Browsing by Author "Tiwari, Ruchira"
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ThesisItem Open Access Animal based waste products for management of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus) on stored pulses(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Kamal Kishor; Tiwari, RuchiraThe studies on the efficacy of animal based waste products for the management of pulse beetle, C. chinensis in stored pulses commodities (mung bean, urd bean, chickpea and pigeon pea) were conducted in the Department of Entomology, G.B.Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during 2018-19. The laboratory experiments were laid out using some animal based waste products such as animal urine used from desi, jersey and Holstein breed cows, buffalo, ox, horse and goat @ 10ml/100g pulse grains and panchgavya, bijamrit and jivamrit @ 3ml/100 g pulse grains. The preferential studies for adult pulse beetles were carried out under choice bioassay method using treated and untreated pulse grains. It was observed that the beetles preferred the untreated pulse grains over the treated grains. Similarly, among the animal based waste products, desi cow urine, bijamrit, jivamrit, and panchgavya were found superior to buffalo urine, ox urine, jersey cow urine and holstein cow urine and very effective against biological parameters of pulse beetle as they caused reduction in egg laying, adult emergence, grain damage and weight loss with increase in seed germination followed by. On the other hand, horse urine and goat urine werealso found quite effective against the biological parameters of pulse beetle but they drastically affected the quality parameters of seeds with very less seed germination ranged from 49.34 to 54.477 per cent in comparison to 75.18 to 85.05 per cent germination was observed among the other treatments . The experiments conducted on the effect of cow dung smoke on mortality of adults of C. chinensis at 1, 6,12,24,48,72,96 and 120 h. of exposure to smoke under airtight conditions resulted in almost 40-50 per cent insect mortality after 96h to 120 h of exposure to cow dung smoke with no adverse effect on quality of pulse seeds. The per cent germination, root length, shoot length and vigour index values were also found more in smoke treated pulse seeds in comparison to untreated controlwhich clearly revealed the positive effect of smoke on germination and post germination response of pulse seeds. Thus, the present laboratory studies clearly revealed that animal based waste products (except horse urine and goat urine) and cow dung smoke were found quite effective against pulse beetle, C. chinensis without causing any deleterious effects on quality parameters of pulse seeds. Hence, it may be concluded that these eco-friendly and cost effective products can easily be get and used for management of C. chinensis in stored pulses without impairing the quality of seeds for 3 month of storage period. But being a novel and preliminary work, further studies are essentially required to come to the final conclusions and to give recommendation of safe, residue free and long-term storage of pulses commodities without any qualitative and quantitative losses.ThesisItem Open Access Antifeedant and growth regulatory effects of Subhash Palekar’s natural formulations on tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (fabricius) and bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilarctia obliqua (walker)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-07) Joshi, Geetika; Tiwari, RuchiraA premilarily and novel study was made to evaluate the antifeedant and growth regulatory effects of Subhash Palekar’s Natural Formulations (SPNFs) on Tobacco Caterpillar, Spodoptera litura and Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilarctia obliqua under laboratory conditions in Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar,Uttarakhnad, during 2021-22.The bioassay technique based on leaf dip method was followed to find out the growth regulatory effects and antifeedant activity of SPNFs @3% and desi cow urine at @10% against different larval stages of S.litura and S.obliqua based on growth parameters on treated castor leaves. The growth and development studies clearly showed the efficacy of Jeevamrit, Ghanjeevamrit, Beejamrit, Neemastra, Agniastra, Dashparni and Desi cow urine against neonate, 7days old and 4th instar larvae of S. litura and S. obliqua as larval mortality was observed significantly more in treated castor leaves. The neonate larvae of both tested insects were found more sensitive to agniastra, dashparni as almost all tested larvae died on treated castor leaves. On the other hand, the least growth index values were calculated in castor leaves treated with Jeevamrit and Ghanjeevamrit (0.33 and 0.30 ) for 0-24h and 7days and Jeevamrit and Ghanjeevamrit (0.19 and 0.22) for 0-24h and 7days old larvae of S. litura and S. obliqua, respectively. On the other hand, among the other treatments of natural formulations the survival of larvae, pupae and adults along with their weights were recorded significantly less with extended larval and pupal developmental period and very less growth index values in comparison to untreated control. The studies conducted on antifeedant activity of natural formulations showed that Neemastra, Agniastra and Dashparni were found with strong antifeedant action with preference index between (0.46-0.79) against 4th instar larvae of S. litura whereas Ghanjeevamrit, Agniastra ,Neemastra and Dashparni showed strong antifeedant activity with preference indices (0.35 to 0.81) against 4th instar larvae of S. obliqua. Among the other treatments, Jeevamrit and Desi cow urine showed moderate antifeedant activity with slight antifeedant activity observed in Beejamrit. Thus, this preliminary and novel study clearly demonstrated the strong to moderate antifeedant activity of Subhash Palekars natural formulations along with growth inhibitory effects on different larval stages which opens a new avenue for natural formulations as viable options for ecofriendly management of the noxious pests S.litura and S.obliqua in field crops.ThesisItem Open Access Biodiversity of insect pests and evaluation of different wheat genotypes and newer insecticides against wheat aphids(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Rawat, Divya; Tiwari, RuchiraThe field studies were conducted on the biodiversity of insect pests of wheat crop, screening of wheat genotypes and efficacy of some newer insecticides against wheat aphids and their natural enemies during rabi crop seasons 2015-16 and 