Browsing by Author "Samanpreet Kaur"
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ThesisItem Open Access Development and Evaluation of Smart Groundwater Monitoring System (SGWMS)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Tiwana, Baldeep Singh; Samanpreet KaurWater table is declining at an alarming rate of 54 cm/year in the state of Punjab. There is need for sustainable management of groundwater resources in the region. The first and foremost step in this is to measure the long term spatio-temporal changes in groundwater resources. With the advent of IoT and sensor technology real time monitoring of this resource is possible. The present study was planned to develop an IoT based Smart Groundwater Monitoring System (SGWMS) for real-time monitoring of groundwater level in an observation well. The system consists of two units‟ viz. (i) Data Acquisition Unit (DAU) and (ii) Data Transfer Unit (DTU). The DAU was responsible for the vertical movement of sensor in the well in order to detect the water level and was used to measure the depth of the groundwater according to movement of water level sensor. The DTU was used to transfer the data from the Arduino to the cloud server where the data was processed and stored for further use. These units consist of several electrical components like a DC-motor, Arduino, motor driver, relay module, water level sensor, encoder module, GSM/GPRS module 12V-5V buck converter and a pulley system. The system was designed in such a way that the readings collected were uploaded automatically to the cloud network using the GSM/GPRS technology. The groundwater depth obtained using SWGMS was compared with the groundwater depth data obtained using water level indicator. A correction function was developed to remove the bias in values obtained from SGWMS. There was insignificant variation in corrected SGWMS values in comparison to water level indicator; therefore, it was proposed to replicate the prototype for regional groundwater level monitoring.ThesisItem Open Access Development of web enabled water resource information system for SAS Nagar and Patiala district(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Banjeet Singh; Samanpreet KaurIndia is the largest groundwater user in the world, with an estimated usage of around 230 cubic kilometers per year, more than a quarter of the global total. With more than 60 per cent of irrigated agriculture and 85 per cent of drinking water supplies dependent on it, groundwater is a vital resource for rural areas in India. Thus it is of great importance to compile up to date information about the water requirement for the irrigation & drinking purpose for all the districts in Punjab. Remote sensing and Geographic Information system (GIS) are the technologies that can provide efficient & effective information system to tackle the water quality & water supply planning parameters. Thus, under the present study, a web enabled water resource information system has been developed in GIS environment for the SAS Nagar and Patiala district, Punjab by using the open source software - MS4W and pmapper. This system provides digital information of natural i.e. drainage & man made features like roads, canals, tube well with its location etc for the study area. Such an information system can be very helpful for the administrators and can serve as a decision support system for the planners and policy makers so that the areas where the problem related to water quality can be indentified and focused upon. The system can provide an effective and meaningful direction for the planning and development of both districts.ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of Geostatistical Techniques for Mapping of Groundwater Levels(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Thakur, Bhavana; Samanpreet KaurGroundwater level mapping, using robust and scientifically planned monitoring network, is vital to elucidate the groundwater behavior and identify groundwater vulnerable regions. In Punjab, the role of monitoring networks has not received proper attention and many of the observation wells have become defunct over time or at places they are irregularly located. The present study aims to accurately map the groundwater levels of Punjab and different sub-regions i.e. Majha, Malwa and Doaba. To achieve this, geostatistical techniques, kriging (ordinary kriging) and co-kriging with semi-variogram model (exponential, gaussian, circular, spherical etc.) were evaluated, based on the statistical error parameters (ME, RMS, MSE, ASE, RMSSE and Im). It was found that the most suitable geostatistical model for interpolating hydraulic head data was gaussian model with ordinary kriging, both for Punjab as a single unit and considering different regions i.e. Majha, Malwa and Doaba. Long term behaviour of groundwater levels (1998-2018) indicate an average fall rate of 47.2 cm/year. The study also examined the adequacy of existing monitoring network of 2018 for Punjab State and proposed eighteen locations for removal of redundant wells, without any significant increase in the standard prediction error and statistical error parameters. About 237 locations for installation of new wells were proposed in the region which would reduce the overall RMS value from 7.91 to 6.1. The results of the study can be used for planners and policy makers to improve the understanding of groundwater resources in the region.ThesisItem Restricted Impact of climate change on groundwater behaviour in Sirhind Canal Tract of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Navdeep Kaur; Samanpreet KaurA warmer future due to global climate change is the proven phenomenon which may lead to changes in the hydrological cycle, surface water as well as underground water resource. Since Punjab is a part of the arid and semi-arid regions of the India, underground water plays an indelible role in supplying its water needs that should specifically address the issue of groundwater