Browsing by Author "PRAMOD KATTI"
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ThesisItem Open Access BIO-ECOLOGY AND CROP LOSS ESTIMATION OF Phenacoccus solenopsis (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) TINSLEY ON SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.)(2012-06-30) MRUTHYUNJAYA, H.M.; PRAMOD KATTIStudies undertaken at College of Agriculture and Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichur during 2011-12 on Bio - Ecology and crop loss estimation of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) Tinsley on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Survey made in different sunflower growing areas of Raichur, Koppal and Bellary districts revealed the presence of only one species of mealy bug i.e Phenacoccus solenopsis. The population of mealy bug has increased gradually from October onwards and highest peak population was recorded from January onwards. The highest grade of mealy bug was in Raichur (1.56), Bellary (0.93) and Koppal (0.83) districts. Per cent infestation in field ranged from 7 to 27.50 per cent in three districts. The severe infestation was observed in Raichur district i.e in Lingasugur 27.50 per cent in February. The two parasitoids i,e., Aenasius bambawalei and Promuscidea unfasciativentris were recorded on the mealy bug. Among them A. bambawalei was predominant. The peak activity of the parasitoids was observed mainly from December to March. More than twelve alternate hosts have been recorded. Mainly Abuliton indicum, Seda cordifolia and Parthenum hysterophorous were major weed hosts of mealy bug for its colonizing. Studies on the life cycle of P. solenopsis on sunflower indicated that the female exhibited three nymphal instars without any pupal stage, while the male had three nymphal instars and a pupal stage. The total nymphal period was 23.98 ± 1.71 in male and 16.92 ± 1.19 in female, respectively. Incubation period of egg was very short (50.05 to 60 minutes). Parthenogenetic mode of reproduction was observed in P. solenopsis on sunflower. Fecundity of female mealy bug on sunflower was 497.66 ± 83.50 nymphs per female. Damage potential of P. solenopsis on sunflower by artificially infesting the plants with known numbers of mealy bugs indicated that mealy bugs population varied between 19.67 to 60 mealy bugs/plant at 25 days DAS. Yield varied between from 10.55 to 12.68 q/ha. However, plants infested at 45 DAS recorded seed yield of 10.33 to 13.84 q/ha. Therefore, late infestation did not show any significant reduction in the yield.ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF FALL ARMYWORM, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. SMITH) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN MAIZE(2023-12-27) SAHANA M; PRAMOD KATTIThe investigations on biology and management of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were carried out at Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), UAS Raichur, Karnataka during 2019-2020. Results on the biology of fall armyworm, S. frugiperda revealed that it has taken 2.18 and 16.50 days for egg and larva, 7.50 and 9.04 (male and female) days for pupa, and 7.43 and 9.52 (male and female) days for adult on maize. It has taken 2.32 and 18.85 days for egg and larva, 6.71 and 8.31 (male and female) days for pupa, and 6.38 and 8.14 (male and female) days for adult on sorghum. It has completed its life cycle in 35.40 and 39.16 days on maize and 37.21 and 40.23 days on sorghum for male and female, respectively. Morphometric observations and weight of different stages recorded on sorghum were less when compared to maize. Longer developmental times, less fecundity, lower morphometrics (head capsule length and width, body length and width), lower pupal weights and higher mortality when reared on sorghum suggested that sorghum does not offer sufficient nutritional quality required for maximum growth and development of fall armyworm larvae. In the management study, the data for two seasons (Kharif and Rabi) showed that at three and five days after two sprays, fall armyworm larval density and per cent leaf damage was significantly lower among treatments viz., spinetoram 11.7 SC, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC and emamectin benzoate 5 SG compared with the control. Besides, under both the seasons, the above compounds delivered good protection against the fall armyworm infestation and that resulted in significant yield. Further, the cost economics also showed that they were economically viable insecticides. Biopesticides such as Metarhizium rileyi, SfNPV and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki were found to be the best treatments in reducing the larval population and per cent leaf damage compared to untreated control at five and seven days after two sprays during both the seasons. The yield and cost economics also showed they were economically viable biopesticides.