2016-17 at NEBCRC, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The present field studies clearly indicated that there was incidence of several important insect pests such as wheat aphids, armyworm, pink borer, termites, gram pod borer on wheat at Pantnagar area during 2016-17. The natural enemies perpetuated on the insect pests of wheat cropping system were some predators viz., Coccinella, Chrysoperla, Syrphid flies and Parasitoids. On the other hand, out of 50 genotypes screened against wheat aphids, 12 genotypes appeared to be promising and may be used in breeding programme and the development of host-plant resistance in wheat crop against wheat aphids. It was evident from the present study that the plots treated with foliar spray of neonicotinoids (Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam) were proved the most effective against wheat aphids as their population (pooled data 2015-16 and 2016-17) was recorded significantly lowest in plots treated with Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (2.17 aphids/shoot/plant) followed by Thiamethoxam 25 WG (2.69 aphids/shoot/plant) as compared to synthetic insecticides i.e., Dimethoate 30 EC (3.11 aphids/shoot/plant) and Oxy-demeton Methyl 25 EC (3.79 aphids/shoot/plant) which was significantly less than untreated control (13.39 aphids/shoot/plant). The population of coccinellids (15 days after spray) both grubs (0.57/m2), adults (0.45/m2) and Chrysoperla larvae (0.33/m2) were recorded highest in Imidacloprid 17.8SL followed by Thiamethoxam 25 WG with coccinellids both grubs (0.26/m2), adults (0.20/m2)and Chysoperla larvae (0.30/m2) while population of natural enemies was significantly reduced in Dimethoate 30 EC with coccinellids both grubs (0.13/m2)and adults (0.10/m2) and Chrysoperla larvae (0.10/m2) and Oxydemeton Methyl 25 EC with coccinellids both grubs (0.05/m2) and adults (0.02/m2) and Chrysoperla larvae (0.05/m2) as compared to untreated control with coccinellids both grubs (1.16/m2) and adults (0.94/m2) and Chrysoperla larvae (0.55/m2). Similarly, the pooled data worked out for average grain yield of wheat for rabi crop seasons, 2015-16 and 2016-17 revealed that the highest grain yield (34.61 q/ha) was obtained from plots treated with Imidacloprid 17.8 SL followed by Thiamethoxam 25 WG (32.14 q/ha) which was significantly higher in comparison to Dimethoate 30 EC (29.74 q/ha) and Oxy-demeton Methyl 25 EC (28.03 q/ha) whereas, the average yield obtained from untreated control was 20.24 q/ha. It has been clearly seen that there was a significant decrease in the population of wheat aphids and natural enemies in insecticide treated plots as compared to untreated control, however, it was revealed that mean number of coccinellids and chrysopids were significantly more in plots treated with neonicotinoids (Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam) as compared to plots treated with other insecticides. Thus, newer insecticides i.e. Imidacloprid 17.8SL @125ml/ha and Thiamethoxam 25WG @ 50ml/ha, appeared to be the most effective insecticides against the wheat aphids and caused least harm to natural enemies and gave more grain yields. This clearly demonstrated the use of host-plant resistance and comparatively safer insecticides for the management of aphids in wheat and can ultimately be a good alternative over conventional insecticides and can easily be incorporated in IPM program for wheat aphids by reducing the total load on synthetic pesticides.ThesisItem Open Access Eco-friendly management of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on chickpea(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-07) Bisht, Dheeraj; Tiwari, RuchiraField and laboratory experiments based bioassay studies were made to evaluate the efficacy of cow urine based natural formulations, such as desi cow urine @20 percent, agniastra, neemastra dashparni, jivamrit and panchgavya @3 percent, and the effectiveness of homemade jaggery-based sweet traps at different concentrations against H. armigera on chickpea during the rabi crop season of 2018-19 at NB Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar, Uttarakhad. The field studies showed that, agniastra, dashparni, neemastra, desi cow urine and jivamrit were effective against H.armigera with mean larval population, pod damage and grain yield ranged from 1.89 to 4.17larvae/10 plants, 13.43to 22.33 per cent and 7.32 q/ha to 11.95 q/ha, respectively in comparison with untreated control which was significantly different r than these treatments (10.05 larvae/10 plants, pod damage-38.70 per cent and grain yield-6.44 q/ha). These cow urine based natural formulations were also found safe for the natural enemy, Campoletus chloridae during field study with the mean cocoon population ranged from 1.50 to 3.00/10 plants in comparison to insecticide, indoxcarb (0.67/10 plants). The efficacy of the jaggery based sweet baited traps was also evaluated to trap the adult moths of H. armigera on chickpea crop. The jaggery solution @ 50% and 75% were found to be the best to trap the moths of H. armigera (17.78 adults/ trap) and (20.67 adults/trap), respectively which was at par with Helilure pheromone trap (24.11 adults/trap) with trappings of lesser numbers of non-target insects in the chickpea crop environment. Laboratory based bioassay studies on the growth regulatory effect of various cow urine based natural formulations again demonstrated the effectiveness of agniastra, dashparni, and neemastra against H. armigera caused 100% mortality of neonate larvae, while desi cow urine, panchgavya and jivamrit gave very less growth index values (0.452, 0.521 and 0.842) compared to untreated control (2.546). The studies conducted on antifeedant activity of cow urine based formulations against 4th instar larvae of H. armigera categorized agniastra and neemastra with strong antifeedant action with a preference index of 0.50, each. Among the other treatments, desi cow urine, dashparni and jivanrit with a preference indices ranged from (0.55 to 0.73) were found to be moderately antifeedant action while panchgavya (076) was recorded with slight antifeedant action against the test insect. On the basis of the above findings, the present study clearly showed that the tested cow urine based natural formulations and homemade jaggery based sweet traps were found very effective against H. armigera on chickpea crop system. On the other hand, the growth regulatory and antifeedant activity of these cost effective, easily made and eco-friendly cow urine based natural formulations showed their negative effect on feeding behavior, growth