteurized line due to vacuum creation during diversion. To overcome these problems new pasteurizer was designed as per the new quality guidelines for effective and hygienic pasteurization of milk. It was developed at M/s. Tetra Pak India Pvt. Ltd., Pune as per new holding coil design, new balance tank design, new flow monitoring system design, new FDV design, new PMS design, new temperature sensors and its response time design which were not found in old milk pasteurizers. The newly developed pasteurizer was tested at Model Dairy Plant, NDRI, Karnal. The performance was tested at milk inlet temperature of 2, 4, 6 and 8 C and total milk solids of 15 and 18 per cent. The pasteurization temperature of 78 to 80 C for 20 seconds was used for the testing. The pasteurizer was tested for overall heat transfer coefficient, regeneration efficiency, total heat load and pressure drop. Thetemperature, pressure and milk flow rates were recorded at an interval of 5 min during the run. After the trial plate heat exchanger was inspected for fouling on plate surfaces. The calculated values for the regeneration efficiency, logarithmic mean temperature difference, overall heat transfer coefficient, total pressure drop in plate heat exchanger were statistically analyzed. The logarithmic mean temperature difference was used to find the running time of the newly developed system. The LMTD of heating section and chilling section varied between 5.01 C to 8.08 C and 3.39 C to 6.80 C, respectively. The value of LMTD increased marginally (maximum up to 1 C) over the entire run of 8 h. Since, the variation in LMTD was less than 4 C the pasteurizer can be operated continuously for up to 8 h. The pasteurization temperature and pasteurized chilled milk temperature was kept constant during the operation. The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) varied from 2.13 to 2.83 kW/m2 K for heating section and 1.72 to 2.40 kW/m2 K for chilling section. The optimum overall heat transfer coefficient (U) of 2.83 and 2.40 kW/m2 K were found in S1T1 treatment for heating and chilling sections, respectively. Since, the overall heat transfer coefficient and milk flow rate values were almost constant during the operation. It can be concluded that no fouling occurs. The regeneration efficiency of the pasteurizer was found between 84.81 to 90.17 per cent for both the sides. It was found to be declining with the running time due to the fouling in the pasteurizer. An optimum regeneration efficiency of 90.17 and 90.07 per cent were found in treatment S1T1. The total heat load (Q) was varied from 84.32 to 101.58 kW for heating section and 84.30 to 131.95 kW for chilling section. A minimum total heat load (Q) of 84.32 and 84.30 kW were found in S1T1 treatment for heating and chilling sections respectively. The SPC counts for raw milk was 35 103 cfu/ml and it was reduced to 27 102 cfu/ml in pasteurized milk sample. The coliform of 72 103 cfu/ml was found in raw milk sample but there was zero count of coliform in pasteurized milk sample. Also the MBRT reading increased from 1 to 7 hours from raw to pasteurized milk samples. The pasteurized milk side was always at higher pressure than raw milk side. The product side was also at higher pressure than hot and chilled water side. This was found to be effective to avoid the cross contamination. The foaming was not observed in balance tank during operation.Key words: Holding coil, balance tank, flow monitoring system, FDV, PMS, regeneration efficiency.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF PEDAL OPERATED ROTARY TYPE GROUNDNUT DECORTICATOR -CUM -CLEANER(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri., 2007) Gardi Popat Ganpatrao; Lende, A.B.Groundnut shelling is done by either by hand shelling or by hand or pedal or power operated decorticators. Hand or pedal operated decorticators have low capacity (below 80 kg/h) and have no facility to separate kernels and husk. Whereas power operated decorticators have these facilities but they are costlier. The Pedal Operated Rotary type Groundnut Decorticator-cum Cleaner was, therefore, developed to bridge these two extremeties. The machine consists of mainshaft which is driven by chain and sprocket through pedaling which rotates the rotary unit in decorticating cylinder where decortication takes place. A blower driven by pulleys blows husk and separates kernels. Tests indicated that weight of machine was 85.5 kg. Its average decorticating capacity was 120.72 kg pods/h, average output capacity was 54.32 kg kernels/h, average decorticating efficiency was 84.69 %, average cleaning efficiency was 87.76 %, breakage was 5.76 % and its cost of operation was found to be Rs. 23.28 /100 kg kernels. Machine showed satisfactory results and it was suitable for small and medium farmers.