Browsing by Author "Shibu Simon"
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ThesisItem Open Access ECHOBIOMETRIC AND DOPPLER STUDIES OF THE CANINE PROSTATE AND TESTES(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2021-07-30) RAGHAVENDRA A.; Shibu SimonTwenty dogs presented at the University Veterinary Hospitals, Mannuthy and Kokkalai for breeding soundness evaluation (BSE) were selected for the study. These animals were retrospectively grouped into fertile (Group I, n=6) and subfertile (Group II, n=14) groups based on the BSE results and history. Comparison of results of semen evaluation, testicular and prostatic echobiometry, Doppler ultrasound measurement of testicular and prostatic arterial blood flow, serum T3, T4 and TSH and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in sperm-rich fraction of semen, were made between the two groups. Subfertile dogs were either azoospermic or had oligozoospermia or asthenozoospermia or teratozoospermia when compared to fertile dogs. On B-mode ultrasonography there was no significant difference in testicular volume between the two groups. The volume of left testis was 14606.86 ± 3128.06 mm3 and 11273.26 ± 2492.7 mm3 , respectively in Groups I and II, while the volume of right testis was 11807.94 ± 1820.79 mm3 and 9518.17 ± 1418.85 mm3 , respectively in Groups I and II. The volume of the left testis was significantly higher than that of the right testis (p < 0.05). Volume of the testis was positively correlated with body weight. Doppler studies of the supratesticular artery revealed that the peak systolic velocity (PSV) was significantly lower (P<0.01) in the subfertile group with values of 14.21 ± 0.6 cm/s and 8.59 ± 0.82 cm/s for the left testis in the fertile and subfertile groups, respectively and values of 12.94 ± 0.86 cm/s and 8.01 ± 1.09 cm/s for the right testis of the fertile group and subfertile groups, respectively. A similar trend was noticed in the values of the end diastolic volume (EDV) of supratesticular artery with values of 4.97 ± 0.28 cm/s and 3.12 ± 0.35 cm/s for the left testis of the fertile and subfertile groups, respectively and values of 5.02 ± 0.32 cm/s and 3.04 ± 0.46 cm/s for the right testis of the fertile and subfertile groups, respectively. The PSV of marginal artery was significantly lower (p<0.01) in the subfertile group in both the testes, with values of 12.86 ± 0.64 and 7.79 ± 0.64 cm/s for the left testis and 11.28 ± 0.77 and 8.41 ± 0.62 cm/s for the right testis, respectively in the fertile and subfertile groups. The EDV of marginal artery was significantly lower (P<0.01) in the subfertile group in both testes as evidenced by values of 6.97 ± 0.47 cm/s and 4.30 ± 0.38 cm/s for the left testis of the fertile and subfertile groups, respectively while those of the right testis was 5.92 ± 0.58 and 4.33 ± 0.33 cm/s for the fertile and subfertile groups, respectively. There was no significant difference in prostatic volume between the two groups as seen from the values of the fertile group at 16019.54 ± 4899.05 mm3 and that of the subfertile group, at 13963.53 ± 1729.27 mm3 . Pulsatality index (PI) of cranial prostatic artery of the two groups showed significant difference (P<0.01) with values of 2.51±0.04 and 2.25 ± 0.09, respectively in fertile and subfertile groups. Doppler indices of all other prostatic arteries had no significant difference. PI values were negatively correlated (P<0.05) and PSV was positively correlated (P<0.01) with volume of post-sperm fraction and sperm concentration. There was significant difference (P<0.01) in the value of ALP between the two groups (fertile: 168121.67 ± 22443.25 IU/L and subfertile:49605.86 ± 12669.68 IU/L). There was no statistically significant difference in the values of the thyroid function tests between the groups. The findings of the study demonstrate the possible use of echobiometric and Doppler studies of the canine prostate and testes in the critical evaluation of dogs with subfertility and the use of such tools in the design of relevant treatment protocols.ThesisItem Open Access ENDOMETRIAL CYTOLOGY IN POSTPARTUM CROSS-BRED DAIRY COWS AND ITS CORRELATION WITH FERTILITY(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2016) Arokia Robert, M; Shibu SimonThe study was undertaken with the objectives of characterizing endometrial cytology in postpartum dairy cows and determining the prevalence of subclinical endometritis with reference to its effect on subsequent fertility. The study was conducted in KVASU farms at Mannuthy and Thumboormuzhi. Twenty-four apparently healthy postpartum cross-bred dairy cows were subjected to detailed clinico-gynaecological and vaginoscopic examination. Endometrial sampling was done using uterine cytobrush (UC) and uterine lavage (UL) on 30, 40 and 50 days postpartum (DPP). The mean (±SE) per cent of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells by UC were 