and development of H. armigera. Thus, it can finally be concluded that these eco-friendly approaches can easily be incorporated in an integrated pest management programme of H. armigera on chickpea.ThesisItem Open Access Eco-friendly management of major insect pests of stored wheat at Pantnagar(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2016-12) Yadav, Usha; Tiwari, RuchiraThe studies on the efficacy of some eco-friendly indigenous products for the management of major storage insect pests viz. rice weevil, S. oryzae, lesser grain borer, R. dominica and rice moth, C. cephalonica in stored wheat were conducted in the Department of Entomology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during 2015 and 2016. The survey of different areas of Pantnagar was also carried out to find out the insect infestation and their management practices adopted by the people in stored wheat. It was clearly observed that the people mostly used a chemical named celphos tablets (Aluminium phosphide) in their storage structures to protect wheat from insect attack but due to hazardous side effects and residue problems of using synthetic chemicals, some of the people have adopted traditional practices such as use of neem leaves, rice husk and garlic capsules in stored wheat. The laboratory experiments were laid out using some indigenous products such as chopped neem leaves, ajwain seed powder, garlic capsules, cow dung powder, ash powder, talcum powder, sand, saw dust, common salt and cow urine @ 2 g/100 g wheat grains along with chemical, Rynaxypyr (Coragen) @ 10 mg/100 g wheat grains. The studies conducted on natural infestation of storage insect pests in treated wheat grains stored in various storage receptacles i.e. plastic containers, paper bags and muslin cloth bags for six months period from March to September 2016, showed that indigenous products were found very effective when treated wheat grains were stored in plastic containers followed by paper bags with significantly lower insect infestation, grain damage and weight loss in stored wheat in comparison to muslin cloth bags. Among the tested indigenous products, chopped neem leaves, ajwain seed powder, cow dung cake powder ash powder, sand and talcum powder were found very effective against S. oryzae and R. dominica and recorded significantly minimum adult emergence, grain damage and weight loss of treated wheat as compared to untreated wheat grains. It was also observed that seed germination of treated wheat grains was not adversely affected in any treatment during six months of storage period. Similarly, all tested indigenous products clearly showed their potential against neonate, 3rdand 5th instar larvae of C. cephalonica as most of the neonate larvae died in treated wheat grains whereas cent per- cent mortality of 3rd instar larvae was observed in ash powder and sand treated wheat seeds with very less growth index (GI) values calculated among the other treatments ranged from (0.12-0.40) and (0.14-0.77), respectively. in comparison to GI on untreated wheat grains (1.55) and (2.46) respectively. Similarly, the chopped neem leaves, ajwain seed powder, cow dung cake powder, ash powder, talcum powder and sand were also found very effective against 5th instar larvae as the larval survival, larval weight, pupal weight, pupal survival and adult weight were recorded very low due to formation of deformed pupae and adults. The experiments conducted on the effect of smoke generated by burning of cow dung cake and neem leaves on mortality of adults of S. oryzae, R. dominica, Tribolium castaneum, 3rd and 5th instar larvae and adult moths of C. cephalonica at 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h. of exposure to smoke under airtight conditions resulted in more than 50 per cent insect mortality after 72h. of exposure to neem leaves smoke and after 96 h of exposure to cow dung smoke. The mortality of smoke treated insects was increased after smoke exposure of 120 h. The experiments conducted on the effect of smoke on germination of wheat seeds clearly showed that the smoke generated by cow dung and neem leaves had no adverse effect on wheat seeds kept in airtight plastic containers and polybags for 1, 3 and 6 months period. The per cent germination, root length, shoot length and vigour index values were also found more in smoke treated wheat seeds in comparison to untreated wheat seeds which revealed the positive effect of smoke on germination and post germination response of wheat seeds. Therefore, the present laboratory studies clearly showed the efficacy of some indigenous products and smoke generated by cow dung and neem leaves against major insect pests of stored wheat with no adverse effect on germination of wheat seeds. Hence, it may be concluded that these eco-friendly, easily available and cost effective products can easily be incorporated for the easy management of insect pests in stored wheatThesisItem Open Access Eco-friendly management of wheat aphids at Pantnagar(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-06) Pande, Megha; Tiwari, RuchiraThe studies on eco-friendly management of wheat aphids at Pantnagar were carried out during crop season 2013-14 and 2014-15. The seasonal incidence of wheat aphids i.e. Microsiphum miscanthi and Rhopalosiphum padi was started in the month of January 2015 (4th Std week) and peak population of winged and wingless aphid reached in (8th Std week) February 2015 with peak population of natural enemies coccinella and syrphids during the same period. The studies on installation of yellow sticky traps for monitoring of alate aphids was found effective to trap alate aphids during their peak period of incidence. The studies on the efficacy of biopesticides, cow urine and cow urine based formulations clearly showed the effect of Metarhizium anisopliae, Beaveria bassiana, Azadirahctin 1500 ppm, neem seed kernel extract @ 5%, neem seed cow urine extract @ 2%, neem seed cow urine extract @ 2% and cow urine@ 20% against aphids with no adverse effect on population of natural enemies with significant increase in grain yield. On the other hand, i.e. Imidacloprid 17.8 SL, Clothianidin 50 WDG, Acetamiprid 20SP and Thiamethoxam 25 WG were found deleterious to population of natural enemies. Among the wheat lines screened under nursery conditions for aphid population, GW 432, UP 2843, UP 2872, HW 5224, WH 1098, WH 1129, NIDW 699 were found resistant with 3.40-5.93 aphids/shoot/plant, HPW 381, HS 578, KRL 348, HD 3095, RAJ 4250, DDK 1044, DDK 1045, HW 4042, HW 5235, UP 2847,UP 2871, HD 3121, WH 1137, were found moderately resistant with 6.13-10.80 aphids/plant and comparatively more aphid population was observed in HI 8724 (25.46 aphids/’shoot/plant) and Sonalika (21.50 aphids/shoot/plant) which were found highly susceptible for wheat aphids. The above studies clearly revealed that the natural enemies play major role in management of aphid population, yellow sticky traps were also found efficient for monitoring of alate aphid population and use of eco- friendly measures like biopesticides, cow urine in addition to resistant wheat varieties could be suitable alternatives to conventional chemicals which are safe, readily available, almost free of cost to farmers and have long term effect and easily be incorporated in an eco-friendly manner for management of wheat aphids in IPM programme.