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PEST SCENARIO, THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES AND PESTICIDE USAGE PATTERN IN THE IRRIGATED CHILLI ECO-SYSTEM OF RAICHUR(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, RAICHUR, 2015-06-30) THIRUPAM REDDY, B.; PRAMOD KATTIFixed plot survey was conducted for various insect pest incidence in selected locations of Raichur taluka during kharif 2014. Population of thrips was maximum during 29th standard week in all locations surveyed. Whereas, mites population varied from village to village. Mean damage due to gall midge, fruit borers was negligible along with predatory population. A total number of insecticide applications ranged between 15-16 with a spray interval of 7-8 days in Nelahal and Dinni villages and was 16-18 sprays with 4-7 days spray interval in Matamarri and Pesaldinni villages. Number of insecticides used, total number of sprays and spray interval remained similar for last two years. Majority of the farmers used higher dosage of insecticides than the recommended dosage. Chemical combinations (insecticides and fungicides) tested for physical stability in terms of emulsion stability and phytotoxicity did not reveal any phytotoxicity and were compatible. The study on biology of Scirtothrips dorsalis (Hood) revealed that thrips to insert eggs in leaf tissue near the midrib and side veins. The incubation period was 5.6 ± 0.71 days. It has two nymphal instars, pre - pupa and pupa with duration of 2.44 ± 0.51, 3.44 ± 0.51, 2.44 ± 0.51 and 3.92 ± 0.81 days, respectively. The longivity of male and female was 4.57 ± 0.42 days and 6.70 ± 0.37 days, respectively. Pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods were 3.1 ± 0.51, 7.23 ± 1.40 and 1.87 ± 0.35 days, respectively and the average fecundity was 15.30 ± 1.71 eggs. The total life cycle was 18.52 ± 2.00 days.ThesisItem Open Access LIFE TABLE STUDIES OF Spodoptera litura (FABRICIUS) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON GROUNDNUT(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, RAICHUR, 2018-07-30) SUNIL, K.; PRAMOD KATTILife table studies of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) on groundnut cv. TMV-2 was conducted under laboratory conditions at 26±1°C to study the different population growth statistics from two generations and also field life tables were conducted to know the different mortality factors. In the first generation, survival of different life stages was 3, 17 and 10 days, respectively. Females contributed highest birth (mx=346.12) on 39th day. The mean length of generation (Tc) was 38.86 days. The innate capacity (rm) and finite rate for increase in number (λ) was 0.1738 and 1.19 females/female/day, respectively. Stable age distribution of various stages viz., eggs, larvae, pupae and adult was 52.46, 45.71, 1.60 and 0.20 per cent, respectively. In the second generation, survival of different life stages was 3, 19 and 10 days, respectively. Females contributed highest birth (mx=338.13) on 41st day. The mean length of generation (Tc) was 40.86 days. The innate capacity (rm) and finite rate for increase in number (λ) was 0.1615 and 1.17 females/female/day, respectively. Stable age distribution of various stages viz., eggs, larvae, pupae and adult was 50.25, 48.14, 1.19 and 0.20 per cent, respectively. In field life-table studies total of 83.02 per cent mortality of S. litura was recorded. The highest mortality was in the larval stage (64.95%), followed by pupa (26.33%), egg (17.54%) and adult (10.30%). The survivorship curve indicated type III curve. The major mortality factor in the larva was tachinids, Sl NPV and braconids, but large proportion of the mortality was categorized as unknown factor. Total of 15 mortality factors were identified in S. litura. Larval parasitoids (Cotesia sp., Chelonus sp. and tachinids), virus (NPV), malformed pupa, adult malformation and unknown causes contributed to mortality factors.