Browsing by Author "BHARAVI, K (Major)"
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ThesisItem Open Access BIO-AVAILABILITY AND BIO-EQUIVALENCE OF ENROFLOXACIN CONJUGATED NANO ZINC OXIDE IN BROILERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2017-06) L. SRIRAMULU, L; BHARAVI, K (Major); RAVI KUMAR, P; ANNAPURNA, PABSTRACT: Bioavailability and bioequivalence of enrofloxacin conjugated zinc oxide nano particles (ECZNP) in broilers was investigated in the present study. Forty adult broilers weighing approximately 2 kg were randomly divided into four groups consisting 10 birds in each group. Birds in group-I received ECZNP 10 mg.kg-1 by oral route, group-II received ECZNP 10 mg.kg-1 by intravenous route (IV), whereas group-III received standard enroflaxacin 10mg.kg-1 by oral route. Group-IV received standard enrofloxacin 10 mg.kg-1 by IV. Feed and water were withdrawn (12 hrs and 2 hrs respectively) before drug administration. Blood samples were obtained through both left and right jugular veins at predetermined time intervals i.e. for IV route at 0.83333 h, 0.166667 h, 0.25 h, 0.5 h, 0.75 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h and for oral route at 0 h, 0.25 h, 0.5 h, 0.75 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h time intervals after administration of drugs. Plasma was separated by centrifuging at 2500 RPM for 15 min and stored at -20º C until analysed for ECZNP and enrofloxacin by microbiological assay using Escherichia coli (MTCC 443). Based on time-plasma concentration profile the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods. Detectable plasma concentrations of ECZNP and enrofloxacin after IV administration persisted up to 36 h whereas after oral administration, plasma concentrations of ECZNP and enrofloxacin were detected up to 48 h. Cmax (μg.mL-1) of ECZNP 0.73±0.03 μg.mL-1 was significantly (P<0.01) lower than enrofloxacin 1.48±0.02 after oral administration, where as in IV route initial concentration (C0) of ECZNP 3.86±0.41 was significantly (P<0.01) lower than enrofloxacin 6.45±0.25. Important pharmacokinetic parameters obtained for ECZNP after its oral administration in group-I by non-compartmental analysis were: elimination rate constant (β) 0.06 h-1, elimination half-life (t1/2, β) 12.12±0.33 h, Cmax (μg.mL-1) 0.73±0.03, Tmax 4 h, area under time curve (AUC0-t μg.h.mL-1) 11.93±0.10, area under curve (AUCo-∞ μg.h.mL-1) 12.72±0.14, area under first moment curve (AUMCo-∞ μg.mL-1.h2) 208.39±3.59, volume of distribution (Vd L.kg-1) 4.12±0.08, total body clearance (ClB L.kg-1h-1) 0.24 and mean residence time (MRT) 16.38±0.15 h. In group-II the pharmacokinetic parameters of ECZNP for IV were: initial concentration of plasma (Co) 3.86±0.41 μg.mL1, Tmax 0.10±0.04 h, β 0.09±0.02 h-1, t1/2 β of 7.83±2.48 h, AUCo-t (μg.h.mL-1) 19.32±0.21, AUCo-∞ (μg.h.mL-1) 20.11±0.39, AUMCo-∞ (μg.mL-1.h2) 187.23±26.35, Vd (L.kg-1) 1.68±0.50, ClB (L.kg-1h-1) 0.15 and MRT 9.30±1.12 h. In group-III the pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin for oral were: Cmax (μg mL-1) 1.48±0.02 and Tmax 4.00±0.00 h, β 0.06±0.01 h-1, t½ β 11.85±1.42 h. AUCo-t (μg.h.mL-1) 24.05±0.91, AUCo-∞ (μg.h.mL-1) 25.59±1.40, AUMCo-∞ (μg.mL-1h2) 416.46±56.87, Vd (L.kg-1) 6.67±0.49, ClB (L.kg-1h-1) 0.39±0.02 and MRT (h) 16.22±1.36. In group-IV the pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin for intravenous (IV) were: Initial plasma concentration Co 6.45±0.25 μg.mL-1, Tmax 0.08 h, β 0.08±0.02 h-1, t½ β 9.11±2.20 h, AUCo-t (μg.h.mL-1) 32.92±0.97, AUCo-∞ (μg.h.mL-1) 34.40±1.18, AUMCo-∞ (μg.mL-1h2) 327.32±30.39, Vd (L.kg-1) 3.81±0.87, ClB (L.kg-1h-1) 0.29±0.01 and MRT 9.50±0.66 h. It was found that the Tmax, t½ β, MRT, and β were comparable after both oral and IV administration of ECZNP and enrofloxacin, Cmax of ECZNP was significantly lower (P<0.01) than enrofloxacin for oral, where as in IV route, the initial concentration (Co) of ECZNP was significantly lower (P<0.01) than enrofloxacin, AUCo-t, AUC0-∞, AUMC0-∞, Vd, and ClB of ECZNP were significantly lower (P<0.01) than enrofloxacin for both IV and oral route. In this study the bioavailability (F %) of ECZNP was 63.364 ± 1.372% and was significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to oral counterpart 74.886 ± 5.992%. The results of presents study indicated that bioavailability of ECZNP was significantly lower than enrofloxacin, which can be explained by the fact that the actual concentration of enrofloxacin in ECZNP was 6 mg/10 mg (60%), while the reference standard enrofloxacin was 99% W/V. Hence ECZNP was not comparable to reference enrofloxacin, in future studies this problem can be overcome by taking equal concentrations of ECZNP in enrofloxacin.