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of plant and animal origin products on quality of honey, growth parameters and foraging behavior of honey bee Apis mellifera Linnaeus in mustard crop(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-03) Bisht, Brijesh; Tiwari, RuchiraThe preliminary and innovative studies on effect of eco-friendly plant and animal origin products were conducted to evaluate their bio-efficacy on the growth parameters, foraging behaviour of honey bee in mustard crop as well as their comparative toxicities to inner hive bees and outer forager bees with effect on quality of honey samples collected from treated A. mellifera bee colonies during 2015-17 at G.B. Pant university of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. During the field experiments, the data collected on the effect of eco-friendly products on honey bees reared in, both newly drawn and one year old beeswax frames for six generations, vividly suggested that these eco-friendly formulations did not have any adverse effect on the growth aspects of honey bees, in turn the results were showing the synergistic effect of these products as the per cent egg hatching in old frames and new frames for all formulations was above 75%. There was no adverse effect on overall mean weight of all stages of worker honey i.e. (larval, pupal and newly emerged bees) .The overall impact of animal based products namely Desi cow urine, Buffalo urine and Jersey urine on all life stages of honey bees was fruitful, as the mean sealed worker brood areas for six generations was found highest in Desi cow urine for both old and new frame as (304.26 cm2) and (311.63 cm2), respectively. But, Goat urine and plant extracts such as Neem leaf cow urine extracts (NLCUE) and Ajwain seed cow urine extracts (ASCUE ) did not show promotion in growth parameters of honey bee with the least mean sealed worker brood areas calculated ranged from in old bee frames and in new bee frames respectively and require further investigations to validate their outcomes. The effect of eco-friendly plant and animal origin products showed affirmative results for foraging rate and speed of honey bees, A. mellifera in treated mustard crop. The foraging rate of honey bee, showed great variability in different time intervals, the maximum foraging rate of (24 flowers visit/bee/ min) was observed between 12:00-1:00 PM on the mustard crop sprayed with Desi cow urine @ 20%, while the highest foraging speed (5.0 sec/bee/flower) was observed in Holstein cow urine @ 20% sprayed crop both at 12:00-1:00 PM and 3:00-4:00 PM. The minimum visits of 6.67 flowers/bee/min. was recorded in ASCUE @ 2.0% between 3:00-4:00PM. The minimum foraging speed was observed in crop sprayed with goat urine @ 20% with (2.0 sec/bee/flower). The effect of eco-friendly formulations are further justified by the yield of the mustard crop that was observed maximum in Desi cow urine sprayed crop (29.89 (q/ha) and minimum in chemical Imidacloprid treated crop (11.35 q/ha) with average yield of mustard seeds (23.38 q/ha) was calculated in untreated mustard crop. The laboratory studies on the comparative toxicities of tested eco-friendly plant and animal origin products for inner hive bees and outer forager bees also revealed that the lowest concentrations i.e. animal urine @ 20%, plant based extract @ 1.0% showed less than 50% mortality even after 72 h. The honey samples drawn from the bee colonies treated with eco-friendly formulations does not have any contaminants like heavy metals, microbial load and HMF and the other standard parameters that govern the quality and purity of honey such as moisture, glucose to fructose ratio were also within the prescribed food limit. Thus, it may be concluded from the present investigations that the tested eco-friendly plant and animal origin products are completely safe, readily available, and almost free of cost to farmers and have long term effect without having any adverse effect on honey bees and hive products and can easily be incorporated for honey bee management programme in Beekeeping.ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of Subhash Palekar’s natural formulations against insect pest complex of pigeonpea at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Mahankuda, Bhabani; Tiwari, Ruchiraor : Dr. Ruchira Tiwari The present study was carried out to validate the efficacy of four Subhash Palekar’s Natural Formulations (SPNF) namely agniastra, neemastra, dashparni and jivamrit along with panchagavya @3%, desi cow urine and buffalo urine @20% against insect pest complex of pigeonpea under field conditions at NEBCRC, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during kharif crop seasons 2018-19 and 2019-20. Field experiments were also carried out to study the diversity, succession and population dynamics of different insect pests and natural enemies on pigeonpea along with their correlation with different weather parameters. Whereas, laboratory experiments were also carried out at Department of Entomology, GBPUAT, Pantnagar to study the biology, effect of natural formulations on feeding preference (orientation), feeding inhibition (antifeedant activity) and growth and development of spotted pod borer (Maruca vitrata) and pod bug (Clavigralla gibbosa) on pigeonpea. A total number of twenty-four insects attacking to the pigeonpea crop and their associated nine natural enemies were reported during the study. A constant association of insect pests with the crop was observed, starting from the vegetative stage to maturity. On the basis of abundance and population dynamics of different insect pest; jassids (5.18/plant), leaf folder (11.10/plant) and leaf webber (2.57/plant) can be considered as minor pests during the vegetative crop, as they didn’t cause any significant damage to the