Browsing by Author "VERMA, PRAMOD"
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PRECONDITIONING TREATMENTS, SIZE OF CUTTINGS, PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA AND IBA ON ROOTING IN CUTTINGS OF APPLE ( Malus x domestica Borkh.) CLONAL ROOTSTOCK MERTON 793(2013) VERMA, PRAMOD; CHAUHAN, P.S.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Effect of preconditioning treatments, size of cuttings, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and IBA on rooting in cuttings of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) clonal rootstock Merton 793” were undertaken in net house condition of Fruit Nursery Block of Department of Fruit Science, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan H.P. during 2012-13. Four experiments were laid out in randomized block design. In Experiment I cuttings of length ranging from 15 cm to 45 cm and diameter ranging from 0.75 to 1.50 cm, in order to study the effect of different size of cuttings on rooting in cuttings. The results revealed that the cuttings with treatment combination of L – 35 cm and D – 1.25 – 1.50 cm recorded the highest rooting of cuttings (65 %), number of primary roots (5.00), length of primary roots (28.43 cm), diameter of primary roots (3.25 mm), fresh weight of roots (3.67 g) and dry weight of roots (2.59 g). In Experiment II, the studies on controlled preconditioning storage conditions (growth chamber) and IBA treatments on rooting of cuttings of apple clonal rootstock Merton 793 was carried out. The cuttings stored for 7 days along with IBA 2500 ppm treatment recorded highest rooting percentage, number of primary roots, length and diameter of primary roots, total root length, fresh and dry weight of roots recording 46.67 %, 4.60, 28.60 cm, 2.63 mm, 5.61 m, 2.89 g and 1.83 g, respectively. In Experiment III, the studies on field preconditioning storage conditions (polyhouse) and IBA treatments on rooting of cuttings of apple clonal rootstock Merton 793 was also carried out. The cuttings stored for 7 days along with 2500 ppm IBA treatment resulted in highest rooting percentage of 53.33 % and cuttings stored for 14 days along with IBA 2500 ppm resulted in maximum length and diameter of roots recording 19.88 cm and 2.58 mm, respectively. In Experiment IV, the preliminary studies on the effect of different strains of PGPR alone and in combination with IBA at 1000 ppm on rooting were carried out. The PGPR strains (RG (1)3 – Bacillus sp), B6 – Bacillus licheniformis and R3 (3) – Sirretia sp alone failed to induce any rooting response in cuttings, whereas, the PGPR strains (RG (1)3 – Bacillus sp), B6 – Bacillus licheniformis and R3 (3) – Sirretia sp using IBA 1000 ppm recorded some improvement in rooting recording 10, 15 and 5 % rooting respectively. However IBA 2500 ppm (kept as control) the standard concentration of IBA records the maximum rooting of cuttings of Merton 793, recording 65.00 % rooting. In brief, cuttings of 35 cm length and 1.25 – 1.50 cm diameter were most suitable for propagation. Preconditioning treatment of 7 days in controlled incubator (22ºC) or 7 to 14 days in field condition with IBA 2500 ppm were suitable for helping in rooting of cuttings in Merton 793. PGPR strains failed to induce rooting in cuttings. However, PGPR strains in combination with 1000 ppm induced some rooting in cuttings.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF ANTI-HAIL NET ON CROPPING AND FRUIT QUALITY OF APPLE (Malus × domestica Borkh.) UNDER HIGH DENSITY PLANTATION(UHF,NAUNI, 2022-12) MIR, MOHAMMAD ABASS; MIR, MOHAMMAD ABASS; VERMA, PRAMOD; VERMA, PRAMODABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Influence of anti-hail net on cropping and fruit quality of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) under high density plantation” was carried out in high density apple orchard of Department of Fruit Science, Dr Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during the year 2021 and 2022, in order to assess the effect of different time of installation and colour of anti-hail net on cropping and fruit quality of apple under high density plantation. The experiment consists of three different installation time treatments (T1 – 15 days before expected full