7.53 ± 1.56, 3.23 ± 1.75 and 1.35 ± 2.21 in normal group and 9.80 ± 1.84, 10.20 ± 2.07 and 17.01 ± 2.61 in endometritis group on 30, 40 and 50 DPP, respectively. Whereas by UL, the PMN cells per cent were 7.64 ± 1.76, 4.92 ± 1.41 and 1.21 ± 1.74 in normal group and 11.20 ± 2.08, 14.60 ± 1.67 and 21.70 ± 2.06 in endometritis group, respectively, on 30, 40 and 50 DPP. In normal group, significant difference between UC and UL on both 30 and 40 DPP. In the endometritis group, significant difference was observed between UC and UL on 30, 40 and 50 DPP. The endometritis group cows were treated with intrauterine infusion of 100 µg E.coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The mean (±SE) pH of vaginal discharge in normal and endometritis group was 7.17 ± 0.15 and 8.20 ± 0.11, respectively and pre and post intrauterine treatment of endometritis group was 8.20 ± 0.11 and 7.40 ± 0.12, respectively. The conception rates after first, second and third service (overall) observed in this study were 42.86, 64.29 and 78.57 per cent in normal group; 20, 50 and 60 per cent, respectively, in endometritis group after LPS treatment. From the results of the study, it could be inferred that endometrial cytology could be used for a presumptive diagnosis of SCE. Metricheck and disposable vaginal speculum are recommended for routine diagnosis of endometritis. The prevalance of endometritis in KVASU farms was found to be 41.67 per cent. E.coli LPS has a reasonable therapeutic effect in the management of SCE and thereby increase the conception rate.ThesisItem Open Access ENDOMETRIAL ECHOTEXTURE, CYTOLOGY AND BIOPSY IN POSTPARTUM SUBCLINICAL ENDOMETRITIS OF CROSSBRED DAIRY COWS(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2019) GAYATHRI PRATHAP; Shibu SimonThe study was undertaken at University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research and Development Scheme, Mannuthy with the objective of comparing the efficacy of endometrial cytology, biopsy and ultrasonography in crossbred postpartum dairy cows for the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis (SCE). Twenty-four apparently normal cows without any periparturient complications were randomly selected so that at least 12 animals with SCE could be obtained. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) was performed on days 20, 30 and 40 to record the ovarian status and echobiometry of uterus and cervix. Endometrial cytology (EC) and uterine biopsy (UB) samples were collected on days 30 and 40. The mean (±SE) percentage of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells by EC were 1.81 ± 0.88 and 1.00 ± 0.64 in normal group and 18.00 ± 0.81 and 9.92 ± 0.59 in SCE group, respectively, on 30 and 40 days postpartum (DPP). The mean (±SE) percentage of total histopathological score were 11.09 ± 0.59 and 9.64 ± 0.51 in normal group and 17.69 ± 0.55 and 14 ± 0.47 in SCE group, respectively, on 30 and 40 DPP. Significant difference was noticed between EC and UB in normal and SCE groups both on 30 and 40 DPP. The SCE positive animals also had a fast clearance rate which was evidenced by the reduction in the inflammatory status between the days of 30 and 40 DPP in both EC and UB. Among the TRUS parameters cervical diameter was the least valuable one, though this could be due to smaller girth for cervix in crossbred cows used for study. It could be inferred that ultrasound findings alone has poor efficacy in diagnosing SCE but it could be used as a supporting tool along with cytological or histopathological studies. Both cytology and biopsy could be used as valuable diagnostic techniques in detecting SCE. Biopsy allowed more detailed information about the deeper layers of uterus and if samples are collected with care the future fertility is not affected. All the animals were inseminated during next observed heat. Animals found to be positive for SCE was treated with intrauterine infusion of 500 mg Cephapirin Benzathine 12 hours after insemination was done. There was no significant difference in the conception rates in SCE and normal groups in the present study.ThesisItem Open Access Hormonal induction of oestrus in bitches(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1997) Shibu Simon; KAU; Athman, K VWith a view to make commercial dog breeding a viable enterprise, a study was undertaken to induce fertile oestrus in anoestrous bitches. A preliminary survey was also carried out ill IIl1d around Thrissur to elucidate the reproductive parameters and breeding practices in relation to feeding, housing and managemental practices adopted by the dog breeders. The survey carried out in 100 bitches revealed that the mean of puberty, oestrus interval, duration of bleeding, duration of oestrus, number of matings, duration of muting, gestation period, duration of whelping and litter size was respectively, 11.4 months, 6.8 months, 8.5 days, 7.6 days, 1.74 times, 16.2 