crop. Whereas, with the onset of flowering, attack of spotted pod borer (24.7/plant), pod bug (14.8/plant) and gram pod borer (7.13/plant) were reported on the crop. These three pests can be categorized as major pests during the reproductive stage causing significant damage to the economic parts of the crop and contributing to yield loss. A total number of three sprays were carried out during the field experiment to study the efficacy of different natural formulations against spotted pod borer, pod bug and gram pod borer. The order of efficacy remained the same as Chlorantraniliprole followed by agniastra, neemastra, dashparni, desi cow urine, panchagavya, buffalo urine and jivamrit for spotted pod borer and gram pod borer during both the kharif crop seasons 2018-19 and 2019-20. However, dashparni was found most effective for pod bug amongst all the natural formulations. Agniastra was found most effective amongst the natural formulations with 6.09 maruca webs/plant. The pooled mean population of pod bugs varied from 1.65-5.67 bugs/plant with minimum and maximum population in chlorantraniliprole and untreated control plots, respectively. Whereas, dashparni was found the best among the natural formulation with 1.81 bugs/plant. Similarly, Chlorantraniliprole was found most effective against Helicoverpa larvae followed by agniastra with 1.65 and 1.75larvae/plant, respectively as compared to 5.05 larvae/plant in plots of untreated pigeonpea crop. These natural formulations didn’t have any significant adverse effects against the natural enemies. Similarly, all the natural formulations were found effective against spotted pod borer and pod bug under the laboratory experiment. However, among SPNF, agniastra was found most effective against spotted pod borer and dashparni against pod bug during all the laboratory experiments. Amongst the treatments, agniastra reported least number of insect orientation (0.08) and low preference index (0.33) with no healthy adult emergence of spotted pod borer. Whereas, dashparni reported the least number of insect orientation (0.08) and low growth index value (1.36) against pod bug. The results obtained through present experiments clearly revealed the efficacy of Subhash Palekar’s natural formulations against different insect pest of pigeonpea. Thus, it can be concluded that in order to reduce the hazards of chemical farming, Subhash Palekar’s natural formulations can safely be incorporated in different IPM modules of pigeonpea for sustainable insect pest management.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation trials on screening of advanced varieties, hybrid entries and efficacy of natural formulations against major insect pests on pigeonpea(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-07) Priyanka; Tiwari, RuchiraThe present field experiments were conducted to screen out different advanced varieties, hybrid entries of pigeon pea and to validate the efficacy of different natural formulations i.e., Jersy cow urine@20%, Holstein cow urine@20%, Desi cow urine 20%, NLWE@ 5% ( Neem Leaf Water Extract), NSWE@5% ( Neem Seed Water Extract), NLCUE@5% (Neem Leaf Cow Urine Extract), NSCUE@5% (Neem Seed Cow Urine Extract),Azadirachtin@1500 ppm, NSKE @5 %) and insecticide i.e. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 30g a.i/ha (Standard check) against major insect pests of pigeon pea during the kharif crop season, 2021-22 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. Under advanced varietal trial, in variety PA650 the least numbers of Maruca webs/plant, number of H. armigera larvae and pod bugs were recorded i.e., 7.67, 1.89, 1.68, respectively with the least per cent of pod damage caused by Maruca, Helicoverpa and pod fly and seed damage by pod bugs was recorded (2.67, 4.00 and 6.33) and (8.67), respectively.On the basis of the least cumulative pod damage and high grain yield, PA650 (16.99% and 813kg/ha) and PA291 (C)(19.67% and 792 kg/ha)were recorded highly resistant against inseect pest complex of pigeonpeawith PSR rating- 3.. Similarly, under screening trial for Hybrid entries, on the basis of less cumulative pod damage and high grain yield, PAH 16 (11.67% and 834kg/ha) and IPH 18-04 (18.33% and 768 kg/ha) were found the most effective against pod bugs and pod borers on pigeonpea. On the basis of PSR values calculated for these two hybrid entries, PAH16 ( PSR-2)and IPH 18-04 (PSR-3) there were recorded as highly resistant to major insect pest complex of pigeon pea. Among natural formulations, pigeon pea plots treated with Azadirachtin@ 1500ppm was recorded with the least cumulative pod damage (13.33%) followed by NSCUE 5% (17.67%). The highest grain yield was recorded in plot treated with Azadirachtin 1500ppm (1122 kg/ha) followed by NSCUE 5% (1070 kg/ha) and Desi cow urine 20% (1034 kg/ha) in comparison to untreated control (718 kg/ha). In the context of cost benefit ratio calculated for tested natural formulations, NSCUE 5% and Azadirachtin 1500ppm @ 5ml/l were found the most effective natural formulations with low cost and high ICBR (1: 8.03 and 1:7.49.) against pod bugs and pod borer complex of pigeon pea. On the basis of above findings, the present study clearly showed that the resistant varieties along with application of natural formulations were found the most effective for the management of major insect pests of pigeon pea. Thus, it can finally be concluded that, resistant varieties along with natural formulations can easily be incorporated for the management of major insect pests of pigeon pea.ThesisItem Open Access Management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) using biorationals and low cost traps in chickpea(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Ajaykumara, K.M.; Tiwari, RuchiraTo evaluate the efficacy of biorationals, such as animal urine collected from cow, buffalo, ox, goat, horse and used @20%, leaf extracts of congress grass, lantana, ekka, sugar apple, glory bower, nilgiri, Mexican prickly poppy plant and fruit extracts of chinaberry, karanj, jatropha, datura, golden shower, babool and algaroba @5% and to develop the attractant based low cost traps against H. armigera on chickpea, the studies were conducted under field and laboratory conditions during rabi crop seasons, 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The field studies clearly showed that among the different plant and animal origin biorationals, Desi cow urine, horse urine, goat urine, fruit extracts of chinaberry, jatropha, karanj and datura were found effective against H armigera with mean larval population, pod damage and grain yield