Browsing by Author "Sapna"
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ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical markers for yellow mosaic virus resistance in soybean cultivar JS335 introgressed with resistant genes from wild/cultivated species(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Sapna; Sharma, SuchetaPresent investigation reports the biochemical parameters in yellow mosaic disease (YMD) susceptible soybean genotype JS335, resistant genotypes G. soja (wild species) and G. max Cv. SL525 and resistant versions of JS335 introgressed with genes from wild/cultivated species. Leaves from different soybean genotypes were collected at 1, 10, 20 and 30 days post YMD infection under field conditions. Viral infection resulted in the formation of chlorotic yellow patches on leaf lamina and reduced leaf size of susceptible genotype JS335 whereas G. soja, SL525 and resistant lines of JS335 with G. soja (JS-GS) and SL525 (JS-SL) did not show disease symptoms. JS-GS and JS-SL lines showed higher seed yield and 100 seed weight as compared to susceptible genotype JS335. The activities of antioxidant enzymes [glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)], phenolic constituents and non-enzymatic antioxidants (proline, glutathione, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and glycine- betaine) increased significantly from day 1 to day 30 post YMD infection with lower mean contents in leaves of JS-GS and JS-SL lines in comparison to diseased JS335 leaves at all the stages of crop development. Higher contents of total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and lipids were recorded in seeds of improved JS335 lines in comparison to susceptible JS335 whereas amino acids, phenolic constituents, sucrose and minerals showed the opposite trend. The resistant JS335 lines showed improved resistance to yellow mosaic disease and higher physiological parameters indicating them to be better in performance as compared to susceptible JS335 under local environment of Punjab.ThesisItem Open Access Development of cold plasma system for shelf life enhancement of strawberry (Fragaria× anannasa)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Sapna; Attkan, Arun KumarThe study was conducted to develop lab scale cold plasma system for the surface treatment of strawberries. To evaluate the developed cold plasma system, experiments were conducted on strawberries by varying applied voltage (10, 20, and 30kV), electrode gap (60, 65, and 70mm), and exposure time (60, 90, and 120 s). The strawberry was exposed to the cold plasma in-package as well as without the package. The effects of cold plasma process parameters on the microbial, physical, and antioxidant properties of the treated strawberry were analyzed using the response surface method (RSM). The treated as well as untreated control samples were stored at 4⁰C and the effect of the storage period on the different microbial, physical, and antioxidant properties was examined. There was a significant effect of cold plasma process parameters on the microbial count of the strawberry. Total bacterial count and mold and yeast count, for treated strawberries, had decreased with an increase in applied voltage from 10 to 30 kV. The total bacterial count and mold and yeast count decreased with the decrease in electrode gap and increase in exposure time. There was no significant effect of cold plasma process parameters on the color change values (ΔE), firmness, TPC, and TFC of the strawberries. There was a significant effect of storage time on all the parameters of the strawberry. The cost economics of the developed lab scale cold plasma system was evaluated based on economic indicators viz. breakeven point (92.33kg), payback period (0.68yr/ 8months), and benefit-cost ratio (1.48) of treated strawberry at selling price of Rs.250/kg. Overall, the developed lab-scale cold plasma system was found quite efficient for surface treatment and shelf life enhancement of strawberries.ThesisItem Open Access Engineering Interventions for Energy Efficient Management of Paddy Straw(CCSHAU, 2019) Sapna; Garg, M.K.The research was conducted in three phases: Biogas, Vermicompost and Pellets production from paddy straw. The biogas production was carried out in lab scale experiment using different ratios of cattle dung to paddy straw i.e. 100 % cattle dung, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:10. The highest biogas production from the lab scale experiment was recorded in ratio 1:5 and therefore, this ratio was used in pilot scale study. The daily biogas production and methane content was analyzed in the pilot scale experiment. The vermicompost production from the paddy straw was carried out using the paddy straw with cattle dung, biogas slurry and vegetable waste in different ratios. The vermicompost was matured after 60 days for first harvesting. The overall nutrient content was good in the combination of cattle dung + paddy straw +vegetable waste was comparable to control (100% cattle dung). For pellets production from paddy straw, pellet making machine was developed. Different parameters of the machine during pelleting and the characteristics of pellets were analyzed. The pellets were produced using 100:0, 80:20 and 50: 50 ratio of paddy straw and saw dust. Capacity of the machine was 12.6 kg of pellets/hour. The calorific value of pellets was recorded as 91.31cal/g. The pellets were produced when the machine was operating at a RPM of 38. The payback period of the machine was 2.5 years and B:C was 3.1.