bloom; T2-at full bloom; T3-15 days after full bloom) and two anti-hail net colour treatments (C1 – Blue colour anti-hail net and C2- White colour anti-hail net) each replicated thrice and was laid out in Randomized Block Design (factorial). The result obtained from the pooled data in the present investigation depicted that the best time for installation of anti-hail net is 15 days after full bloom (T3) followed by installation at full bloom (T2). The maximum below canopy-PAR (518.68 nm), above canopy-PAR (1128.55 nm), photosynthetic rate (12.57 μmol CO2/m2/s), transpiration rate (7.85 mmol H2O/m2/s), stomatal conductance (0.18 mol H2O/m2/s), leaf area (39.22 cm2), leaf area index (0.77) fruit set 62.55 %), yield (13.92 kg/tree), productivity (55.67 MT/ha) yield efficiency (0.36 kg/cm2TCSA), fruit length (62.08 mm), fruit diameter (74.77 mm), fruit weight (173.78 g), fruit volume (199.17 cc), fruit firmness (7.59 kg/cm2), RSC (99.17 %), TSS (9.45º Brix), total sugars (9.17 %), ascorbic acid (5.83 mg/100g) and anthocyanin content (0.82) was recoded in treatment T3 (15 days after full bloom). However, the highest annual shoot growth (30.67 cm) and titratable acidity (0.36 %) was recorded in treatment T1(15 days before expected full bloom) which was significantly followed by treatment T2 (at full bloom). With respect to colour of anti-hail net, the white colour anti-hail net was found superior in comparison to blue colour anti-hail net owing to the maximum light transmission and interception and recorded the maximum below canopy-PAR (534.41 nm), above canopy- PAR (1234.49 nm), photosynthetic rate (12.31 μmol CO2/m2/s), transpiration rate (7.56 mmol H2O/m2/s), stomatal conductance, (0.16 mol H2O/m2/s), leaf area (40.37 cm2), leaf area index (0.76), fruit set 62.11 %), yield (13.38 kg/tree), productivity (53.51 MT/ha), yield efficiency (0.35 kg/cm2TCSA), fruit length (61.86 mm), fruit diameter (74.47 mm), fruit weight (168.36 g), fruit volume (187.22 cc), fruit firmness (8.22 kg/cm2), RSC (99.17 %),TSS (9.42º Brix), total sugars (9.14 %)), ascorbic acid (6.50 mg/100g), anthocyanin content (0.84). However, the highest annual shoot growth (30.49 cm) and titratable acidity (0.35 %) was recorded in treatment C1(blue colour anti-hail net). From the present studies, it is concluded that installation of white colour anti-hail net 15 days after full bloom resulted in better productivity and fruit quality in apples under high density plantation followed by installation at full bloom.ThesisItem Open Access PROPAGATION OF APPLE (Malus × domestica Borkh.) CLONAL ROOTSTOCKS THROUGH MOUND LAYERING UNDER SHADE NET CONDITIONS(UHF,NAUNI, 2022-11) SARMA, UPASANNA; VERMA, PRAMODABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Propagation of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) clonal rootstocks through mound layering under shade net conditions” was carried out in the Bajoo farm of Department of Fruit Science, Dr Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during the year 2021-22. The experiment consists of four media treatments (M1- Cocopeat; M2 – Sawdust; M3 – Cocopeat + Sawdust (1:1); M4 – Soil) and three clonal rootstocks treatments (C1 – M 116; C2 – EMLA 111 and C3- MM106) replicated five times and was laid out in Randomized Block Design (factorial). IBA treatment of 2500 ppm was used. The result obtained from the experiment revealed that the highest adventitious roots per stool shoots (165.86), total root length (2.00 m), root diameter (1.05 mm), fresh weight of roots (9.76 g), dry weight of roots (3.72 g), length of rooted stool shoots (182.53 cm), diameter of rooted stool shoots (9.35 mm), fresh weight of rooted stool shoots (78.27 g), number of leaves per rooted stool shoot (87.86) and leaf area (47.13 cm2), was found in stools treated with treatment M3 (Cocopeat + Sawdust). However, the maximum dry weight of rooted stool shoots (41.96 g) and total plant biomass (45.10 g) was recorded in stools treated with M4 (Soil) and M1 (Cocopeat) gave the maximum root: shoot ratio (0.08). With respect to clonal rootstocks, C2 (EMLA 111) rootstock had the highest number of adventitious roots per stool shoots (163.40), total root length (2.23 m), root diameter (1.28 mm), fresh weight