resources and the effects of climate change. Therefore, a study was done to quantify the impacts of climate change on groundwater behaviour in Sirhind Canal Tract of Punjab under CSRIO-Mk 3 RCP 4.5 and RCP 6.0 future climate scenarios using MODFLOW. The study spanned 20 years of baseline (1998-2018) as well as two future periods‘ mid-century (MC) (2020-2050) and end century EC (2065-2095). The spatial distribution of recharge and draft was mapped to GIS and was provided as input to groundwater model. The results showed that that the temperature and rainfall would increase by 1.9 °C and 91 mm in MC and 3.6 °C and 72 mm in EC under RCP 4.5. While under RCP 6.0, the corresponding increase would be of 1.6 °C and 70 mm in MC and 3.5 °C and 73 mm in EC. The climate scenarios estimated an increase in evapotranspiration and runoff loss of 38% and 15%, respectively by EC. Two pumping scenarios were developed up to the year 2095, i.e. maintaining the current pumping rate for the study period and an increase in pumping rate according to the historical trend. In condition I, the above normal rainfall during MC under both the scenarios predicts a marginal rise of 0.8 m in 2050, with a gradual fall of 5.6 m in EC. While in condition II, the water table would fall by 34.3 m in MC and 51.2 m in EC. The results presented here should be interpreted as trends and not as accurate quantitative predictions of the hydrological changes as there are numerous sources of uncertainties associated with climate change prediction.ThesisItem Restricted Modelling the impact of climate change on groundwater resources in central Punjab(PAU, 2013) Samanpreet Kaur; K.G. SinghA study was planned to assess the impacts of climate change on groundwater resources in Ludhiana district under PRECIS A1B climate change scenario by linking the outputs of climate, soil-water-vegetation and groundwater models using GIS. Bias correction of climate data was done by correction functions, developed using modified difference, approach at daily time scale for rainfall and at monthly time scale for Tmax and T min. The methodology consists of development of simulation zones by overlaying soil, drainage, canal and landuse thematic maps in GIS and estimating water balance components using CropSyst and well defined norms. The groundwater draft for individual simulation zones was computed on the basis of landuse, irrigation requirement and rainfall conditions. The spatial distribution of recharge and groundwater draft was mapped to GIS and was provided as input to groundwater model. The results showed that temperature and rainfall would be increased by 2.4°C, 315 mm in MC (2021 - 2050); and 5.1°C and 465 mm in EC (2071-2098), respectively. During kharif season increase in RF would be 28.0% in MC and 52.0% in EC compared to that in PTS (1971-2010). The corresponding values during rabi would be 82.3% and 88.6%, respectively. As a consequence of increased precipitation, the irrigation requirements in MC and EC would decrease by 46% and 45% during kharif; and 21% and 34% in rabi, respectively. However, the potential groundwater recharge would be reduced by 23.1 and 4.2 per cent in kharif, and increased by 39.1 and 79.6 per cent in rabi during MC and EC, respectively. The average groundwater levels would decrease by 2.2 m in 2050 and increase by 4.8 m in 2098, compared to base year of June 2000. The results presented here should be interpreted as trends and not as accurate quantitative predictions of the hydrological changes as there are numerous sources of uncertainties associated with climate change prediction.ThesisItem Restricted Sensor Based Crop Water Stress Index (Cwsi) for Irrigation Scheduling in Subsurface Drip Irrigated MaizeWheat Cropping Sequence(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Susanta Das; Samanpreet KaurA study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to develop a canopy temperature-based sensor-system to estimate the crop water stress index (CWSI) for irrigation scheduling in subsurface drip irrigated maize-wheat cropping sequence. Rabi wheat and kharif maize crop was sown for two consecutive years as (2019-20) and (2020-21). The crops were irrigated with different irrigation levels (60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% ETc) and varying irrigation interval (1-day, 2-day, and 3-day) through sub surface drip, installed at 20 cm depth as well as surface drip (100% ETc). Based on the field observations of rabi wheat (2019-20) and kharif maize (2020), the upper and lower baselines of canopy-air temperature were established for computation of Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI). The threshold value of CWSI was determined from the relationship between CWSI, grain yield, water use efficiency. For the entire growing period, a threshold value of CWSI was found to be 0.254, and 0.365 for wheat and maize respectively. Also, growth stagewise CWSI values have been estimated for maize-wheat. An IoT based sensor system was developed and programmed with Arduino for collection of temperature- humidity and cloud-based estimation of CWSI. The developed sensor system was deployed in the field during rabi wheat (2020-21) and kharif maize (2021) and based on the CWSI irrigation has been applied. Growth stage 3 was found, the most crucial stage for both wheat and maize from crop water stress point of view. Irrigation at 90 % of ETc with 3-day irrigation interval found to be the best and was recommended for SDI in maize-wheat cropping system. The irrigation scheduling by IoT based sensor system was found to be beneficial, as it lowers the crop water stress and enhance the yield and water use efficiency. Irrigation water saving by 15.43% and 19.87 % and yield enhancement was observed in 5.2 % and 6.4 % in wheat and maize, respectively as compared to 100 % ETc based sub surface drip irrigation. This developed sensor system has a great scope for adoption and can be calibrated for threshold CWSI for other crops.