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of consortium of potential fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents for the management of sheath blight of rice(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Sapna; Sharma, RoopaliRice is one of the important and staple food crop for 70% of world population. India shares about 21% of global rice production. Sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani causes heavy losses ranges between 4-50%. To overcome the problem different management strategies are applied. Among all strategies chemical control still performs better in disease reduction although, due to indiscriminate use of fungicides it upset the biodiversity, environment and soil health. The biological control has emerged as an effective approach for reduction of rice sheath blight because BCA’s have property of growth promotion, induced systemic resistance, hyperparasitism against the Rhizoctonia solani. Due to the inefficiency of working of biocontrol agents in adverse environment and different mode of action of biocontrol agents in one formulation, the present investigation has carried out to study the combining effect of fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents consortium for reduction of rice sheath blight disease as well as for growth promotion of rice plant. During the investigation 11 treatments were used, Two are the potential Trichoderma asperellum isolates (Th17, Th14), two potential Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates (Psf173, Psf2), four are the consortium of potential Trichoderma asperellum and Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates (Th17+Psf173, Th17+Psf2, Th14+Psf2, Th14+Th17), one is standard check PBAT3 (Th14+Psf173), one is fungicide carbendazim and one is control (which is untreated). The pathogen Rhizoctonia solani was identified from collected diseased samples by means or morphological and cultural characteristics. Formation of sclerotia and mycelium in Petri Plates and right angle (90º) branching under microscope proved that the pathogen is Rhizoctonia solani. In case of glass house experiment seed treatment, soil treatment and foliar sprays of biocontrol agents consortium on seed germination percentage, root-shoot length, dry weight and fresh weight of rice plant reveals that the consortium PBAT3, followed by consortium of TH17+Psf173 found be effective as comparison to the carbendazim and control. In field condition, seed treatment, soil treatment, seedling treatment and foliar sprays of biocontrol agents consortium shows that the consortium were found effective in every aspect. Such as plant length, tillers/hill, yield q/ha and test weight was found maximum in consortium of PBAT3 followed by consortium of TH17+Psf173 which was far better than carbendazim and control. Experiment in field condition also reveal that the minimum disease severity were found in carbendazim followed by PBAT3 but overall results shows that the consortium is almost effective as carbendazim in sheath blight disease reduction. Beside this, the biocontrol agents are most effective when applied from initial stages of crop growth and the investigation also proved that the seed treatment, soil treatment and foliar spray of biocontrol agents consortium showed the best results in disease reduction percentage as well as in yield attributes. Therefore, it can be recommended that PBAT3 and Th17+Psf173 consortium against sheath blight disease can be practiced in farmer’s field successfully.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of rhizobial isolates for physiological responses in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. wilczek) under rainfed conditions(CCSHAU, 2017) Sapna; Sharma, K.D.The study entitled, “Evaluation of rhizobial isolates for physiological responses in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. wilczek) under rainfed conditions” was conducted during kharif season of 2016 at drought plots of Crop Physiology field area, Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD consisting of two irrigation levels, i.e., rainfed (no post sowing irrigation) and two irrigations one each at pre-flowering and pod formation stage and four rhizobial isolates i.e. Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), RDF + Rhizobium sp. (Vigna) 703 + PSB strain P-36, RDF + MR 63, RDF + MR 54, RDF + MB 17a and RDF + MH 8b2 with three replications. Drought stress decreased the growth of mungbean in terms of plant height, dry matter accumulation and nodule number. However, treatment with rhizobial isolates increased the growth parameters under drought stress. All the plant water status parameters such as leaf water potential, RWC and CTD decreased under drought stress. Application of rhizobial treatments improved the plant water status under both environments. Gaseous exchange studies mainly rate of photosynthesis; transpiration and stomatal conductance get reduced under drought stress. Rhizobial treatments were more effective to brought consecutive improvement in gaseous exchange under drought. Membrane injury and canopy temperature enhanced under drought stress but rhizobial inoculation increased the membrane stability and decreased the canopy temperature. Biochemical metabolite such as chlorophyll, MSI (%) and leghaemoglobin declined under drought stress. Rhizobial treatments improved all the above biochemical metabolites. The nutrient composition i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus decreased in seed and straw under drought stress. Seed and biological yield reduced significantly due to decreased number of pods, number of branches and test weight under drought stress. Rhizobial treatment improved the yield and its attributes by maintaining plants water status and various physiological and biochemical processes. Rhizobial isolates MR 63 and MB 17a proved to be relatively more effective over other rhizobial strains under drought in mungbean.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic variability and association studies in adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi and Ohashi] under natural farming system(Palampur, 2021-11-12) Sapna; Katna, GopalThe current study aimed to estimate genetic diversity among 36 adzuki bean genotypes including 2 checks (HPU51, Local Totru) evaluated in Randomized Block Design in three replications during Kharif, 2021 under Zero Budget Natural Farming system. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for most of the traits studied, suggesting prevalence of sufficient genetic variability and scope for the selection of these traits. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was observed to be higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) indicating the presence of environmental influence in governance of traits. Moderate PCV as well as GCV were observed for plant height, branches per plant, seed yield, 100-seed weight, harvest index and seed yield per plant. Broad sense heritability was high (>70%) for seed yield per plant followed by 100-seed weight, plant height, harvest index, seed yield, pods per plant, branches per plant, protein content, cluster per plant, biological yield, pods per cluster and days to 75 per cent maturity. Correlation analysis revealed that seed yield had significant positive correlation with pods per plant, clusters per plant and pods per cluster indicating that selection through these traits would be effective. Path analysis revealed that seed yield, cluster per plant, pod per cluster, seeds per pod, plant height, days of 50 per cent flowering, protein content, pods per plant, 100-seed weight and number of branches as important traits for direct selection for yield. Genetic diversity studies using Mahalanobis D2 -statistics grouped 36 adzuki bean genotypes into eight clusters. Maximum genotypes were placed in cluster I (19 genotypes) followed by cluster II (7 genotypes), cluster III, IV, V and cluster VI (2 genotypes each), cluster VII and VIII (1 genotype each). Among eight clusters, the highest intra cluster distance was observed for cluster III . The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster III and VIII followed by VII and VIII . Cluster I and IV and Cluster II and III had the smallest cluster distances, indicating that genotypes were less diverse than genotypes in the other clusters. The high intra-cluster distances revealed that the lines within the same cluster were heterogeneous. On the basis of mean performance, total of 6 genotypes i.e., EC030270, EC340265, EC120460, EC340257, IC34957 and IC341947 have been identified superior for further research purposeThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and Combining Ability Analysis for Yield and its Contributing Traits in Indian Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss](MPUAT, Udaipur, 2016) Sapna; Sharma, HemlataHeterosis and Combining Ability Analysis for Yield and its Contributing Traits in Indian Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss] The present investigation consisted of 76 entries including 56 hybrids along with 18 parents and 2 checks viz., NRCHB-506 and DMH-1 were evaluated during Rabi 2015-16 in randomized block design with three replications. The data were recorded for conclusion it was 14 traits to study the magnitude of relative heterosis (RH), heterobeltiosis (HB), economic heterosis (EH) and general and specific combining ability effects. The analysis of variance revealed that the mean square due to genotypes, parents, crosses and parents v/s crosses were significant for all the traits. The per se performance indicated that the inbred line L5 exhibited maximum mean values for grain yield per plant, and biological yield per plant . While the line L11 exhibited maximum mean values for number of siliquae per plant, number of seed per siliqua and harvest index. Line L8 exhibited maximum mean values for length of main branch and 1000 seed weight. Line L7 exhibited maximum mean values for number of primary branches per plant. Line L3 exhibited maximum mean values for number of secondary branches per plant. Line L10 exhibited maximum mean values for length of siliqua. Line L7 exhibited minimum mean values for days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity and plant height. The Line L10 or L5 depicted highest mean values for oil content. Five crosses L3 x T2, L4 x T4, L6 x T3, L10 x T1 and L8 x T1 depicted positive significant economic heterosis ranged from 13.81 to 23.08 for seed yield per plant over the best check DMH-1. In addition to this cross L14 x T2 also shows significant positive economic heterosis for oil content over the best check NRCHB-506. Similarly maximum heterobeltiosis exhibited by cross L4 x T4 and maximum relative heterosis exhibited by the cross L3 x T2 for seed yield per plant. Majority of the crosses exhibited significant negative relative heterosis for maturity traits and plant height indicated that for these traits the genes with negative effects were dominant.. . The analysis of variance for combining ability indicated that the mean squares due to crosses, lines and testers were significant for all the traits, except for the Plant height in line and number of seeds per siliqua , seed yield per plant (g), 1000 seed weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index in tester. Besides this, the ratio of 2 sca / 2 gca was greater than one fo the traits viz; plant height, length of main branch, number of siliquae per plant, length of siliqua, 1000 seed weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index. This indicated role the preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the expression of these traits. Parental line L3 and L8 has been found good general combiner for majority of traits. Crosses L3 x T2, L4 x T4, L6 x T3, L8 x T1 and L10 x T1 showed high positive sca effects along with good per se performance and positive significant economic heterosis for seed yield per plant.Thus, a close relationship among sca effects, economic heterosis and per se performance for grain yield per plant and oil content was observed among these crosses. These crosses could be recommended for multi locational trial and lines L3, L8 and L10 be used to develop a variety by utilizing additive gene effects.ThesisItem Open Access Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant pathway in specific leaves of Brassica juncea L. infected with Albugo candida(CCSHAU, 2008) Sapna; Jain, SunitaThe present study was undertaken to investigate the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant pathway in specific leaves of resistant and sensitive cultivars of Brassica juncea L. infected with Albugo candida. Following inoculation of third leaf with Albugo candida spores higher electrolyte leakage, MDA and H2O2 content indicating enhanced lipid peroxidation was observed in sensitive cultivar Varuna. Activity of H2O2 scavenging enzyme viz. peroxidase and catalase increased in both the cultivars but more pronounced enhancement was found in resistant cultivar except super oxide dismutase, as its activity was found to increase in Varuna but declined sharply in RH781. The activity of Halliwell- Asada pathway enzymes i.e. ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase enhanced in both the cultivars but the elevation was more in RH781. Ascorbate and reduced glutathione level increased specifically in RH781 whereas, oxidized glutathione was found to be higher in Varuna signifying more oxidative damage. The study shows noticeable enhancement in lipid peroxidation, activities of enzymes of antioxidant pathway and ascorbate and glutathione content in third leaf on 3 DAI. Thereafter, the increase was more in second leaf as compared to fourth leaf in both the varieties indicating that transduction of pathogen attack signal might be towards the upper leaves via phloem than the lower leaves.ThesisItem Open Access Rainfall analysis of nashik district for crop planning(MPKV, Rahuri, 2019) Sapna; Gavit, B.K.Water resource has become a prime concern for sustainable development of agricultural planning including food production, flood control and effective water resource management etc. Hence research work on “Rainfall Analysis of Nashik district for Crop Planning” was conducted. The study was conducted