ranged from 2.83 to 4.06 larvae/10 plants, 13.00 to 18.80 per cent and 10.85 q/ha to 12.92 q/ha, respectively which was significantly higher than untreated control (11.78 larvae/10 plants, pod damage-38.70 per cent and grain yield-5.51q/ha). All the biorational treatments were found safe for the natural enemy, Campoletus chloridae with the mean cocoon population ranged from 1.51 to2.51 per ten plants in comparison to insecticide, indoxcarb (0.76/10 plants). The attractant based low cost traps with different plastic bottle models were constructed based on different host plant extracts, sweet baits, radium colored tape to catch adult moths of H. armigera on chickpea. The trap model design with top 1/4th portion inverted in down 3/4th portion of 1 litre plastic water bottle was found the best with bait of 300 ml of boiled jaggery solution @50% per trap for trapping significantly higher number of moths H. armigera with lessen effects on non target insect groups in chickpea crop ecosystem. The cost of this invented insect trap was calculated six times less i.e. only Rs 10.00 per trap than helilure based pheromone trap costs Rs 60.00 per trap. The laboratory studies on growth regulatory effect of different biorationals again showed the best efficacy of Desi cow urine, horse urine, goat urine, fruit extracts of chinaberry, jatropha against H. armigera as they caused cent per cent mortality of neonate larvae whereas fruit extracts of karanj, sugar apple, glory bower and leaf extracts of ekka plant and congress grass gave very less growth index values (0.087, 0.268, 0.362, 0.375and 0.676) in comparison to untreated control (2.631). The studies conducted on antifeedant activity of biorational treatments against 4th larval instar of H. armigera showed that Desi cow urine, horse urine, goat urine, leaf extracts of ekka plant and sugar apple, fruit extracts of chinaberry, karanj and datura were found with strong antifeedant action with preference index between (0.35 to 0.50) The olfactometer based preliminary studies clearly indicated that jaggery solution @50% and stored for 10 days was quite effective to orient or attract the adult moths of H. armigera. Thus, it can be concluded that, the tested plant and animal originated biorationals and attractant based low cost trap models can surely be incorporated in an integrated pest management programme of H. armigera as they are easily available, cost effective and eco-friendly for management of this notorious pest in chickpea crop ecosystem.ThesisItem Open Access Preliminary studies on bioefficacy of animal urine based formulations against tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilarctia obliqua (Walker)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Naik, Shilpi; Tiwari, RuchiraA preliminary and novel study was made to evaluate the bioefficacy of animal urine based formulations against Tobacco Caterpillar, Spodoptera litura and Bihar Hairy Caterpillar, Spilarctia obliqua under laboratory conditions in Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pant Nagar, Uttarakhand during 2016-17. The bioassay technique based on leaf dip method was followed to find out the growth regulatory effects and antifeedant activity of different animal urine samples collected from Cow breeds i.e. (Desi, Holstein and Jersey), Buffalo, Ox, Goat and Horse @ 20% and animal urine based neem leaf extract @5% against different larval stages of S. litura and S. obliqua based on various growth parameters on treated castor leaves. The growth and development studies clearly showed the efficacy of Desi cow urine, Goat Urine, Horse urine and all animal urine based neem leaf extracts against neonate, 7days old and 4th instar larvae of S. litura and S. obliqua as larval mortality was observed significantly more in treated castor leaves. The neonate larvae of both tested insects were found more sensitive to animal urine based neem leaf extracts as almost all tested larvae died on treated castor leaves. On the other hand, the least growth index values were calculated in castor leaves treated with Ox urine (0.30 and 0.12) and Buffalo urine (0.95 and 0.35) for 7days old larvae of S. litura and S. obliqua, respectively. On the other hand, among the other treatments of animal urine alone and animal urine based neem leaf extracts, the survival of larvae, pupae and adults along with their weights were recorded significantly less with extended larval and pupal developmental period and very less growth index values in comparison to untreated control. The studies conducted on antifeedant activity of animal urine based formulations showed that Goat urine, Desi cow urine neem leaf extract (DCUNLE) and Goat urine neem leaf extract (GUNLE) were found with strong antifeedant action with preference index between (0.48-0.49) against 4th instar larvae of S. litura whereas Goat urine, DCUNLE(Desi cow urine neem leaf extract), GUNLE (Goat urine neem leaf extract), Ox urine neem leaf extract (OUNLE), Buffalo urine neem leaf extract (BUNLE) and Horse urine neem leaf extract (HUNLE) showed strong antifeedant activity with preference indices (0.26 to 0.48) against 4th instar larvae of S. obliqua. Among the other treatments, Ox urine, Buffalo urine, Horse urine showed moderate antifeedant activity with slight antifeedant activity observed in Jersey and Holstein cow urine. Thus, this preliminary and novel study clearly demonstrate the strong to moderate antifeedant activity of animal urine based formulations along with growth inhibitory effects on different larval stages which opens a new avenue for animal urine formulations as viable options for eco-friendly management of the noxious pests, S. litura and S. obliqua in field crops.ThesisItem Open Access Preliminary studies on seasonal incidence and growth parameters of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on wheat at Pantnagar(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Patel, Chenesh; Tiwari, RuchiraThesisItem Open Access Screening of advanced varieties and efficacy of different insecticides and biorationals against major insect pests of pigeon pea(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-07) Abhishek .; Tiwari, RuchiraThe present field experiments were conducted to screen out different advanced varieties of pigeon pea and to validate the efficacy of different biorationals (Btk @2.0g/l, Btk @2.25g/l, Btk @2.5g/l, NLE@30ml/l, NLE@40ml /l, NLE@50ml/l, Azadirachtin@1500 ppm, NSKE @5 %) and insecticides i.e. (Deltamethrin 2.8 EC, Chlorpyriphos20 EC, Fipronil 80WG, Profenophos 50 EC, Quinalphos 25 EC, Acetamiprid 20 SP, Acephate 75 SP) and