Browsing by Author "Singh, R.N."
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ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF THE PRADHAN MANTRI FASAL BIMA YOJNA (PMFBY) WITH REFERENCE TO SATISFACTION AMONG THE RICE GROWERS IN MAHASAMUND DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2018) Prasad, Dakeshwar; Sengar, R.S.; Awasthi, H.K.; Singh, R.N.; Shukla, SindhuThe present study was carried out during 2017-18 in the Mahasamund District of Chhattisgarh state. This study aims “Assessment of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna (PMFBY) with reference to satisfaction among the Rice growers in Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh.” This study was conducted in selected 12 villages identified from 2 blocks of Mahasamund District. The sample comprised of 120 farmers as respondents. The data collection was done by the use of pretested Structured interview schedule and through personal interview. Data were analyzed with help of suitable statistical methods. The study revealed that majority (58.33%) of the respondents belonged to the middle age (31-50 years), (23.34%) respondents were to the middle school(class 6th to 8th ), maximum (35.00%) respondents belonged to the semi-medium farmers (2.01 to 4 ha.).It was found that majority of the respondents (43.34%) farmers are 10.01 to 30 years farming experience, (56.66%), maximum (56.66%) respondents had moderate attitude towards the PMFBY, majority of the respondents (91.66%) had awareness about the PMFBY, (64.16%) respondents belonged to the medium knowledge level category, maximum respondents (50.50%) were under medium category of extension contact by extension agencies for seeking of the information related to PMFBY, (47.50%) respondents were under medium utilization sources of information category, (38.34%) were under the medium level of Cosmopoliteness, more than half respondents (60.00%) had medium economic motivation , and (55.00%) respondents belonged to medium risk coverage. The findings related to the extent of satisfaction about the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna (58.34%) farmers had medium satisfied from these insurance scheme. The coefficient of correlation was found by analyzing the data with the help of computer, variable viz. risk coverage, economic motivation, cosmopoliteness, knowledge, extension contact and education were shown highly positive significant correlated with the extent of satisfaction towards the PMFBY at the 0.01% level of probability, while land holding farming experience, attitude, source of information, awareness had significant relationship at the 0.05% of probability level, age was not reflected significant relationship with satisfaction. Most of the respondents of the Mahasamund district faced factors that was affect to spread to the PMFBY scheme is not satisfied with indemnity level (87.50%) was found most important factor and suggestions given by the respondents individual assessment should be followed in the PMFBY (84.16%), in PMFBY, followed by under the crop insurance the range of indemnity level should be less (79.16%). From the above findings it can be concluded that the overall satisfaction of the respondents in Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna was recorded 58.34 Per cent respondents had medium level of satisfaction from this scheme. Hence, extension and other governmental and non-governmental organization efforts should be made to increase to level of satisfaction in Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna.Institutional PublicationsItem Open Access BAU Souvenir. February, 2019(BAU, Sabour, 2019-02) Sohane, R.K.; Singh, R.N.; Singh, P.K.; Vishwakarma, R.; Kishor, C. ... et al., eds.Institutional PublicationsItem Open Access Bihar Kisan Diary 2019(BAU, Sabour, 2019) Sohane, R.K.; Singh, R.N.; Ramdatt; Vishwakarma, R., eds.ThesisItem Open Access “BIOMASS, NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN LEGUMINOUS AND NON LEGUMINOUS TREE SPECIES IN RED LATERITIC SOIL IN CHHATTISGARH”(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2006) Dhruw, Santosh Kumar; Singh, Lalji; Naugraiya, M.N.; Swamy, S.L.; Singh, A.K.; Singh, R.N.Study entitled “Biomass, Net Primary Productivity and Carbon Sequestration in Leguminous and Non Leguminous Tree Species in Red Lateritic Soil in Chhattisgarh” was conducted during 2004-2005. Two leguminous (Dalbergia sissoo and Cassia siamia) and one non-leguminous tree (Tectona grandis) were under taken for the above study. The morphological growth characters viz., average GBH, total mean height, clean bole height, crown width and crown length were recorded. Average GBH for all species ranged between 11.62 and 18.59cm. The total mean height ranged between 3.72 and 4.83 m. Clean bole height ranged between 0.81 and 2.91 m. Crown width ranged between 1.80 and 4.00 m and crown length between 0.81 and 3.55m. The above ground biomass ranged between 1.75 and 4.89 t ha-1 for all the species. The highest above ground biomass was recorded in Cassia siamia (4.89 t ha-1), while the lowest was recorded in Tectona grandis (1.75 t ha-1). The higher proportion of above ground biomass was allocated to stem (3.08 t ha-1) followed by roots (1.51 t ha-1) and leaves (0.46 t ha-1). The below ground biomass ranged between 1.22 to 1.88 t ha-1 across all the species with height being 1.88 t ha-1 in Cassia siamia and lowest (1.22 t ha-1) in Dalbergia sissoo. The total tree biomass varied from 3.18 to 6.77 t ha-1 and also highest in Cassia siamia and lowest in Tectona grandis. The annual net primary production of trees varied from 1.03 to 1.91 t ha-1 yr-1 and was highest in Cassia siamia (1.91 t ha-1 yr-1) followed by Dalbergia sissoo (1.31 t ha-1 yr-1) and Tectona grandis (1.03 t ha-1 yr-1). The storage of carbon ranged between 1354.74 and 3079.86 kg ha-1 for all the species. The maximum storage of carbon was in Cassia siamia (3079.86 kg ha-1) followed by Dalbergia sissoo (2333.37 kg ha-1) and minimum in Tectona grandis (1354.74 kg ha-1) .The carbon sequestration of the species varied from 434.63 to 867.96 kg ha-1yr-1, which was maximum under Cassia siamia and minimum under Tectona grandis. The bulk density under three species ranged between 1.11-1.16 g cm-3. The soil texture under all the three species was silt loam. The soil pH ranged between 7.38 to 7.63. The soil moisture ranged from 13.91 to 17.35 per cent. The organic carbon content in soil was 0.315 to 0.398 per cent. Total nitrogen ranged between 0.154 to 0.181 per cent total phosphorus in soil was 0.027 to 0.038 per cent across the three species and exchangeable potassium in soil ranged between 0.342 to 0.379 per cent. On short term basis it can be concluded that the leguminous tree species are superior over the non leguminous tree plantation in red lateritic soil in Chhattisgarh.ThesisItem Open Access An Economic Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency & Post Harvest Losses of Chick Pea in Bemetara district of Chhattisgarh(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh), 2021) Sharma, Shashank; Jain, B.C.; Chandrakar, M.R.; Singh, R.N.; Saxena, R.R.The present study aims to examine the resource Use Efficiency, post harvest losses and marketing of chick pea in Bemetara district. The specific objectives of the study were (i) to analyze the compound growth rate of area, production and productivity of Chick pea in the selected district and Chhattisgarh state (ii) to estimate the resource use efficiency in production of Chick pea in the study area. (iii) to find out the post harvest losses and factor affecting to the post harvest losses in Chick pea in the study area. (iv) to work out the cost and returns of Chick pea in the study area. (v) to estimate the marketing pattern of Chick pea in the study area. (vi) to identify the constraints in the post harvest management of Chick pea and suggest some suitable measures for the improvement of the same. The study was conducted in Bemetara district of Chhattisgarh state two blocks were selected from the district, nine villages selected from Bemetara block and six villages were selected from Saja block and fifteen chick-pea growing farmers were selected from each village for the investigation of the study. The primary data were collected from the 225 producers through personal interview by survey method with the help of well prepared schedule for the crop year 2019-20. Compiled data were subjected to exponential function, analysis and standard method of Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices and marketing analytical tools for fulfillment of the objectives. The major findings of this study revealed that total number of sample households were 225, which was 127, 60, 28 and 10 for marginal, small, medium and large farmers respectively. The overall average size of holding in hectare was 1.29, the overall average family size was 5.72, overall literacy percent was 79.44. The overall irrigated area was 1.64 ha. The overall gross cropped and net cultivated area was 3.58 ha. and 1.80 ha. respectively. Overall cropping intensity was 198.88 per cent registered in study area. The compound growth rate of area in Chhattisgarh state and Bemetara district was registered at 2.94** and 0.01 per cent has been found positively significant and positively non significant respectively in context of production in Chhattisgarh state and Bemetara district was registered at 4.07** and 1.75 per cent has been found positively significant and positively non significant respectively and in context of productivity in Chhattisgarh state and Bemetara district was registered at 1.07** and 1.73 per cent has been found positively significant and positively non significant respectively. On an overall basis cost of cultivation per hectare of chick-pea was ₹32486.21 per ha. The cost of cultivation per hectare showed increasing trend with respect to the farm size of holdings. The cost of cultivation in case of marginal farm was higher (₹30469.98/ha.) followed by small farms (₹31235.90/ha.), medium farms (₹33587.90/ha.) and large (₹35839.01ha.) respectively. On an overall basis input-output ratio in chick-pea cultivation was 1:81. On an overall basis net return in chick-pea cultivation was ₹ 26574.80 per ha. The average yield of chick-pea in the study area was 13.03 qt/ha which shows very satisfactory result in respect to average yield of Chhattisgarh i.e. about 1.01 qt/ha. The per quintal losses of chick-pea at sample farms was estimated to be 2.32 kg./qt., 2.74 kg./qt, 2.88 kg./qt. and 3.02 kg./qt. at marginal, small, medium and large farms respectively. The average total post harvest losses of chick-pea was estimated as 2.65 kg./qt. The estimated regression co-efficient of variables (inputs) pertaining to the data for production of chick-pea was found to be value R2 79.40 overall farm size. It indicates that variables were considered for estimation of their efficiency in production of chick-pea was contributed 79.40 percent .The fertilizer, plant protection chemicals and seed were significantly contribution to production of chick-pea. However the contribution of human labor, land and irrigation charges were contribute non-significantly to production of chick-pea and their contribution were found to be positive. It reveals that MVP of chick-pea to MFC ratio is less than unity for land (0.336692) followed by human labor (0.002404), fertilizer (0.401212), irrigation charges (0.00479), seed (0.024688) and plant protection Chemical (0.023498) indicated over utilization of these resources in all farmers for chick-pea cultivation. The total production per farm was maximum in large farms (14.67 qt/farm), overall being 13.03 qt/farm. Marginal farms have more home consumption (23.93%) as compared to small, medium and large farms. Marketable surplus was highest in large farms 11.80 qt./farm followed by medium 10.50 qt./farm, small farm 9.28 qt./farm and lowest in marginal farms as 8.40 q/farm. Producers share in consumer rupee was 98.51%, 86.53% and 90.00% in channel-I, channel-II and channel-III respectively. There were seven major problems in chick-pea marketing confronted by sampled chick-pea growers among these problem Low price of the product was observed as most severe problem with 68.48 mean score in Garret ranking, there were six major problems in post harvest losses in chick-pea confronted by sampled chick-pea growers among these problem Non-availability of storage was observed as most severe problem with 67.80 mean score in Garret ranking and there were six major problems in production of chick-pea confronted by sampled chick-pea growers among these problem Lack of labor during peak period of production was observed as most severe problem with 72.33 mean score in Garret ranking.