Browsing by Author "Arthanari Eswaran, M"
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ArticleItem Open Access Bovine clinical mastitis and antibiotic resistance pattern in Tirupur district(2018) Arthanari Eswaran, M; Vadivoo, VS; Hariharan, T; TANUVASThe present investigation was undertaken to monitor antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of bacteria causing bovine clinical mastitis from 2015 to 2017 in Tirupur district. Out of 105 mastitis milk samples examined, 85 bacterial isolates were obtained. The isolates were identified according to the cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics as per standard methods. All the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity testing by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods using different antibiotics. The predominant mastitis causing pathogens were Escherichia coli (40%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus, (27%), Klebsiella pneumoinae (20%) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (13%). The highest and consistent sensitivity was recorded against Enrofloxacin (95.3%) followed by Gentamicin (92.1%) and Ciprofloxacin (89.2%) throughout the study period. The antibiotic resistance was recorded against Streptomycin, Amoxycillin, Penicillin, Oxytetracyclin, Chloramphenicol, Amoxyclav and Ceftriaxone (90.8% to 49.8%). The isolates showed high resistance towards Streptomycin (90.8%), Amoxycillin (81.6%) followed by Penicillin (76%), Oxytetracyclin (60.7%), Chloramphenicol (54.2%) and Amoxyclav (53.2%). The improper selection of antimicrobial drugs and overdose to reduce infection of mammary glands might lead to development of resistant bacteria. The present study showed that routine investigation, in-vitro antimicrobial sensitivity testing and recording of epidemiology of bovine mastitis should be carried out to decide the appropriate antimicrobial drug for successful treatment of mastitis and thereby preventing the development of antimicrobial resistance.ArticleItem Open Access DETECTION OF VIRULENT GENE FOR NUCLEASE (NUC) IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS(2011) Arthanari Eswaran, M; Poorni, KE; Sukumar, K; Malmarugan, S; et al.,; TANUVASIn the present study a total 15 strains of coagulase positive S.aureus isolates recovered from subclinical bovine mastitis cases were analysed. PCR amplifications were performed with a pair of primers specific for the nuc gene of S. aureus which encodes the thermo stable nuclease. The nuc primer set amplified an expected PCR product, amplicon of 270 bp in all 15 coagulase positive isolates of all S.aureus. Further the amplified DNA was analysed by restricted fragment length polymorphism using HaeIII restriction enzyme. The RFLP yielded two bands of 180 and 90bp. Antibiogram studies of these isolates revealed that these isolates were highly resistant to Penicillin, oxytetracyclin, and norfloxacin. All the isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin, followed by chloramphenicol, streptomycin and erythromycin.ArticleItem Open Access EXACERBATION OF MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM BY ADMINISTRATION OF LIVE INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VACCINE IN COMMERCIAL LAYER CHICKENSBalasubramaniam, A; Suresh, P; Arthanari Eswaran, M; Sukumar, K; Johnson Rajeswar, J; TANUVASMycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infections are commonly known as chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chickens. The infection with this bacterium is characterized by respiratory rales, coughing, nasal discharge and conjunctivitis (Ley, 2003). Economic losses from condemnation, reduced egg production and increased medication costs make CRD one of the costliest disease problems confronting poultry production. Complicating infections like colibacillosis and some live vaccines are known to result in more sever MG diseases (Mohammad et al., 1987 and Gross, 1990). A case of misdiagnosis leading to use of live infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine which exaggerated CRD in layer chickens is reported.ArticleItem Open Access Exploration of Immunomodulatory Effect of Nilavembu Kudineer Chooranam against Newcastle Disease Virus in Backyard Chicken(2017) Kavinilavan, R; Mekala, P; Raja, MJ; Arthanari Eswaran, M; Thirumalaisamy, G; TANUVASNilavembu Kudineer Chooranam (NKC) was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening and its immunomodulatory activity was assessed in sixty day-old unsexed backyard chicken divided into six treatment groups of ten each. T1 