against major insect pests of pigeon pea during the kharif crop seasons, 2019-20 and 2020-2021 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. Under varietal trial, on the basis of less pod damage and high grain yield, PAU 881 (C) (7.00% and 958kg/ha) and IPH 15-03 (9.00% and 864 kg/ha) were the most effective against insect pest complex of pigeonpea. In entry PAU 881(C), the least numbers of Maruca webs/plant, number of H. armigera larvae and pod bugs were recorded i.e., 2.34, 1.71, 1.56 respectively with the least per cent of pod damage caused by Maruca, Helicoverpa and pod fly and seed damage by pod bugs was recorded (4.00, 1.00 and 2.00) and (11.94), respectively. Four advanced varieties, IPA 15-03, IPH 18-2, IPH 09-05, IPH 15-0 were recorded highly resistant to major insect pests of pigeon pea with PSR rating- 3. Among biorationals, pigeon pea plots treated with Azadirachtin@ 100ppm was recorded with the least cumulative pod damage (18.33%) followed by Btvar kurstaki @ 2.5 g/l (20.67%). The highest grain yield was recorded in plot treated with Azadirachtin 1500ppm (1150 kg/ha) followed by NSKE@ 5% (1092 kg/ha) and Bt var kurstaki @ 2.5 g/l (1025 kg/ha) in comparison to untreated control (742 kg/ha). In the context of cost benefit ratio calculated for tested biorationals, NSKE@ 5% and Azadirachtin 1500ppm @ 5ml/l were found the most effective biopesticides with low cost and high ICBR (1: 9.0 and 1:8.45.) against pod borer complex of pigeon pea. Similarly, among the chemicals tested against pod bugs, C. gibbosa, Acetamiprid 20 SP20 g a.i/ha and Acephate75 SP:750 g a.i/ha also recorded the least seed damage (17.46% and 18.51%) and mean population of pod bug per plant (4.45 and 4.94), respectively.Acephate75 SP:750 g a.i/ha was found the best against pod bugs with highest grain yield (1279 kg/ha) followed by Acetamiprid 20 SP20 g a.i/ha (1241 kg/ha). The highest ICBR (13.01 and 11.07) was also calculated in Acephate75 SP:750 g a.i/ha and Acetamiprid 20 SP20 g a.i/ha, respectively. On the basis of above findings, the present study clearly showed that the resistant varieties along with application of biorationals and insecticides were found the most effective for the management of major insect pests of pigeon pea. Thus, it can finally be concluded that in an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme, along with chemicals, eco-friendly approaches can easily be incorporated for the management of major insect pests of pigeon pea.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of wheat cultivars and bioefficacy of some chemical and bioproducts against wheat aphid(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Devrani, Ashish; Tiwari, RuchiraThe field trials were conducted for screening of different wheat cultivars and efficacy of some newer chemicals and bio-products against wheat aphid during rabi crop seasons 2015-16 and 2016-17 at the Norman. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. A pooled data obtained on the screening of wheat cultivars on the basis of resistance against aphids during rabi crop seasons 2015-16 and 2016-17, only 5 wheat cultivars i.e. UP- 2526, UP-2565, UP-2869, UP-2524 and UP-2584 showed resistance against aphids with mean aphid population per shoot per plant (4.829, 4.86, 5.09,5.36 and 5.98), respectively, while rest of the 18 wheat cultivars were found moderately resistance against aphid with mean aphid population ranged from(6.12-10.30aphids/shoot/plant). It was evident from the present study that, among the newer insecticide, neonicotinoids i.e. Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 50 ml/ha and Acetamiprid 20 SP @ 100ml/ha were found the most effective against wheat aphids as their mean population was recorded significantly less (3.37 and 3.72 aphids/shoot/plant). On the other hand, among the bioproducts, Neem oil was proved to be most effective with least mean population (3.57 aphid/shoot/plant) followed by Metarhizium anisopilae (5.73 aphids/shoot/plant) and Vekhand powder (5.99 aphids/shoot/plant). The effect of insecticides and bioproducts on the natural enemies associated with wheat aphids clearly showed the more population of coccinellids (2.55/m2) and syrphid maggots (2.70/m2) in bioproduct i.e. Vekhand powder followed by Verticillium lacanni (coccinellids, 2.45/m2 and syrphid maggots (2.45/m2) whereas in case of insecticides the population of coccinellids and syrphid maggots observed comparatively very less in Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (0.30/m2, 0.60/m2). The average grain yield of wheat obtained highest 46.36q/ha from plots treated with thiamethoxam 25 WG followed by imidacloprid 17.8 SL (43.16q/ha). In bioproducts highest grain yield was obtained from Neem oil (39.00 q/ha) followed by Metarhizium anisopilae (34.31 q/ha) and Neem seed extract (33.37 q/ha). The present field study clearly demonstrated that Five resistant wheat cultivars viz. UP-2526, UP-2565, UP-2869, UP-2524 and UP-2584, novel insecticides i.e. Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 50ml/ha and Acetamiprid 20 SP @ 100ml/ha and bioproducts i.e. Neem oil @ 3ml, Metarhizium anisopilae@ 3g/l and Neem seed extract powder@ 5g/l can ultimately be a safe alternatives for management of wheat aphids as these newer insecticides and bioproducts appeared to be the most effective against the wheat aphids and caused less harm to natural enemies and gave more grain yields. Thus, it can be concluded that host plant resistance, bioproducts and comparatively safer insecticides can easily be incorporated in integrated pest management programme for management of wheat aphids in wheat cropping system.