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF UREA ON YIELD AND QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF MANGO (Mangifera indica L.) cv. DASHEHARI UNDER CHHATTISGARH CONDITION(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, 2006) Panigrahi, Hemant Kumar; Singh, Prabhakar; Shukla, Nerraj; Singh, R.N.; Singh, A.K.; Agarwal, K.K.The present investigation entitled “Effect of foliar application of urea on yield and quality attributes of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari under Chhattisgarh condition” was carried out at the Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, IGAU, Raipur (C.G.) during the year 2005-2006 using RBD with three replications. The treatment consisted seven different concentrations of urea as foliar spray viz., control, 1 per cent foliar application of urea, 2 per cent foliar application of urea, 3 per cent foliar application of urea, 4 per cent foliar application of urea, 5 per cent foliar application of urea and 6 per cent foliar application of urea. The experiment was conducted on 10 years old trees of Dashehari mango with foliar spray of different concentrations of urea at pea stage of fruit growth and development. Application of 4 per cent foliar spray of urea was found more effective to control the fruit drop and ultimately fruit retention was increased. The yield of mango increased 32.79 per cent over control with the use of 4 per cent foliar application of urea. The maximum number of fruits per plant, yield per plant, length and breadth of fruit, fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit size, pulp weight, highest total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and reducing sugar were recorded with the application of 4 per cent foliar spray of urea. However, acidity was found minimum under the same treatment.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF GRADED LEVEL OF NPK ON VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF SHAHI LITCHI (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Gupta, Kirti; Singh, Prabhakar; Dikshit, S.N.; Singh, R.N.; Singh, A.K.The experiment was conducted during 2015-16 on eleven year old litchi cv. ‘Shahi' (Litchi chinensisSonn.) to study effect of N and K on growth parameters, leaf nutrient composition, physico-chemical parameters and yield. An application of N significantly influenced canopy height, canopy volume, canopy spread. Application of nitrogen@ 75 g per plant age of tree with splits (2/3rd in June and 1/3rd in April) recorded the maximum yield (128.00 kg per tree). Among the physio-chemical characteristics fruit width, fruit weight, seed weight, pericarp weight, acidity, and ascorbic acid content were significantly influenced by the application of nitrogen. The application of potassium @ 100 g per plant age of tree with splits (2/3rd in June and 1/3rd in April) resulted in the maximum yield. Among the physico-chemical characteristics of litchi fruit, seed weight, pericarp weight, fruit length, fruit width, anthocyanin content, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar content was significantly affected by potassium. Leaf nutrient composition varied from 1.1-1.6 per cent for N and 0.54-1.38 per cent for K.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF INOPHORE (LASALOCID) AS FEED ADDITIVE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN CROSS BRED KIDS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2009) Tudu, Shankar; Singh, R.N.The present study was carried out on 15 cross bred kids randomly divided into three groups having 5 in each group. Kids of T1 group were fed standard starter and grower rations as per ICAR (1998) recommendation; kids of T2 group were fed standard concentrate ration with Inophore @ 50 g/ 100 kg of the feed. Kids of T3 group were fed standard concentrate ration with Inophore @ 83.33 g/ 100 kg of the feed. Body weight of kids, digestibility of nutrients, plane of nutrition, balance of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, feed conversion efficiency and economics of feeding were recorded and the findings are as follows : 1. The initial average body weights of groups T1, T2 and T3 were 4.70 ± 0.59, 4.80 ± 0.65 and 4.56 ± 0.47 kg and the final body weights at the end of experiments were 9.18 kg, 10.62 kg and 10.50 kg, respectively. 2. Daily body weight gain of T1, T2 and T3 groups were 40.00 ± 1.47 g, 46.43 ± 1.78 g and 53.03 ± 1.98 g, respectively. The highest daily gain in body weight was noted in T3 group followed by T2 and T1 groups. 3. Although the effect of added Inophore at two different levels had not significant influence on final body weight but higher body weight gain was recorded in kids of T3 group (10.50 kg) followed by T2 (10.00 kg) and T1 (9.10 kg) groups. 4. In general digestibility coefficient were found to be superior in T3 group followed by T2 and lowest in T1 group but values were not significantly different in respect to its nutrients and nutritive values. : 2 : 5. There was non-significant influence on intake of CP, TDN, DE and ME. Although it was higher in T3 group followed by T2 and T1 groups. 