served as control, T2 was vaccine control, T3 was positive control treated with levamisole, T4 - T6 were administered Nilavembu Kudineer Chooranam (NKC) @ 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0mL/kg body weight respectively for five days before vaccination. The birds (T2 - T6) were vaccinated with oral pellet vaccine (D58 strain) against Newcastle disease virus at the end of 1st, 4th and 8th week and HI titre was evaluated at the end of 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th week in all the groups. Throughout the experiment, the group pretreated with NKC @ 1.0mL/kg (T5) had shown significantly higher titre when compared to vaccine control (T2). The positive control (T3) was numerically better than vaccine control (T2) throughout the study. At the end of 12th and 16th week, the titre of positive control was significantly less than T5. The results revealed that NKC when used @ 1.0mL/kg for 5 days in drinking water before immunization resulted in improvement in immune response in backyard chicken.ArticleItem Open Access Incidence of Fowl Cholera in Desi Fowl Farms of Tirupur District(2018-08) Vadivoo, VS; Arthanari Eswaran, M; Hariharan, T; TANUVASDesi birds are often susceptible to fowl cholera, a serious, highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium, Pasteurella multocida. This study involves the diagnosis of fowl cholera by gross necropsy examination, isolation and identification of organism by culture and biochemical method. During the span of 8 months (from January 2017 to August 2017) six different flocks of adult desi chicken (with an average flock size of 70 birds per flock) were subjected to necropsy examination and a total of 30 carcasses were examined for diagnosis of the disease. Fowl cholera was confirmed in all six flocks by gross and microscopic examination and bacterial isolation by culture method and biochemical method. The women self help groups were advised to follow strict biosecurity and ethno veterinary practices for prevention and control of diseases.ArticleItem Open Access Incidence of Newcastle disease in desi chicken and its control through ethno veterinary medicines(2018) Arthanari Eswaran, M; Mekala, P; Vadivoo, VS; Sukumar, K; TANUVASNewcastle disease (ND) is an endemic, highly contagious and fatal virus disease of poultry which causes significant economic losses in India. Despite Newcastle disease vaccination the farmers frequently faces disease outbreaks. This paper describes diagnosis and control of Newcastle disease in desi chicken. Twelve cases of Newcastle disease outbreak were recorded in desi chicken farms in Tirupur District, Tamil Nadu. The disease was confirmed by heamagglutination inhibition test using known positive serum and was identified as virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for fusion protein cleavage site of the virus. The affected birds were treated with ethno veterinary herbal medicine recommended by the Ethno Veterinary Herbal Research Centre for Poultry, Namakkal. Birds affected with Newcastle disease were treated orally with a ground mixture of Phyllanthus amarus, Cuminum cyminum seeds and Allium cepa pulp along with jaggery thrice a day for five days. Along with the above the birds were given water containing Cuminum cyminum-10g/liter for five days. Following the herbal treatment, all the affected birds recovered completely from Newcastle disease within 3-5 days. These findings showed that the ethno veterinary practices play an important role in the control of economically important poultry diseases in country chicken.ArticleItem Open Access Pathology of Mycoplasma synoviae and other concurrent infections affected oviduct in commercial layer chicken(2017) Sumitha, P; Sukumar, K; Arthanari Eswaran, M; Arulmozhi, A; TANUVASPathology of oviduct affected with Mycoplasma synoviae and other concurrent infections was studied. Eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA) outbreak was reported in ten commercial layer farms in Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu which was suspected for M. synoviae infection. Oviduct samples were collected to study the pathology of oviduct and for the molecular confirmation of M. synoviae infection and other possible oviduct infections viz. Mycoplasma gallisepticum, E. coli and Infectious bronchitis virus by specific PCR. Out of ten farm samples screened eight were positive for M. synoviae, nine were positive for E. coli, all ten were positive for M. gallisepticum and all were negative for infectious bronchitis virus. On post-mortem examination, EAA