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on seasonal incidence, varietal screening and eco-friendly management of insect pest complex of pigeonpea at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-09) Bhandari, Dina; Tiwari, RuchiraThe present study was carried out on the seasonal incidence, varietal screening of local genotypes/varieties of pigeon pea and evaluation of biorational formulations against major insect pest complex of Pigeon pea under field conditions during the kharif crop seasons 2019-20 and 2020-21 at the Norman Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The seasonal incidence of total number of nineteen insects was observed attacking the pigeon pea crop during both the kharif crop seasons. Among them, leaf beetle, leaf folder, looper larvae and cow bugs were found the most significant threats when the plants were still in their vegetative stage. Leaf beetle (1.66 beetles/plant) was recorded during 34 MSW whereas leaf folder (5.10 leaf folds/plant) was attained during 41 MSW with the least population of semiloopers (0.48 larvae/plant) during 33 MSW. Cow bug (1.47 bugs/plant) during 35 MSW. Spotted pod borer, gram pod borer and pod bug, Clavigralla gibbosa were observed during the reproductive stage and contributed in crop's losses. The mean population of spotted pod borer (26.70 webs/plant) was observed during 39 MSW, gram pod borer during 46 MSW (8.51 larvae/plant) and commencement of pod bugs (9.20 /plant) was recorded during 46MSW. Under varietal trial, on the basis of significantly less insect pest population, pod damage, seed damage and high grain yield, out of 29 elite genotypes/varieties of pigeonpea, 05 i.e. PA659, PA663, PA669, PA421 and PA674 were found the least susceptible to pod borers . As the mean Maruca webs /plants were least in genotype PA659(12.45), PA663(11.90), PA669(10.20), PA421(8.42) and PA674(12.27). The overall mean of H. armigera larvae/plant was less in genotypes PA659, PA663, PA669, PA421 and PA674 with 1.70,1.75,2.35,1.45 and1.72, respectively. The overall number of mean pod bugs/plant were recorded the least in 5.17,4.80,3.90,4.73 and 4.55 genotypes PA659,PA663, PA669,PA421 and PA674, respectively. The least cumulative mean pod damage with least PRR values was recorded in PA659 (24.66)(PRR-3), PA421(29.17)(PRR-4), PA674(29.96)(PRR-4)and PA670(31.26) )(PRR-4) and the least per cent seed damage was recorded in PA666(12.55), PA659(14.30) and PA421 (16.50) with the maximum grain yield was obtained in genotypes PA659 (767kg/ha) followed by PA666(659kg/ha) and PA421(622kg/ha). A total number of two sprays were carried out during the field experiments to study the efficacy of biorationals against spotted pod borer, gram pod borer and their associated natural enemies. Among the biorationals applied, Azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 5 ml/ l was found very effective to minimize the web-counts of spotted pod borer and larval population of H. armigera and resulted in the minimum cumulative per cent pod damage (25.50) with the highest grain yield (1110 kg/ha).However, in case of insecticide application, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 30g a.i/ha resulted in the lowest mean per cent pod damage (21.00) with grain yield of (1190 kg/ha). All of the tested biorationals were found safe for natural enemies in comparison to chemical treatment. The highest cost benefit ratio of 9.70 and 5.00 were calculated for Bt var kurastaki and Azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 5 ml/l, respectively. Therefore, on the basis of the findings obtained under the field studies, it can be concluded that resistant varieties along with eco- friendly biorational sprays can easily be incorporated in IPM program for pod borer complex on pigeonpea.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on varietal screening and eco-friendly management of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) on mustard(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Yadav, Anju; Tiwari, RuchiraThe studies were conducted on varietal screening of mustard and eco-friendly management of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) on mustard crop at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during rabi crop seasons 2018-19 and 2019-20. Twenty two mustard varieties were tested for resistance against aphids on basis of average aphid population harboured by each variety during both rabi crop seasons. The mustard varieties i.e. Crembe , B. napus and Eurica sativa were found Resistant with mean aphids/5plants (18.31), (42.54), and (49.21) whereas MCB-1-1-6-3, MCB-1-2-3-7 and Kiran with mean aphids/5plants (68.62), (74.56) and (80.38) were identified as the moderately resistant varieties .Whereas, mustard varieties, Uttara, Varuna, PPS-1 were found as susceptible varieties with mean aphid population/5plants (108.99), (122.87) and (147.73. However majority of varieties viz. Pitambari, Pant Sweta, Kranti, NHCHB-101, PR-19, YSH-401, NRCYS-501, PT-508, PT-303, Giriraj, B.rapa, PM-25 and PHT-1, were found to be Highly susceptible with mean population of aphids/5plants ranged from (151.68 to 244.74). Among the eco-friendly natural formulations used against mustard aphids percent reduction in aphid population after 15 days of second spray was found significantly highest in Agniastra (75.94%) which was at par with Neemastra (72.58%) followed by Dushparni (66.97%), Desi cow urine @10% (64.40%), Panchgavya ( 63.81%), Jivamrit ( 46.47%) and Desi cow urine @5% (41.53%) treated mustard crop. These eco-friendly natural formulations were also found safe for natural enemies and pollinator, honey bees in comparison to chemical given significantly highest grain yield ranged from 855 kg to 1150 kg/ha. in comparison to untreated control (783.33 kg/ha.). The studies conducted under laboratory bioassays were also showed efficacy of eco-friendly natural formulations to reduce the fecundity of gravid females and to increase female mortality after 72h of treatment. Neemastra showed no attractancy for aphids with the least orientation towards the leaf discs treated with Agniastra (0.33) followed by Dashparni, and Panchgavya (1.00 each) with the highest mean aphid attractancy towards untreated control (13.67) after 48h of exposure in choice test. The mortality of gravid females was found maximum ranged from (76.67% to 96.67%) at the highest concentration@5% of natural formulations with less female fecundity in Agniastra (1.00), Dashparni (2.00) with no fecundity recorded in Panchgavya treated mustard leaves with maximum female fecundity (7.00) was observed in untreated mustard leaves after 24h of exposure. At the highest concentration @5.0% of natural formulations, percent nymphal mortality was recorded on mustard leaves treated with Dasparni, Jivamrit, Panchgavya and 96.67% mortality was recorded in Neemastra and Agniastra followed by Desi cow urine ( 80.00%) with the least (6.67%) nymphal mortality was recorded in untreated control. The biochemical parameters of mustard seeds were correlated with aphid population and it clearly showed the negative correlation of glucosinolates with aphid population. Thus, the present study clearly revealed that the resistant mustard varieties as well as eco-friendly natural formulations can easily be incorporated in any IPM programme for mustard crop but further in depth studies are essentially required to explore the efficacy of these eco-friendly, cost effective, easily available natural formulations against mustard aphid for its better management.