of roots (14.65 g), dry weight of roots (6.18 g), length of rooted stool shoots (200.00 cm), diameter of rooted stool shoots (10.59 mm), fresh weight of rooted stool shoots (110.27 g), dry weight of rooted stool shoots (60.53 g), number of leaves (100.15), leaf area (60.30 cm2), root: shoot ratio (0.10) and total plant biomass (66.71 g). From the present investigation, it can be concluded that the combine application of growing media (Cocopeat + Sawdust) resulted in better rooting and growth of stool shoots in EMLA 111 and M 116, whereas, in MM 106 cocopeat resulted in better rooting and plant growth. With respect to different clonal rootstocks, EMLA 111 resulted in better rooting in mound layering and plant growth under shade net conditions.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION IN PEACH (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.) cv. REDHAVEN(UHF,NAUNI, 2017) VERMA, PRAMOD; CHANDEL, J.S.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled“Studies on the effect of drip irrigation and fertigation in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.) cv. Redhaven” was carried out on five-year old peach trees duringthe years 2015 and 2016 in the integrated horticultural based farming system modelfarm of Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.), India. The two experiments were conducted during the course of study. The first experiment consisted of five irrigation treatments viz. drip irrigation at 100, 80 and 60 % ETc, basin irrigation at 100 % ETc and rainfed (control), and each treatment was replicated five times. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design. Drip irrigation at 100 and 80 per cent ETc significantly increased growth,yield, fruit quality parameters and leaf nutrient contents as compared to basin irrigation and control. The results revealed that drip irrigation at 100 per cent ETc recorded maximum increase in tree height, tree spread, tree volume, trunk girth and highest annual shoot growth, fruit yield and proportion of three layer grade fruits. The fruit quality parameters in terms of fruit length and diameter, fruit weight and volume, total soluble solids and sugars content were also found highest in drip irrigation at 100 per cent ETc treatment. The trees irrigated with drip irrigation at 100 % ETc also significantly increased leaf macro (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micro (Fe, Zn,Mn and Cu) nutrient contents than basin irrigation and control. The highest total water requirement (93.23 and 108.78 cm/tree during 2015 and 2016, respectively) was recorded in trees subjectedto basin irrigation at 100 per cent ETc treatment,however, the maximum water-use-efficiency was found in drip irrigation at 80 % ETc treatment during both the years. Drip irrigation at 100 % ETc registered 21.22, 16.07, 17.72 and 24.02 per cent increase in tree height, trunk girth, annual shoot growth and yield, respectively, over basin irrigation method of irrigation and also produced better size and quality fruits. The second experiment consist of eight treatment combinations consisting of four levels of fertilizer concentration viz. Recommended dose (RD) of NPK through soil, 100, 80 and 60 per cent of RD of NPK through drip, and two levels of dripirrigation (drip irrigation at 100 and 80 % ETc). The results revealed that treatment combination of fertigation at 100and 80 per cent of RD of NPK and drip irrigation at 100 per cent ETc significantly increased tree height, tree spread, trunkgirth and annual shoot growth, fruit yield, proportion of three layer grade fruits, fruit length and diameter, fruit weight and volume, TSS, sugars and leaf nutrient contents in comparison to soil fertilization. Although fertigation at 100 % RD of NPK incombination with drip irrigation at 100 % ETc attained maximum vegetativegrowth and produced highest yield of better quality fruits, but was found statistically at par with fertigation at 80 % RD of NPK in combination with drip irrigation at 100 % ETc, which resulted in 10.31 and 17.19 per cent increase in tree height, 12.16 and 19.83 per cent increase in yield over soil fertilization with maximum fertilizer-use-efficiency of 7.97 and 12.00 q/ha/q during 2015 and 2016, respectively.