6. Balance of N, Ca and phosphorus were positive in all the three groups. The N and Ca balance were higher in T3 group in comparison to T2 and T1 groups but did not differed significantly. 7. The phosphorus retention as percent to P-intake and phosphorus retention as P-absorbed were significant (P < 0.01) higher in T3 group than T2 and T1 groups. 8. Diets had non-significant influence on blood constituents during whole experiment period. Although the level of haemoglobin and ALT and were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in T3 group at the end of experiment. 9. Better feed conversion efficiency was recorded in T2 group (5.96 ± 0.58) than T3 (5.29 ± 0.43) and T1 (6.35 ± 0.62). The difference was statically not significant. 10. Average cost per unit gain in live weights was lowest in T3 (Rs. 56.92) followed by T2 (Rs. 63.18) and T1 (Rs. 65.72). Supplementation of Inophore at the level of 50 g/ 100 kg of feed enhanced growth performance of kids by 23 per cent and feed ef ficiency by 17 per cent in comparison to control ration.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT AND SEED PRIMING ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND YIELD OF LITTLE MILLET (Panicum sumatrense)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Patel, Vivek; Sengar, S.S.; Singh, R.N.; Rastogi, N.K.; Singh, A.K.A study entitled “Effect of integrated nutrient management and seed priming on nutrient uptake and yield of little millet (Panicum sumatrense)” was conducted under field condition at the experimental plots of DKS farm, IGKV, Bhatapara Dist- Baloda Bazaar, Chhattisgarh during kharif season of the year 2019. The soil of the experimental field was Alfisol and climate was sub-humid with a total rainfall of 872.2 mm during the crop growth. The objectives of the study were“to study the effect of”integrated nutrient management and seed priming on growth, yield, quality parameters and nutrient content of little millet and to study the physico-chemical and micro-biological properties of soil as influenced by various treatments. The treatments constituted with five nutrient management N1 (control), N2 (125 kg Neem cake + 1.25 tons ha-1 vermicompost), N3 (50“kg/ha N : 50 kg/ha P2O5 : 50 kg /ha K2O”and 2% Borax spray at flowering), N4 (125 kg Neem cake + 1.25 tons ha-1 vermicompost + 50 kg/ha N : 50 kg/ha P2O5 : 50 kg /ha K2O and 2% Borax spray at flowering) and N5 (Recommended“dose of fertilizer i.e. 20 Kg/ha N”: 20 Kg/ha P2O5 : 10 Kg /ha K2O) with four priming treatment P1 (control), P2 (Hydro priming for 8 hrs), P3 (Seed priming with 2% KH2PO4 for 8 hrs) and P4 (Seed priming with 20% liquid Pseudomonas fluorescens). Results revealed that all the physico-chemical properties except pH and EC of post harvest soil were enhanced in integrated nutrient management. The highest OC%, higher level of plant available macronutrients and micronutrients and higher microbial population was found in N4 treatment. Results also revealed that all the growth parameters of little millet were enhanced by integrated nutrient management and the highest value of field emergence, plant height at 45DAS, 60DAS and plant height at harvest, number of effective tillers/plant and DAS 1st flowering and 50% flowering were found higher in N4 treatment.The effect of seed priming was seen only in early days of plant growth for P3 and P4 treatments which were latter masked by environmental factors and no interaction effect was seen during complete growth period of little millet. Although effect of integrated nutrient management was non-significant for all the essential macronutrient and cationic micronutrient content in grain and straw of little millet, however enhanced uptake was found in N4 treatment for all the nutrients due to better growth and yield parameters of little millet crop, which resulted in higher dry mass production of the crop. Due to addition of neem cake and verimicompost along with inorganic fertilizers better physical, chemical and biological soil condition was provided to the plant which resulted in better crop growth and yield parameter of plant and ultimately, the yield of little millet was increased through integrated nutrient management practices.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SOIL FERTILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF SOYBEAN-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2016) Ransing, Devidas Maruti; Tomar, G.S.; Taunk, S.K.; Singh, R.N.; Saxena, R.R.; Pandey, N.The present investigation entitled effect of integrated nutrient management on soil fertility and productivity of soybean-wheat cropping system was conducted during 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Research Cum Instructional Farm of the Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). The treatments comprised of four nutrient sources, viz. S1 : control, S2 : crop residues (wheat) 5 t ha-1/residual effect of previous treatment, S3 : FYM 5 t ha-1/residual effect of previous treatment, S4 : poultry manure 2.5 t ha-1/residual effect of previous treatment in soybean and wheat crops, respectively and five nutrient levels F0 : control, F1 : 50 % RDF, F2 : 100 % RDF, F3 : 50 % RDF+ Zn 5 kg ha-1, F4 : 100% RDF + Zn 5 kg ha-1 for soybean and wheat crops laid out in split plot design with three replications. The soil of the experimental site was neutral in reaction, low in available nitrogen (192.40 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (17.60 kg ha-1) and high in available potassium (282.54 kg ha-1). During the crop growing period of soybean and wheat a total rainfall of 861.4 mm and 653 mm during kharif and 30.8 and 46 mm during rabi in respective years was received. Observations on various growth and yield attributes, grain and straw yields, quality and economics were recorded and data were analyzed statistically. Results revealed that all the growth attributes (viz., plant height, number of primary branches plant-1, number of