minutes, 61.9 days, 5.3 hours and 6 pups. The conception rate was found to be 49.2 per cent. The percentage incidence of perinatal mortality of pups and pseudopregnancy in bitches was observed to be 15.8 and 3.2. Most of the managemental factors were not found to significantly influence the tl productive parameters covered in the survey. However, conception rate and litter size in bitches kept along with males was higher probably on account of the fact that more number of rnatings were allowed during oestrus. Twenty four anoestrus bitches aged 2 to 6 years were randomly allotted to four groups of 6 bitches each. While group J received 20 IU/kg PMSG for 5 consecutive days, group If received PMSG nl the satuv dose rute as ill ----- --- \'1 \~~~ group I followed by 500 IU of hea. While group III received clomiphene curate 50 mg daily for 5 days, group IV was eated as control. Exfoliative vaginal cytology was studied in all the bitches from day 1 to 19 of treatment. All bitches were given natural scrvite/1l1tificial insemination ill the induced oestrus. In group I, 83.3 per cent of bitches came: to oestrus at a mean of 12 days from the beginning of treatment and gave 1I conception rate of 50 per cent with a III ea 11 litter size of 3.3. III group 11, cventhough a similar percentage of bitches CUIlIC to oestrus at U fJleUII of 13.8 days, hut a conception rate of 33.3 pcr cent was obtained with a mean litter ~llC of 2.5. In contrast, in groups III and IV, none of the bitches came to oestrus and concci vcd. The response to treatment in groups I and Il with respect tu the duration and intensity of pro- oestrus and oestrus, acceptance, conception and litter size was comparatively lower in the induced oestrus than ill natural oestrus. Similarly, the anuclcar cell peaks in these two groups were much lower than that reported in natural oestrus. It is concluded that, bitches in anoestrus could be induced to come into fertile oestrus with PMSG alone or in combination with hCa eventhough the conception rate was lower than in natural oestrus. Since a better conception and litter size was obtained with PMSG alone and the cost of treatment is less in this protocol, it is preferred over a combination treatment of PMSG and hCG.ThesisItem Open Access ULTRASONOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON UTERINE AND OVARIAN CHANGES DURING EARLY PREGNANCY IN BOVINES(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2017-08-16) Naveen Kumar, R. H.; Shibu SimonWith an aim to compare two methods of early pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasonography and progesterone assay a study was conducted at ULF and FRDS, Mannuthy. Twelve apparently healthy post-partum dairy cows with normal cyclicity and body condition score were selected for the study. Trans-rectal ultrasonographic examination was performed from day eight post insemination to day 30 on alternate days. The animals were grouped as pregnant and non-pregnant based on ultrasonographic findings and return to oestrus. Further, the pregnant animals were ultrasonograhically evaluated till day 60 at five days interval. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 2, 4, 8, 17, 21 and 24 for estimation of serum progesterone level. Size of CL had no significant difference between days 8 to 60 in pregnant animals. When CL changes were compared between pregnant and nonpregnant animals, no significant difference was observed between these two groups till day 16. Thereafter, significant reduction in size was observed in nonpregnant animals. The mean day of disappearance of CL cavity was 16.55 and 15.5 in pregnant and non-pregnant animals, respectively. The CL blood flow was the same in pregnant and non-pregnant animals till day 15. But, on day 16 blood flow was increased in non-pregnant animals than pregnant animals. Thereafter, it was reduced in non-pregnant animals, whereas, in pregnant animals it was maintained at same level. Earliest day on which foetal/extrafoetal structures were visualised is as follows; anechoic area (16 d), amniotic vesicle (22 d), embryo (22 d), heart (24 d), placentome (26 d), CRL (28 d), vertebral column (35 d), limb buds (40 d), BPD (40 d), liver (45 d), spleen (45 d), tail bud (45 d), BD (45 d) and UD (45 d), cloven feet (50 d), orbit (50 d) and brain ventricles (50 d), Bladder (55 d), Falx cerebri (55 d) and each vertebrae and ribs were easily distinguishable by (60 d). The PI and RI values for umbilical blood flow had no significant difference between days. Pregnancy could be detected as early as day 24 by B-mode ultrasonography, whereas, when Colour Doppler ultrasonography was combined with B-Mode ultrasonography, pregnancy can be diagnosed as early as day 18. Although based on progesterone assay pregnancy could be diagnosed as early as day 18 it may not be confirmatory as serum progesterone level could be enhanced in some pathological conditions also.