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. JUSS IN COMBINATION WITH SPIRULINA AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO ANTIBACTERIAL GROWTH PROMOTER IN BROILER PRODUCTION(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2012-11) RAVI, K; BHARAVI, K (Major); RAVI KUMAR, P; ESHWARA RAO, B; NARENDRANATH, DABSTRACT: The use of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry industry is under serious criticism by policy-makers and consumers because of the development of microbial resistance to these products and the potential harmful effects on human health. Hence, there is a trend towards using alternative growth promoters in poultry feeds, particularly natural herbs. In the present study, the performance of broilers fed with diet containing neem, spirulina and their combination was tested. Day old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six groups each group consisting of 15 chicks. The experiment lasted for 6 weeks and the treatment of various groups consisted of basal diet (group I), 0.05% oxytetracycline (group II), 0.2% neem (group III), 0.2% neem and 1% spirulina (group IV), 0.05% oxytetracycline and 1% spirulina (group V) and 1% spirulina (group VI). All the birds were assessed for growth performance, antioxidant status, liver and kidney function and carcass quality. In vitro analysis showed that the neem leaf extract and twig extract possesses antibacterial property against Escherisia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The performance of birds fed on antibiotic plus spirulina was found to be the best. Neem, spirulina and their combination could not outperform compared to using antibiotic as feed additive. However, use of neem, spirulina or their combinations could perform well compared to the control group. The physicochemical properties of the meat also followed same trend. Neem and spirulina did not effect the functioning of liver and kidney as was indicated by unaffected serum biochemical profiles and histological architecture. Neem, spirulina and their combinations were found to show cholesterol lowering capacity when compared to antibiotics group or control group. The study concludes that neem and spirulina or their combinations can be used as an alternative to antibiotics as feed additive.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE PROTECTIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF AN APHRODISIAC HERB “TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS” ON CADMIUM INDUCED TESTICULAR DAMAGE.(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2010-06) RAJENDAR, B; BHARAVI, K (Major); SRINIVASA RAO, G; KISHORE, P. V. S.ABSTRACT : The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Tribulus terrestris (TT) on Cadmium (Cd) induced toxicity in rats. Forty adult male rats were divided into 4 groups with ten in each group and treatment given as follows: group I (Control) received double distilled water; group II (Cd toxic) received CdCl2 @ 3 mg/kg b.wt s/c at weekly interval for 6 weeks, group III (TT treatment) received CdCl2 @ 3 mg/kg b.wt s/c at weekly interval for 6 weeks and a daily oral dose of ethanolic extract of TT @ 5 mg/kg b. wt and group IV (Vit-E treatment) received CdCl2 @ 3 mg/kg b.wt s/c at weekly interval and daily oral dose of Vit-E @ 75 mg/kg b. wt. At the end of 6th week rats were sacrificed and testes were collected and estimated the organ weight, testicular tissue peroxidation markers, antioxidant markers, and functional markers, concentration of Cd, histomorphometry and histopathology. Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of TT revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, polyphenols and steroids. In Cd toxic group rats weekly average body weight gain and testicular weights were significantly reduced. The testicular tissue antioxidants such as SOD, CAT and GSH were significantly reduced; the peroxidation markers such as TBARS and protein carbonyls were significantly increased and the functional markers such as ALP and LDH were also significantly reduced in Cd administered group. Cd significantly altered the histological structures; histomorphometry revealed significant reduction in number of spermatogonia, resting spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, spermatids, and leydig cells in seminiferous tubules. Seminiferous tubular diameter was also reduced along with pathological changes of disruption of basement membrane and tubular epithelium, formation of gaint cells, vacuolation in Sertoli cells. Treatment of Cd toxic rats with ethanolic extract of TT significantly reversed the weekly body weight gain, testicular weights, testicular tissue peroxidation markers, antioxidant markers and functional markers and also significantly reversed the histopathological and histomorphometric observations. Vitamin-E treatment to Cd intoxicated rats all the antioxidant, peroxidation and functional markers reversed significantly compared to the Cd toxic group and also to the TT treated group. Histoarchitecture was near normal. With this study, it is concluded that Cd accumulates in testicular tissues and induced toxicity through induction of oxidative stress. Supplementation of TT was offered moderate protection compared to Vitamin E.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SARACA INDICA Linn BARK ON FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF RATS SUBJECTED TO SUBCHRONIC PREPUBERTAL CADMIUM INTOXICATION.(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2011-08) SREE VENKAT SATISH KUMAR, C; BHARAVI, K (Major); RAVI KUMAR, P; RAMA DEVI, VABSTRACT : Cadmium is one of the most toxic heavy metal naturally occurring in the environment. Cadmium affects female reproductive organs and its action may be either direct, affecting the gonads and accessory organs or indirect via interference with the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. Majority of the deleterious effects of cadmium are related to its potential to induce oxidative damage within the cells. Thus supplementation of antioxidants during cadmium intoxication would have beneficial effect. Ashoka tree, universally known by its binomial latin name Saraca indica (SI) belonging to family Caesalpinaceae is found throughout India. The bark of Ashoka is reported to have antioxidant properties. Hence, the protective effect of methanolic extract of bark of SI was assessed in prepubertal rats administered with subchronic dose of cadmium. Sixty Wistar strain female rats aged about 21-24 days were randomly assigned into 6 equal groups. Group I was maintained as control, while groups II, III and IV rats received cadmium @4.4mg/kg b.wt. as CdCl2 orally by gavage daily for 60 days. In addition, group III rats were administered with SI extract @ 200mg/kg b.wt. orally for 60 days while group IV rats received vitamin E @ 75mg/kg b.wt. orally for 60 days. Group V rats received SI extract @ 200mg/kg b.wt. orally by gavage daily for 60 days. Group VI rats were administered with vitamin E @ 75mg/kg b.wt. by oral gavage daily for sixty days. Cadmium toxicity in group II rats was manifested as a decrease in body weight gain, prolongation of diestrus phase, decrease in ovary weight, increase in uterus weight, decrease in antioxidant markers viz., SOD and GSH, increase in peroxidation markers viz., TBARS and protein carbonyls and decrease in ALP, AchE, cholesterol in ovary. Alterations in histological architecture and increased cadmium concentration were also observed in female reproductive system of prepubertal rats following cadmium administration. In groups III and IV that received SI and vitamin E supplementation along with cadmium, a reversal in the biochemical alterations induced by cadmium was observed. This trend was in agreement with improved body weight gain and less severe histological changes in ovary, oviduct and uterus and reduced cadmium load in the ovary. It was apparent from the study that methanolic extract of SI has protective effect in cadmium induced oxidative damage in female reproductive system of prepubertal rats.