Browsing by Author "N. Madhavan Unny"
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ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RENAL AXIS DISORDER SUBTYPE H IN DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2021-12-31) GHAG RUPALEE SUNIL; N. Madhavan UnnyThirty non azotaemic dogs with clinical signs suggestive of cardiovascular dysfunction formed the part of this study. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and acquired valvular disease were the two types of cardiac disorders diagnosed in these dogs. In dogs with DCM, tall R waves were observed on electrocardiogram (ECG), elevated vertebral heart score on radiography, gross enlargement of all cardiac chambers and increased left atrium to aorta diameter ratio, large E- point septal separation, lowered values of ejection fraction and fractional shortening were documented on echocardiography. In dogs with valvular disease, variability in R-R interval and low amplitude QRS complex on ECG, bronchial and vascular pattern on radiography and varying degrees of valvular regurgitation on echocardiography were recorded. Urine specific gravity varied between 1.000 – 1.025. The values of ionised calcium observed in the present study indicated mild hypocalcemia. A decline in serum inosine values on day 45 from that of day 0 was suggestive of reduced renal functional status. The urine microalbumin values documented were consistent with microalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria was found to be a reliable biomarker of glomerular damage and developing nephropathy suggestive of CvRDH. On day 45, 26 of the 30 cardiac cases were clinically stable and were responding to the treatment. On day 90 of presentation, cough of reduced intensity and frequency was reported in four dogs. Six dogs with acute decompensated heart failure, volume overload and refractory to diuretics were subjected to ultrafiltration. Ultrafiltration rate in all these dogs was determined on the basis of clinical findings and estimate of volume overload. Four out of six dogs had favourable prognosis with stabilisation in condition and resolution in volume overload. Extracorporeal ultrafiltration was found to be a useful and yielding therapy for acute decompensated heart failure dogs which were refractory to diuretics.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CHRONIC VALVULAR HEART DISEASE IN DOGS(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2018) REVATHI K; N. Madhavan UnnyOxidative stress is considered to be one of the major contributing factors in the development of cardiac diseases. Sixty nine dogs presented with symptoms of cardiac and respiratory ailments were screened for cardiac diseases. Based on clinical, electrocardiographic, radiographic and echocardiographic examination, cardiac diseases were confirmed in 34 dogs. Types of cardiac disorders diagnosed in the study were mitral valve insufficiency (76.47%), dilated cardiomyopathy (17.65%) and tricuspid valvular insufficiency (5.88%). Twenty dogs that belonged to stage C as per American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement on guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of canine chronic valvular heart disease were selected and randomly divided into two groups of ten animals each. The selected animals were subjected to detailed clinical examination, blood pressure measurement, electrocardiographic, radiographic and echocardiographic examination and assessment of oxidative stress parameters on the day of presentation. Animals that belonged to group I and II were treated with furosemide, enalapril and pimobendan for two months. In addition, animals of group II were supplemented with coenzyme Q10. Oxidative stress parameters were rechecked on 30th and 60th day of treatment. All animals were reassessed by echocardiographic and blood pressure measurement on 60th day. Higher occurrence of valvular heart diseases was recorded in small breeds. Male dogs were more affected compared to females. The average age was 9.73 years. Inappetance, dyspnoea, murmurs on auscultation, lethargy, exercise intolerance, dull heart sounds and syncope were the major clinical signs and findings. Electrocardiographic changes recorded were atrial fibrillation, ST coving, first degree AV block, second degree AV block, ‘P’ mitrale, sinus tachycardia and ventricular premature complexes. Left atrial enlargement and cardiomegaly were the predominant radiographic changes noticed. Clinical response was more evident in group II animals compared to group I animals. At the end of the study period, a significant fall in total antioxidant status and a slight decrease in mean values of lipid peroxides was recorded in group II. No statistical significance was