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MANGO LEAFHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SEASONAL ABUNDANCE, VARIETAL INFLUENCE AND MANAGEMENT IN NORTH-EASTERN TRANSITION ZONE OF KARNATAKA(2023-12-04) RAJKUMAR M; PRAMOD KATTIThe leafhoppers alone can cause 20-100 per cent inflorescence loss in mango during vegetative and reproductive phases of the tree. They have different species composition across the mango growing area. The survey conducted across the different location of the mango growing in Karnataka during 2016-17. The Shannon diversity index indicated that diversity at surveyed places as Brahmavara (0.61), Bidar (0.60) and Shivamogga (0.56), in contrary least was observed within Gadag (0.35), Kolar (0.39) and Dharwad (0.41) district of the Karnataka. The dominance of the leafhoppers by Simpson index recorded that highest was in Brahamavara and Bidar i.e 0.32 each and lowest dominance was in Gadag (0.16), Kolar (0.19) and Dharwad (0.20). The richness by Margalef’s index displayed highest was in Belagavi (0.59) and Shivamogga districts (0.56), and least was observed in other districts ranged from 0.36 to 0.41. Based on the maximum availability, the ranking was made as follow; Idioscopus nitidulus>Amritodus atkinsoni>Idioscopus nagpuriensis>Idioscopus clypealis. In the present experiment different leafhoppers populations were monitored on the mango tree Kesar at College of horticulture, Bidar, during 2015-17 revealed that the I. nitidulus was more (4.68 per sweep), followed by A. atkinsoni (3.65) and lastly I. nagpurensis (3.23). During 2015-16, weather parameters such as maximum temperature and relative humidity (RH) showed significant positive correlation (r=0.59 to 0.74). Similarly, in 2016-17, wind speed showed positive significant correlation (r=0.57 - 0.62) and no such relation were observed with other climatic factors. The varietal observations imply, the varieties like Raspuri, Langra and Kesar were infestated by moderate number of leafhoppers. The leafhoppers mean population were highest during the fruiting period in the varieties such as Dasheri, Mulgoa, Neelum and Alphanso. The biochemical study shows that, the highest quantity of phenol was observed in Mallika, Totapari, Mulgoa and the least was in Rasapuri and Baneshan. Maximum total sugar was in Dasheri and Baneshan. Regarding total soluble protein, maximum was in Alphanso, Mulgoa and Neelum varities and lowest was in Baneshan and Mallika. Similarly, the total amino acid was lowest in Totapari and more in alphanso. Importantly there was less of the organic acid, protein, amino acids and more quantity of total phenols were recorded in the resistant varieties compared to susceptible. The insecticide efficacy study in 2015-17 indicated that the overall per cent reduction of the leafhoppers was more in tolfenpyrad 15EC (83.54-86.88 %). In bio-pesticides the least was in azadirachtin (63.43-68.72%) and B. bassiana (65.28-66.00%). Similarly, 2015-16, highest yield was recorded in tolfenpyrad 15EC (28.33-29.23 kg tree-1) and comparatively less quantity was recorded in Beauveria bassiana (13.76-16.1 kg tree-1) followed by Azadirachtin (13.5-15.58 kg tree-1). During 2015-17, the treatments like tolfenpyrad (18.46-19.26 kg tree-1) and flonicamid (17.76-18.33 kg tree-1) recorded higher yields over the untreated check.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE MANAGEMENT OF CUTWORM, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) ON CHICKPEA(University of Agricultural Sciences Raichur, 2017-07-30) SUNITHA, N.; PRAMOD KATTIInvestigations carried out on various aspects of management of cutworm, Spodoptera exigua on chickpea, at main Agricultural Research Station Raichur during 2016-17. Revealed that varying level of larval population and foliage damage on chickpea crop among 50 genotypes screened along with A-1 (check) recorded foliage damage in the range of 11 to 50 per cent. Evaluation of efficacy of different poison baits under laboratory condition indicated that poison bait with spinosad was the best treatment followed by poison bait with cypermethrin and poison bait with lambda cyhalothrin however among biorationals Nomuraae rileyi treated poison bait was the best. Studies under field condition on the efficacy of different poison baits spinosad treated poison bait recorded highest yield (12.33 q ha-1 ) followed by lambda cyhalothrin (11.56 q ha-1) and cypermethrin (11.06 q ha-1) similarly poison bait with N. rileyi recorded highest yield among biorationals. Field trial on efficacy of biorationals and insecticides indicated spinosad as the best treatment (12.02 q ha-1) followed by cypermethrin (11.53 q ha-1) and lambda cyhalothrin (10.57 q ha-1) N. rileyi recorded highest efficacy and yield (10.05 q ha-1) followed by B. thuringiensis (9.80 ha-1).