trifoliate leaves plant-1, leaf area and LAI, dry matter accumulation plant-1, crop growth rate, number of effective nodules and their dry weight, SPAD value and yield attributes (viz., number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, 100-grains weight) as well as nutrient contents, protein and oil contents were the highest under application of poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1 which ultimately gave the highest mean grain (21.99 q ha-1) and stover (42.72 q ha-1) yields, harvest index (33.86) nutrient uptake, oil and protein yields as well as net returns(` 40,836 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.93) of soybean compared to rest of treatments. Among various nutrient levels, application of 100 % RDF along with Zn 5 kg ha-1 resulted significantly superior growth and yield parameter of soybean which consequently resulted highest grain (22.75 q ha-1) and stover (42.96 q ha-1) yields, harvest index (34.57) nutrient contents and their uptake, protein contents and oil yield as well as net returns (` 41,019 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.79) as compared to rest of treatments. The combined use of poultry manure and 100 % RDF + 5 kg Zn ha-1 improved the growth and yield attributes of soybean which gave the highest grain (24.79 q ha-1) and stover (46.33 q ha-1) yields, net returns (` 46,900 ha-1) and B:C ratio of 3.07. The available NPK status in soil after harvest of soybean was significantly improved due to the individual application of poultry manure and 100 % RDF + 5 kg Zn ha-1 over the initial fertility status of soil. In wheat crop, the residual effect of poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1 improved the growth parameters i.e. plant height, number of effective tillers m-1 row length, number of leaves plant-1, leaf area and LAI, dry matter accumulation plant-1, crop growth rate and SPAD value as well as yield attributes like length of ears, weight of ears, grains earhead-1 and 1000-grain weight which consequently resulted in highest grain (28.37 q ha-1), straw (59.96 q ha-1) yields, harvest index (32.03), nutrient contents, uptake and quality as well as net returns (` 31,379 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.56) of wheat compared to the residuals of all other sources of nutrients. Among different nutrient levels, 100 % RDF + Zn 5 kg ha-1 registered highest values for all growth and yield attributes thereby resulted in highest grain (29.86 q ha-1) and straw (61.42 q ha-1) yields, with harvest index of 32.74, nutrient contents, uptake and quality, net returns (` 31,350 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.41) of wheat over rest of the treatments. The highest grain (33.87 q ha-1) and stover (69.35 q ha-1) yields as well as net returns (` 38,524 ha-1) and B:C ratio of 2.73 of wheat were obtained with the conjunctive use of poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1 and 100% RDF + Zn 5kg ha-1 . The fertility status of soil after harvest of wheat was improved due to the sole application of poultry manure and 100 % RDF + 5 kg Zn ha-1 compared to their initial values. The highest total productivity (50.17 q grain and 102 q stover ha-1) and profitability in terms of net returns (` 72,214 ha-1) and B:C ratio of 5.49 observed in soybean-wheat cropping system with the direct and residual effect of poultry manure compared to the residues of remaining sources of nutrients. Both the crops in system when fertilized with 100 % RDF + Zn @ 5 kg ha-1 recorded the highest total productivity (52.74 q grain and 104.38 q stover ha-1) and profitability in terms of net returns ((` 72,370 ha-1) and B:C ratio (5.20) among all the levels of nutrients. Moreover, the conjunctive use of poultry manure and 100 % RDF + 5 kg Zn ha-1 resulted in highest total productivity (58.47 q ha-1) and profitability (` 88,382 ha-1) in comparison to their sole application.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SOIL FERTILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF SOYBEAN-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2016) Ransingh, Devidas Maruit; Tomar, G.S.; Taunk, S.K.; Singh, R.N.; Saxena, R.R.; Pandey, N.The present investigation entitled effect of integrated nutrient management on soil fertility and productivity of soybean-wheat cropping system was conducted during 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Research Cum Instructional Farm of the Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). The treatments comprised of four nutrient sources, viz. S1 : control, S2 : crop residues (wheat) 5 t ha-1/residual effect of previous treatment, S3 : FYM 5 t ha-1/residual effect of previous treatment, S4 : poultry manure 2.5 t ha-1/residual effect of previous treatment in soybean and wheat crops, respectively and five nutrient levels F0 : control, F1 : 50 % RDF, F2 : 100 % RDF, F3 : 50 % RDF+ Zn 5 kg ha-1, F4 : 100% RDF + Zn 5 kg ha-1 for soybean and wheat crops laid out in split plot design with three replications. The soil of the experimental site was neutral in reaction, low in available nitrogen (192.40 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (17.60 kg ha-1) and high in available potassium (282.54 kg ha-1). During the crop growing period of soybean and wheat a total rainfall of 861.4 mm and 653 mm during kharif and 30.8 and 46 mm during rabi in respective years was received. Observations on various growth and yield attributes, grain and straw yields, quality and economics were recorded and data were analyzed statistically. Results revealed that all the growth attributes (viz., plant height, number of primary branches plant-1, number of trifoliate leaves plant-1, leaf area and LAI, dry matter accumulation plant-1, crop growth rate, number of effective nodules and their dry weight, SPAD value and yield attributes (viz., number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, 100-grains weight) as well as nutrient contents, protein