recorded in the ejection fraction, fractional shortening and E point to septal separation values within the treatment groups.ThesisItem Open Access SUITABILITY OF SALINE-ADENINE-GLUCOSE MANNITOL ADDITIVE IN CITRATE-PHOSPHATE DEXTROSE-ADENINE FOR STORING PACKED RED BLOOD CELLS OF GOATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2021-01-21) ANAZ S.R.; N. Madhavan UnnyIn veterinary transfusion medicine, studies related to farm animal transfusions are scarce. Due to the rise in emotional and commercial value, need of transfusion in this area is increasing day by day. The present study entitled ‘Suitability of saline-adenine glucose-mannitol additive in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine for storing packed red blood cells of goats’ envisages the identification of a suitable storage media for goat blood upto 42 days. Ten apparently healthy goats weighing 35 to 60 kg within an age range of 4 to 8 years maintained at University Goat and Sheep Farm, Mannuthy and other organized farms in Thrissur district were selected for the study. Whole blood units were collected from the selected animals using commercially available CPDA-SAGM blood bags under aseptic conditions. After centrifugation of each unit (350ml), plasma was separated and SAGM were added to pRBCs and stored at 4 ± 20C in dedicated refrigerator upto 42 days. For analysing the parameters, samples were collected from the bag every two weeks from the day of collection to day 42. Light and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies were carried out on day 0, 28 and 42 of storage. Biochemical and haematological parameters, RBC haemolysis assessment, morphological variation and cultural studies of stored blood was carried out. The pH of the stored blood remained stable whereas glucose showed a significant reduction. Potassium, malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione increased throughout the storage. Haemoglobin and volume of packed red cells did not show any significant change during storage. Haemolysis of RBCs was analysed using osmotic fragility test. The mean cell fragility of pRBCs did not show a major change from day 14 to 42 of storage. Anisocytosis and poikilocytosis was recorded in light microscopy. In SEM only a few acanthocytes and dacrocytes were recorded. Storage related variations were recorded in the samples as the storage period progressed. The study suggests that CPDA-SAGM is a suitable storage media for caprine pRBCs.ThesisItem Open Access XENOTRANSFUSION STUDIES IN ANAEMIC CATS(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2019) SAHLA SHAHEENA A P; N. Madhavan UnnyXenotransfusion study was performed in 10 severly anaemic cats brought to the University Veterinary Hospital, Mannuthy and Kokkalai. Blood typing was done in 40 cats from Thrissur district. Persian and non-pedigree domestic cats were blood typed using a commercial kit following the principle of immunochromatographic method. Among the 40 cats, 38 belonged to type A. Type B and type AB was recorded in one animal each. All Persian cats were of type A. Xenotransfusion with dog blood was performed in severely anaemic cats. Animals were subjected to a detailed physical examination, blood smear and faecal sample examination and haematology to reach an etiological diagnosis and to assess the severity of anaemia. Seven of the anaemic cats were infected with the haemoparasite, Mycoplasma haemofelis. Infection with gastrointestinal parasites, Ancylostoma spp. and Toxocara spp. as well as feline panleucopenia were the other major reasons that caused anaemia in cats. Clinical outcome and variation in blood parameters before and 24 hours after the transfusion was evaluated. Haemogram of anaemic cats showed a marked reduction in haemoglobin level, volume of packed red blood cells, total erythrocyte count and total thrombocyte count prior to xenotransfusion. Timely transfusion with canine blood resulted in a significant increase in haemoglobin level, volume of packed red blood cells, total erythrocyte count and total thrombocyte count. Major and minor cross matching tests performed prior to transfusion between donor dog blood and recipient cat blood did not show agglutination reaction. Along with xenotransfusion all cases were treated with specific therapeutic agents based on their etiology. Three animals died during the course of treatment. Clinical improvement was noticed in the other animals after transfusion and no major adverse reactions were noticed during transfusion. Based on the findings of present study, it can be concluded that there is a high frequency of occurrence of type A cats in Kerala. Xenotransfusion of cats with canine blood can be advocated in emergency situations as a life saving measure.