affected birds exhibited no gross lesions except egg bound and congested oviduct in few cases. Microscopically, oviduct revealed degeneration, necrosis and desquamation of lining epithelial cells and atrophy of tubular glands. Serofibrinous exudates in the lumen and marked infiltration of macrophages and heterophils were also noticed. These findings showed that Eggshell apex abnormality producing oviducts had combined infection rather than individual etiology.ArticleItem Open Access Preparation of autogenous vaccine against multi drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreak in a rabbit farm(2015-02) Sumitha, P; Sukumar, K; Arthanari Eswaran, M; TANUVASAiling and dead rabbits, brought to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology, VCRI, Namakkal, with a history of anorexia, severe respiratory distress, mucus discharge from the nostril, mild enteritis and recumbency few hours before death, were used for the study. Relevant samples were collected and subjected to cultural examination on nutrient and MacConkey media. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in pure culture and identified by morphological, staining, cultural and biochemical characters. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed multi-drug resistance. Inactivated vaccine was prepared by mixing mineral oil, surfactants and Klebsiella pneumoniae culture in the ratio of 6:1:3. Sterility and safety checking tests were carried out and the vaccine was administered to the rabbits. It produced noticeable protection against the disease.ArticleItem Open Access Serological Survey of Avian Metapneumovirus Infection in Broiler Breeder Chicken Farms in Tamil Nadu(2014-02) Arthanari Eswaran, M; Sukumar, K; Johnson Rajeswar, J; Balasubramaniam, GA; Anna, T; TANUVASAvian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is an important poultry pathogen causing an acute highly contagious upper respiratory tract infection in chickens leading to swollen head syndrome. The disease can cause significant economic losses in turkey and chicken flocks, particularly when exacerbated by secondary pathogens. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of avian metapneumovirus antibodies in broiler breeder flocks in Tamil Nadu, India. Twenty numbers of broiler breeder farms located in Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu were selected randomly and blood samples were collected. A total of 485 blood samples were collected from 20 broiler breeder chicken flocks (aged between 4 and 72 weeks). The serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against avian metapneumovirus by using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (IDEXX APV Ab test, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland) which was able to determine antibodies against A, B and C subtypes of avian metapneumovirus. Out of 485 serum samples, 165 (34.02%) were positive to avian metapneumovirus antibodies, which represented 14 of 20 (70%) examined broiler breeder flocks. All the chickens had not been vaccinated against avian metapneumovirus in India and these results indicate that commercial poultry birds are exposed to this important poultry pathogen. This is the first report of serologic evidence of AMPV in India. Its prevalence has to be investigated in other parts of India. Future work may and should include the use of molecular methods and isolation of the virus. Isolation of avian metapneumovirus will allow the possibility of controlling the disease.ArticleItem Open Access Water Quality Status of Commercial Layer Farms in and Around Namakkal, Tamil Nadu(2020-01) Sangeetha, PV; Kannan, D; Amutha, R; Arthanari Eswaran, M; TANUVASA sample survey was undertaken to know about water sanitation procedures, water quality status and production performance of commercial layer farms in and around Namakkal area. The data were collected by personal interview method using pretested questionnaire. The practice of using water sanitizers like hydrogen peroxide (two farmers), chlorine dioxide (one farmer) and ozonization (one farmer) was followed at regular intervals with routine sanitation procedures by four farmers alone. The physico-chemical composition of drinking water lied within the normal range whereas microbiological quality of water exceeded the normal range. Better production performance was observed in sanitized farms compared to non-sanitized farms.Book chapterItem Open Access நாட்டுக்கோழி வளர்ப்பில் கோழிக்குஞ்சுகளின் இறப்பை குறைக்க வழிமுறைகள் மற்றும் குடிநீர் மேலாண்மை(TANUVAS, 2018) Arthanari Eswaran, M; TANUVAS