and oil contents were the highest under application of poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1 which ultimately gave the highest mean grain (21.99 q ha-1) and stover (42.72 q ha-1) yields, harvest index (33.86) nutrient uptake, oil and protein yields as well as net returns(` 40,836 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.93) of soybean compared to rest of treatments. Among various nutrient levels, application of 100 % RDF along with Zn 5 kg ha-1 resulted significantly superior growth and yield parameter of soybean which consequently resulted highest grain (22.75 q ha-1) and stover (42.96 q ha-1) yields, harvest index (34.57) nutrient contents and their uptake, protein contents and oil yield as well as net returns (` 41,019 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.79) as compared to rest of treatments. The combined use of poultry manure and 100 % RDF + 5 kg Zn ha-1 improved the growth and yield attributes of soybean which gave the highest grain (24.79 q ha-1) and stover (46.33 q ha-1) yields, net returns (` 46,900 ha-1) and B:C ratio of 3.07. The available NPK status in soil after harvest of soybean was significantly improved due to the individual application of poultry manure and 100 % RDF + 5 kg Zn ha-1 over the initial fertility status of soil. In wheat crop, the residual effect of poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1 improved the growth parameters i.e. plant height, number of effective tillers m-1 row length, number of leaves plant-1, leaf area and LAI, dry matter accumulation plant-1, crop growth rate and SPAD value as well as yield attributes like length of ears, weight of ears, grains earhead-1 and 1000-grain weight which consequently resulted in highest grain (28.37 q ha-1), straw (59.96 q ha-1) yields, harvest index (32.03), nutrient contents, uptake and quality as well as net returns (` 31,379 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.56) of wheat compared to the residuals of all other sources of nutrients. Among different nutrient levels, 100 % RDF + Zn 5 kg ha-1 registered highest values for all growth and yield attributes thereby resulted in highest grain (29.86 q ha-1) and straw (61.42 q ha-1) yields, with harvest index of 32.74, nutrient contents, uptake and quality, net returns (` 31,350 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.41) of wheat over rest of the treatments. The highest grain (33.87 q ha-1) and stover (69.35 q ha-1) yields as well as net returns (` 38,524 ha-1) and B:C ratio of 2.73 of wheat were obtained with the conjunctive use of poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1 and 100% RDF + Zn 5kg ha-1 . The fertility status of soil after harvest of wheat was improved due to the sole application of poultry manure and 100 % RDF + 5 kg Zn ha-1 compared to their initial values. The highest total productivity (50.17 q grain and 102 q stover ha-1) and profitability in terms of net returns (` 72,214 ha-1) and B:C ratio of 5.49 observed in soybean-wheat cropping system with the direct and residual effect of poultry manure compared to the residues of remaining sources of nutrients. Both the crops in system when fertilized with 100 % RDF + Zn @ 5 kg ha-1 recorded the highest total productivity (52.74 q grain and 104.38 q stover ha-1) and profitability in terms of net returns ((` 72,370 ha-1) and B:C ratio (5.20) among all the levels of nutrients. Moreover, the conjunctive use of poultry manure and 100 % RDF + 5 kg Zn ha-1 resulted in highest total productivity (58.47 q ha-1) and profitability (` 88,382 ha-1) in comparison to their sole application.ThesisItem Open Access “EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS, SULPHUR AND PSB ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF PEA (Pisum sativum L.)”(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalya, Raipur, 2008) Adil, Abhishek Kumar; Singh, R.N.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PRE AND POST EMERGENCE HERBICIDES ON WEED DYNAMICS, NODULATION, GROWTH YIELD AND ECONOMICS OF BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Lakra, Divya Shalini; Taunk, S.K.; Saxena, R.R.; Singh, R.N.; Khajanji, S.N.; Agrawal, Sunil; Agrawal, SunilThe present investigation entitled “Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicides on weed dynamics, nodulation, growth, yield and economics of blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)” was carried out during kharif season of 2016 at Instructional cum Research Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, with the objective to observe the effect of pre and post-emergence herbicides on growth, nodulation, yield and of blackgram. The soil of the experimental field was medium texture with low, medium and high in N, P and K, respectively. The climate of the region is sub-humid to semi-arid. The experiment was comprised of weed management practices viz. T1 - Weedy check , T2 - Pendimethalin @ 1000 ml ha-1-PE, T3 - Pendimethalin 30 EC + Imazethapyr 2 EC @ 1000 ml ha-1 – PE, T4 - Imazethapyr 10 % SL @ 55 g ha-1 at 20 DAS PoE, T5 - Imazamox 35 WG + imazethapyr 35 WG @ 40 g ha-1 at 20 DAS PoE, T6- Imazamox 35 WG + imazethapyr 35 WG @ 60 g ha-1 at 20 DAS PoE, T7 - Clodinafop propargyl 8 % EC + Aciflourfen sodium 16.5 % EC @ 125 g ha-1 at 20 DAS PoE , T8 - Clodinafop propargyl 8 % EC + Aciflourfen sodium 16.5 % EC @ 187.5 g ha-1 at 20 DAS PoE, T9 -Two manual weedings at 20 and 40 DAS. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Blackgram variety Indira Urd Pratham was sown on 19th July, 2016 at a spacing of 30 cm x 10 cm with a seed rate of 20 kg ha-1. The crop was harvested on 18th October, 2016. Result indicated that the T9- Two manual weedings at 20 and 40 DAS was found effective in enhancing plant height, growth of branches and dry matter production of blackgram showed at par with T8 - Clodinafop propargyl 8 % EC + Aciflourfen sodium 16.5 % EC @ 187.5 g ha-1 at 20 DAS, and T6- Imazamox 35 WG + Imazethapyr 35 WG @ 60 g ha-1 at 20 DAS. T9 –Two manual weedings at 20 and 40 DAS was found effective in enhancing number of nodules plant-1, dry weight of nodules and crop growth rate followed by T8 - Clodinafop propargyl 8 % EC + Aciflourfen sodium 16.5 % EC @ 187.5 g ha-1 at 20 DAS, T6- Imazamox 35 WG + imazethapyr 35 WG @ 60 g ha-1 at 20 DAS and T3 - Pendimethalin 30 EC + Imazethapyr 2 EC @ 1000 ml ha-1 – PE. In the experiment, total weed density and dry matter accumulation of grasses, broad leaf weeds and sedges were observed throughout crop growth period. Lowest weed density and highest weed control efficiency were found under T9- Two manual weedings at 20 and 40 DAS. Lowest weed index was observed under T8 - Clodinafop propargyl 8 % EC + Aciflourfen sodium 16.5 % EC @ 187.5 g ha-1 at 20 DAS, , T6- Imazamox 35 WG + imazethapyr 35 WG @ 60 g ha-1 at 20 DAS. Highest cost of cultivation and gross return, energy input, energy output,energy output : input ratio and energy use efficiency was found in T9- Two manual weedings at 20 and 40 DAS. Highest net return was obtained under T8 - Clodinafop propargyl 8 % EC+ Aciflourfen sodium16.5 % EC @ 187.5 g ha-1 at 20 DAS.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF RICE RESIDUE WITH ORGANICS ON YIELD OF RICE AND SOIL PROPERTIES IN A VERTISOL OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Kumar, Vomendra; Singh, R.N.; Sengar, S.S.; Singh, Anup Kumar; Lakhera, M.L.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SECONDARY AND MICRONUTRIENT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) UNDER RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEM IN VERTISOL(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2007) Gour, Alakh; Singh, R.N.; Das, R.O.; Chowdhury, Tapas; Lakhera, M.L.The present investigation entitled “Effect of secondary and micronutrient on the performance of chickpea (cicer arietinum L.) under rice based cropping system in vertisol” was carried out at the instructional farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) during rabi season of 2006-07. The soil of the experimental field was clayey in texture (Vertisol) locally knows as “Kanhar” The soil was neutral in pH and had low nitrogen and phosphorus and medium potassium. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replication. The treatments consisted different nutrient management viz. control (T1), MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha -1 (T2) ,100%RDF (T3),100% RDF +MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (T4), 100% RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha-1(T5), 100% RDF + S @ 6.7 kg ha-1 (T6), 100% RDF +ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (T7), 100% RDF+ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 +MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (T8), 100% RDF +S @ 20 kg ha-1 (T9), 75% RDF +MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (T10),75% RDF+ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (T11), 75% RDF+ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1+ MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (T12 ). Chickpea Variety “JG-74” with a seed rate of 100 kg ha-1 was sown on November 18, 2006 with row spacing of 30 cm. Harvesting was done on March 15, 2007. Results revealed that the highest seed and stover yield as well as nutrient uptake was recorded under 100 % RDF + Zn SO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1. Growth and yield attributing characters (plant height, dry matter accumulation, nodules number and their fresh and dry weigh) almost followed the trend of seed yield. Dependence of seed yield on various growth and yield parameter as well as interdependence among growth and yield parameter were positively and significantly increased and also improved the fertility status and physico-chemical properties of soil.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF TRICHODERMA ISOLATES ON DECOMPOSITION OF PADDY STRAW AND INCIDENCE OF ALTERNARIA BLIGHT (Alternaria triticina Prasada and Prabhu) OF WHEAT UNDER RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Karumuri, Lahari; Verma, K.P.; Dantre, R.K.; Singh, R.N.; Saxena, R.R.The present investigation entitled ‘‘Effect of Trichoderma isolates on decomposition of paddy straw and incidence of Alternaria blight (Alternaria triticina Prasada and Prabhu) of wheat under rice-wheat cropping system’’ was carried out at the Biocontrol laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.). Total of fifteen isolates of Trichoderma were isolated from different crop rhizospheric regions and compost pits of Research farm, IGKV, Raipur. These isolates were tested for their ability to decompose paddy straw and make compost. Among all these fifteen isolates, only seven were found to be of potential nature based on their rate of decomposition. These seven isolates were selected for further studies. The compost produced by these isolates was tested further for growth promoting activity of wheat. Among all the treatments, the compost produced by isolate Ts7 caused increase in plant height, fresh weight and dry weight. The seven isolates were tested for their cellulase production activity qualitatively by Congo red method and quantitatively by DNS method. In this the isolate Ts7 showed high cellulose enzyme production of about 0.241mg/ml. Field experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) during rabi seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15. The soil of the experimental field was clayey in texture, neutral in reaction, low in organic carbon, low in nitrogen, medium in phosphorus and high in potash contents. The trail was laid in split plot experiment with three doses of Trichoderma isolates (D1 Trichoderma @10%+ Vermicompost@ 100kg/ha, D2 Trichoderma @20%+ Vermicompost@100kg/ha D3 Trichoderma @30%+ Vermicompost@100kg/ha) in main plots and seven Trichoderma isolates, Trichoderma viride liquid metabolites, control with paddy