with objectives of determination of various statistical parameters, determination of rainfall trend (M-K test and Sen’s Slope method) and estimation of water surplus – deficit. The rainfall and other meteorological data were collected from State Data Storage Cetre (SDSC), Nashik and relevant sources. The collected data were categorized as annual, monthly and weekly basis for this study. The observed average annual rainfall in district ranges from 487 – 3008 mm. The statistical analysis showed that amount of average rainfall was highest in July (Igatpuri, 1059 mm) followed by August (943.0 mm), June (471.0 mm) and September (411.0 mm) month with less coefficient of variation, whereas in other month observed that more variation in rainfall. The coefficient of variation ranges 300 to 734 per cent. The less coefficient of variation was observed in July month (30.8 per cent) in Igatpuri; whereas more coefficient of variation observed in January month (734.8 per cent) at Surgana, Peth and Tirmbakeshwar. The mean weekly rainfall was increasing from MW 22 to MW 41, it decreased from MW 42 onwards to MW 52. The highest mean weekly rainfall observed in Igatpuri (268.9 mm) followed by Trimbakeshwar (221.1 mm) and Surgana tehsil (193.4 mm) respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Rainfall analysis of Nashik district for crop planning(Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, 2019) Sapna; Gavit, B.K.Water resource has become a prime concern for sustainable development of agricultural planning including food production, flood control and effective water resource management etc. Hence research work on “Rainfall Analysis of Nashik district for Crop Planning” was conducted. The study was conducted with objectives of determination of various statistical parameters, determination of rainfall trend (M-K test and Sen’s Slope method) and estimation of water surplus – deficit. The rainfall and other meteorological data were collected from State Data Storage Cetre (SDSC), Nashik and relevant sources. The collected data were categorized as annual, monthly and weekly basis for this study. The observed average annual rainfall in district ranges from 487 – 3008 mm. The statistical analysis showed that amount of average rainfall was highest in July (Igatpuri, 1059 mm) followed by August (943.0 mm), June (471.0 mm) and September (411.0 mm) month with less coefficient of variation, whereas in other month observed that more variation in rainfall. The coefficient of variation ranges 300 to 734 per cent. The less coefficient of variation was observed in July month (30.8 per cent) in Igatpuri; whereas more coefficient of variation observed in January month (734.8 per cent) at Surgana, Peth and Tirmbakeshwar. The mean weekly rainfall was increasing from MW 22 to MW 41, it decreased from MW 42 onwards to MW 52. The highest mean weekly rainfall observed in Igatpuri (268.9 mm) followed by Trimbakeshwar (221.1 mm) and Surgana tehsil (193.4 mm) respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the interaction and management of fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) and root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Sapna; Saini, Anil KumarThe devastating disease known as root knot nematode-Fusarium wilt disease complex is caused by the synergistic relationship of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Meloidogyne incognita on tomato plants. Due to the significant losses caused by these pathogens the present investigation aimed to develop effective management strategies that reduce the reliance on fungicides by focusing on the utilization of plant extracts, bioagents enriched with organic amendments to mitigate the risk of the disease. The study indicated that the severity of fusarium wilt increased when Meloidogyne incognita predisposed plants to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici which highlighting the importance of managing these pathogens effectively. The investigations on the interaction of both pathogens demonstrated that the presence of nematodes in the rhizosphere heightened severity of fusarium wilt disease. Based on the management practices implemented it was observed that neem cake among the organic amendments, Trichoderma harzianum among the bioagents, seedling dip with a 20% concentration of neem leaf extract was most promising in reducing the severity of the fusarium wilt and also enhanced antioxidant factors such as peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. The study implied that the combination of Trichoderma harzianum enriched with neem cake results lower infection rate and a reduced area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) compared to the control inoculated with the pathogens. Additionally, treatment exhibited higher chlorophyll content and increased photosynthetic rate results enhance plant health and promote photosynthetic activity in tomato plants affected by the fusarium wilt disease complex.