straw and control without paddy straw were taken as subplot treatments. Paddy straw @1t ha-1 was uniformly spread and incorporated with disc harrow. Straw was totally removed from the field in control plot. In all the experiments, wheat variety Ratan was taken as test crop. Decomposition was considerably higher in plots treated with Trichoderma viride liquid metabolites. About 96.80 percent of paddy straw was decomposed at 30 days after sowing under Trichoderma vride liquid metabolites treated plot. By the increase in percent decomposition the soil bulk density was reduced upto a level of 9.47 percent and penetration resistance was decreased by 12.10 percent under treated plots compared to control. Available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil increases with increase in level of dose of Trichoderma viride liquid metabolites and Ts7. But the interaction levels were found to be non significant at all the stages of crop growth. Increase in dose levels showed significant increase grain yield, straw yield and yield attributing characters such as plant height, number of tillers plant-1, seed yield and biological yield compared to control. But yield attributing characters such as days to 75% spike emergence, days to physiological maturity, spike length, number of spikes panicle-1, thousand seed weight and harvest index did not exert any significant influence. The incidence of Alternaria blight of wheat was very low in experimental site. The effect of doses did not exerted any significant influence on disease incidence. Trichoderma isolates treated plots showed low disease incidence compared to control.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF TRICHODERMA ISOLATES ON DECOMPOSITION OF PADDY STRAW AND INCIDENCE OF ALTERNARIA BLIGHT (Alternaria triticina Prasada and Prabhu) OF WHEAT UNDER RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Karumuri, Lahari; Verma, K.P.; Dantare, R.K.; Singh, R.N.; Saxena, R.R.The present investigation entitled ‘‘Effect of Trichoderma isolates on decomposition of paddy straw and incidence of Alternaria blight (Alternaria triticina Prasada and Prabhu) of wheat under rice-wheat cropping system’’ was carried out at the Biocontrol laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.). Total of fifteen isolates of Trichoderma were isolated from different crop rhizospheric regions and compost pits of Research farm, IGKV, Raipur. These isolates were tested for their ability to decompose paddy straw and make compost. Among all these fifteen isolates, only seven were found to be of potential nature based on their rate of decomposition. These seven isolates were selected for further studies. The compost produced by these isolates was tested further for growth promoting activity of wheat. Among all the treatments, the compost produced by isolate Ts7 caused increase in plant height, fresh weight and dry weight. The seven isolates were tested for their cellulase production activity qualitatively by Congo red method and quantitatively by DNS method. In this the isolate Ts7 showed high cellulose enzyme production of about 0.241mg/ml. Field experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) during rabi seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15. The soil of the experimental field was clayey in texture, neutral in reaction, low in organic carbon, low in nitrogen, medium in phosphorus and high in potash contents. The trail was laid in split plot experiment with three doses of Trichoderma isolates (D1 Trichoderma @10%+ Vermicompost@ 100kg/ha, D2 Trichoderma @20%+ Vermicompost@100kg/ha D3 Trichoderma @30%+ Vermicompost@100kg/ha) in main plots and seven Trichoderma isolates, Trichoderma viride liquid metabolites, control with paddy straw and control without paddy straw were taken as subplot treatments. Paddy straw @1t ha-1 was uniformly spread and incorporated with disc harrow. Straw was totally removed from the field in control plot. In all the experiments, wheat variety Ratan was taken as test crop. Decomposition was considerably higher in plots treated with Trichoderma viride liquid metabolites. About 96.80 percent of paddy straw was decomposed at 30 days after sowing under Trichoderma vride liquid metabolites treated plot. By the increase in percent decomposition the soil bulk density was reduced upto a level of 9.47 percent and penetration resistance was decreased by 12.10 percent under treated plots compared to control. Available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil increases with increase in level of dose of Trichoderma viride liquid metabolites and Ts7. But the interaction levels were found to be non significant at all the stages of crop growth. Increase in dose levels showed significant increase grain yield, straw yield and yield attributing characters such as plant height, number of tillers plant-1, seed yield and biological yield compared to control. But yield attributing characters such as days to 75% spike emergence, days to physiological maturity, spike length, number of spikes panicle-1, thousand seed weight and harvest index did not exert any significant influence. The incidence of Alternaria blight of wheat was very low in experimental site. The effect of doses did not exerted any significant influence on disease incidence. Trichoderma isolates treated plots showed low disease incidence compared to control.ThesisItem Open Access EFFICIENCY OF MICROBIAL POPULATION IN RHIZOSPHERE AND SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS CARBON AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES OF PADDY(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR(C.G), 2011-06) Bhagat, Rakesh Kumar; Singh, R.N.; Sengar, S.S.; Tomar, G.S.; Singh, A.K.EFFICIENCY OF MICROBIAL POPULATION IN RHIZOSPHERE AND SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS CARBON AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES OF PADDY
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